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Geology mapped 2006-2007 Cartography by S. Stanford and M. Girard 74 o 30' 40 o 37'30" 32'30" BOUND BROOK 35' 74 o 37'30" 40 o 37'30" 40' GLADSTONE 42'30" 40 o 45' 74 o 37'30" 35' MENDHAM 32'30" 74 o 30' 40 o 45' 42'30" CHATHAM 40' Base map from U. S. Geological Survey, 1954 Photorevised 1981 Corner ticks are on North American Datum of 1927. Geology and base map do not edge-match adjoining quadrangles with corner ticks on North American Datum of 1983. Overlap of information occurs at the east edge of the quadrangle, and a gap of information occurs at the west edge. Research supported by the U. S. Geological Survey, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, under USGS award number 06HQAG0047. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U. S. Government. SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE BERNARDSVILLE QUADRANGLE MORRIS AND SOMERSET COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY OPEN-FILE MAP OFM 74 Pamphlet containing table 1 accompanies map Prepared in cooperation with the U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAND USE MANAGEMENT NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 7000 FEET 1000 1000 0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 .5 1 KILOMETER 1 0 SCALE 1:24 000 1/2 1 0 1 MILE MAGNETIC NORTH APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION, 1970 TRUE NORTH LOCATION IN NEW JERSEY 11 O CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEET NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE BERNARDSVILLE QUADRANGLE MORRIS AND SOMERSET COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY by Scott D. Stanford 2008 A 600 500 400 300 200 100 ELEVATION (feet) VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 20X Qwg Qps Qpsl Qwb 188 Qal US ROUTE 202 MINE BROOK MT AIRY ROAD INTERSTATE ROUTE 287 NJ TRANSIT RAILROAD SOUTH MAPLE AVENUE BEND IN SECTION Bedrock Qal Qpsl Qws Qwb Qws Qpt Qws Qpgb Qst Qal Qpl Qal Qst Qil Qws SECTION DD' PASSAIC RIVER GREAT BROOK PLEASANT PLAINS ROAD Qpl Qs 214 215 600 500 400 300 200 100 A' 600 500 400 300 200 100 ELEVATION (feet) VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 20X B B' 600 500 400 300 200 100 OLD ARMY ROAD US ROUTE 202 INTERSTATE ROUTE 287 NORTH MAPLE AVENUE Bedrock PENNS BROOK LORD STIRLING ROAD PASSAIC RIVER CARLTON ROAD LONG HILL ROAD 160 SECTION AA' 224 226 227 228 Qwg Qcg Qst Qal Qpsl Qal Qws Qws Qws Qst Qal Qpl Qst Qal Qst Bedrock Qws Qal Qpl Qil Qst Qe Qps Qst Qe Qws Qwb Qcb Qws Bedrock Qws 600 500 400 300 200 100 ELEVATION (feet) Qwb Qcb Qws Qcal Qws Qst Qws Bedrock NJ TRANSIT RAILROAD PASSAIC VALLEY ROAD Qpl Qst Qal Qpl Qpl Qil 231 Qws Qwb Qcb 234 Qwb Qcb Qcbl Qwb 241 Bedrock Bedrock PASSAIC RIVER INTERSTATE ROUTE 78 KING GEORGE ROAD MOUNTAIN VIEW ROAD C C' 600 500 400 300 200 100 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 20X 400 300 200 100 ELEVATION (feet) VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 20X 500 400 300 200 100 500 Qpt Qal Qpt Qws Qal Qws Qcb Qws Qwb Qcal Bedrock 80 Qpt 82 Qwb Qpt 87 86 89 Bedrock Qal Qal Qws Qws BEND IN SECTION DEAD RIVER LIBERTY CORNER ROAD DOUGLASS ROAD INTERSTATE ROUTE 287 MINE BROOK NJ TRANSIT RAILROAD D D' aft Qal Qs Qaf Qcal Qe Qst Qpl Qpmb Qpgb Qps Qil Qcb Qcbl Qwb Qws Qpt Qpsl CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS Holocene late Pleistocene middle Pleistocene early Pleistocene- late Pliocene late Wisconsinan Illinoian pre-Illinoian NORTH AMERICAN GLACIAL STAGE EPOCH AND AGE MAP UNITS Qcsl Qcg Qwg INTRODUCTION Surficial deposits in the Bernardsville quadrangle include artificial fill, alluvial, swamp, eolian, and stream-terrace deposits, all of postglacial age; glacial deposits of late Wisconsinan (22,000 to 18,000 years ago), Illinoian (about 150,000 years ago), and pre-Illinoian (some time between 2.1 million and 800,000 years ago) age; and weathered-rock material and hillslope deposits that range from early to late Pleistocene in age. The accompanying map and sections show the surface extent and subsurface relations of these deposits. Their composition and thickness, and the events they record, are described in the Description of Map Units. Well and boring data used to construct bedrock-surface-elevation contours and to infer the subsurface distribution of the deposits are provided in table 1 (in pamphlet). The chronologic relationships of the deposits are shown in the Correlation of Map Units. The hydrology of the surficial deposits and the history of river drainage in the quadrangle and adjacent areas are briefly described in the two sections below. HYDROLOGY OF SURFICIAL DEPOSITS The Bernardsville quadrangle includes the southernmost part of an extensive buried-valley aquifer system in the central Passaic River basin to the west of Second Watchung Mountain. This aquifer system consists of a network of pre- Illinoian fluvial valleys that are filled with and buried by Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glacial sediments. In the Bernardsville quadrangle these buried valleys underlie the Great Swamp lowland and the downstream part of the Dead River valley. The valleys are filled with as much as 100 feet of glaciolacustrine silt and clay (map units Qpl, Qil). Sand and gravel deposits that are aquifers in the buried valleys to the northeast do not extend into the Bernardsville quadrangle. The glaciolacustrine silt and clay are of low permeability and form a confining or semi-confining layer for the underlying bedrock aquifer (Vecchioli and others, 1962). For example, records for wells 214, 216, and 225 (numbered on map) report 70, 76, and 60 feet of casing, respectively, through the silt and clay into shale bedrock. These wells are drilled to total depths of 198, 155, and 170 feet, respectively, into the shale aquifer and record static- water levels of 3, 8, and 6 feet below land surface. These levels are well above the top of bedrock and indicate that the silt and clay act as a confining layer. Surficial deposits elsewhere in the quadrangle are more permeable but are too thin to be aquifers, although they do transmit water to, and store water for, streams and underlying bedrock aquifers. In the field, seepage commonly emerges from surficial deposits on footslopes and at the margins of floodplains and upland drainages, even during dry periods, indicating storage and movement of water in the surficial material. Hydraulic conductivity of the surficial deposits may be estimated from aquifer- test and laboratory data on similar deposits elsewhere in New Jersey (Stanford, 2000; Mennel and Canace, 2002). Sand and gravel deposits (parts of units Qps, Qpmb, Qpgb, small areas of Qal and Qst) are highly permeable, having estimated hydraulic conductivities that range from 10 1 to 10 3 feet per day (ft/d). Weathered rock and colluvium with silty sand matrix (parts of Qwg, Qwb, and Qcg) are also permeable, having estimated hydraulic conductivities from 10 -1 to 10 2 ft/d. Fine-sandy and silty lake-bottom, alluvial, eolian, and wetland deposits (parts of units Qpl, Qal, Qst, Qe, and Qs), silty to sandy silt till (parts of Qpt), and silty weathered rock and colluvium (parts of Qwb, Qws, Qwg, Qcb, Qcg, and Qcbl) are somewhat less permeable, having estimated hydraulic conductivities of 10 -3 to 10 -1 ft/d. Silt and clay lake-bottom deposits (parts of units Qpl, Qil, Qpsl), clayey-silt till and colluvium (parts of Qpt, Qcsl, Qcb, and Qcbl), and rock weathered to clay and silt (parts of Qwb and Qws) are of low permeability, having hydraulic conductivities of 10 -5 to 10 -3 ft/d. Vecchioli and others (1962) report an average permeability of 3x10 -4 ft/d for several measurements on samples of glaciolacustrine clay from the Great Swamp. Swamp deposits (Qs) and fill have varied hydraulic conductivities that depend on the clay and silt content of the material. Peat with little mineral soil, and fill composed of sand, cinders, gravel, demolition debris, slag, and trash, may be highly permeable. DRAINAGE HISTORY The topography of the bedrock surface, taken as the top of weathered rock, is contoured at 50-foot interval from water-well, test-boring, and geophysical- survey data. Contours are shown where the elevation of the bedrock surface is 200 feet or lower. At elevations above 200 feet the bedrock surface corresponds closely to the land surface. In the Great Swamp lowland and the Dead River valley, the rock surface defines several pre-Illinoian valleys that are filled with glaciolacustrine clay (fig. 1). These valleys are the southernmost part of a pre-Illinoian drainage network buried beneath Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glacial deposits in the central Passaic River basin (Nichols, 1968; Hoffman and Quinlan, 1994; Hoffman and others, in review; Stanford, 2007). This drainage formerly exited the Watchung Mountains through the Short Hills Gap in Second Watchung Mountain, about 12 miles east of Basking Ridge (fig. 1), and then through Millburn Gap in First Watchung Mountain, about 2 miles east of the Short Hills Gap. The Short Hills Gap is now filled with Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glacial deposits (Stanford, 1991), and the Passaic River now exits the basin at Little Falls, about 30 miles northeast of Basking Ridge. After the Illinoian glaciation, the Great Swamp lowland and the Dead River valley were filled with Illinoian glaciolacustrine clay to an elevation of about 150 feet (sections AA', BB'). The elevation of this fill was such that the Passaic River did not cross Long Hill at Millington (fig. 1) as it does today, but instead flowed northeasterly through the Great Swamp lowland, through the preexisting pre-Illinoian gap in Long Hill at Chatham (9 miles east of Basking Ridge), to the exit point from the basin at the Short Hills Gap. The abandoned valley along Baileys Mill Road north of Logansville is an exposed segment of this northeasterly drainage system, as is the wide valley of Primrose Brook downstream of its junction with this abandoned valley. The rest of the valley system is buried by glaciolacustrine clay. The present Passaic valley downstream from Millington was drained by the Dead River, which joined the Passaic in the Chatham area. After the late Wisconsinan glaciation, moraine deposits blocked the gap in Long Hill at Chatham, preventing northeasterly drainage through the Great Swamp lowland. The Passaic was diverted to a new course, crossing Long Hill via a low gap at Millington, then flowing northeasterly in the former Dead River valley, eventually reaching Little Falls. At Millington, the Passaic eroded through fractured basalt from an elevation of about 260 feet to its present elevation there of just below 220 feet, forming the Millington gorge (fig. 1). This erosion was completed shortly after drainage of the Great Notch stage of Lake Passaic (see below). DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS Postglacial Deposits--These include man-made fill, stream deposits in fans (Qaf) and modern channels and floodplains (Qal, Qcal), stream and shallow- lake deposits in terraces (Qst), wetland deposits in swamps and marshes (Qs), and windblown sediments (Qe). All were deposited since retreat of the late Wisconsinan glacier about 18,000 yrs B. P. (years before present). ARTIFICIAL FILL--Artificially emplaced sand, gravel, silt, clay, and rock fragments, and man-made materials including cinders, ash, brick, concrete, wood, slag, asphalt, metal, glass, and trash. Color variable but generally dark brown, gray, or black. As much as 20 feet thick. Many small areas of fill are not mapped. TRASH FILL--Trash mixed and covered with sand, silt, clay, and gravel. As much as 30 feet thick. In solid-waste landfills. ALLUVIUM--Sand, silt, clay, pebble gravel, locally pebble-to-cobble gravel; dark brown, brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, gray; moderately to well sorted, stratified to unstratified. Contains variable amounts of organic matter. Sand and gravel are deposited in channels. Silt and clay are deposited on levees and overbank areas, chiefly on broad, flat flood plains. Locally, in and downstream from urban areas, alluvium contains demolition debris and trash. As much as 15 feet thick. ALLUVIAL FAN DEPOSITS--Sand, pebble-to-cobble gravel, silt; brown, yellowish-brown, gray; moderately sorted, stratified. As much as 15 feet thick (estimated). STREAM TERRACE DEPOSITS--Silt, very fine-to-fine sand, minor fine-to- coarse sand and pebbly sand, rare pebble-to-cobble gravel; brown, very pale brown, yellowish-brown, light reddish-brown, reddish-brown, light gray; moderately to well sorted, well stratified to unstratified, horizontally laminated in places. As much as 15 feet thick. Forms terraces with surfaces 5-15 feet above modern flood plains and wetlands in the Passaic and Dead River valleys and the Great Swamp lowland. In the Passaic valley and the Great Swamp, and in the Dead River valley downstream from Liberty Corner, the stream terrace deposits were, in part, laid down in shallow postglacial lakes, including the Stanley and Millington stages of Lake Passaic (see below). The terraces were abandoned and incised as the postglacial lakes lowered and then drained when their dams were eroded by the Passaic River. In the Great Swamp, the postglacial lake drained and the terrace deposits were incised between about 14,000 and 10,000 yrs B. P., based on the age at which peat deposition began in the incised channels (see unit Qs, below). A radiocarbon date of 13,975±240 yrs B.P. (laboratory number QC-1305) on concretions of likely organic origin within the upper 10 feet of the lacustrine silt and clay in boring 224 (GS6 of Reimer, 1984) approximately dates the end of lake deposition. Ground-ice deformation, and, to a lesser extent, wind erosion, reshaped the surface morphology of the terraces after the lakes drained. SWAMP AND MARSH DEPOSITS--Peat and organic silt, clay, and minor fine sand; black, dark brown, and gray. As much as 20 feet thick, but generally less than 10 feet thick (Waksman and others, 1943). Pine, spruce, and birch pollen in the basal 1.5 feet of a 5-foot core taken in these deposits near Meyersville, about 2 miles east of White Bridge (Meyerson, 1970), indicate that peat began to accumulate here before 9,000 yrs B. P., based on radiocarbon dates elsewhere of the youngest occurrence of these trees in this region (Peteet and others, 1993). ALLUVIUM AND COLLUVIUM, UNDIVIDED--Interbedded colluvium as in units Qcg, Qcb, Qcbl, and Qcsl, and alluvium consisting of dark brown to yellowish-brown or reddish-brown silty sand, sandy silt, to clayey silt, with beds and lag veneers of subangular basalt pebbles and cobbles (adjacent to unit Qwb), shale chips and flagstones (adjacent to unit Qws), or subangular to subrounded cobbles and boulders of gneiss (adjacent to unit Qwg). As much as 15 feet thick. Lag deposits dominate in steeper reaches of valleys. Fine sediment, with variable organic matter, dominates in gently sloping reaches. EOLIAN DEPOSITS--Very-fine-to-fine sand, silty fine sand; yellowish-brown to very pale brown; unstratified to weakly stratified. As much as 5 feet thick. Mapped only where continuous and generally more than 2 feet thick. Thin, patchy windblown silt and fine sand occur elsewhere in the quadrangle, particulary in the Great Swamp lowland and the Dead River valley. Laid down shortly after postglacial lakes drained, when wind entrained newly exposed silt and fine sand from the lake bed and terrace surfaces and deposited it on adjacent uplands. Glacial Deposits--These include till and stratified sediments. Till is a poorly sorted, unstratified sediment containing gravel and boulders, deposited directly from glacial ice (unit Qpt). The stratified sediments are generally well sorted. They include sand and gravel laid down by glacial meltwater in glacial-lake deltas and fans (Qps) and by wave action on glacial-lake shores (Qpmb, Qpgb), and silt, clay, and fine sand deposited on the bottoms of glacial lakes (Qpsl, Qpl, Qil). All of these deposits are of pre-Illinoian age except Qpl, Qpmb, and Qpgb, which are of late Wisconsinan age, and Qil, which is of Illinoian age. Pre-Illinoian till occurs as erosional remnants on Second Watchung Mountain northwest of Liberty Corner and on shale bedrock near Bernardsville and Basking Ridge. Till is absent in similar topographic positions south of these locations, indicating that pre-Illinoian ice most likely did not advance beyond the remnants (margin M1 on fig. 1). Pre-Illinoian deposits in New Jersey correlate with magnetically reversed glacial deposits in eastern and central Pennsylvania (Gardner and others, 1994; Sasowsky, 1994), indicating that they were laid down before 788 ka. In New Jersey, pollen associated with the deposits, and their close stratigraphic and geomorphic relation to a Pliocene fluvial deposit, suggest a Pliocene age (Stanford and others, 2001). Following retreat of pre-Illinoian ice there was a long period of erosion and stream incision. Valleys were deepened as much as 60 feet below the level of pre- Illinoian valley bottoms. At its maximum extent the pre-Illinoian glacier dammed the Dead River valley to form glacial Lake Watchung (fig. 1). Although hillslope and stream erosion have likely lowered parts of Second Watchung Mountain since the pre-Illinoian glaciation, possible spillways for Lake Watchung include one at an elevation of about 430 feet near the junction of Long and Mountain roads, and a lower spillway at an elevation of about 400 feet on the Corys Brook-Stony Brook divide in the Chatham quadrangle, about 2 miles east of Mount Bethel. This latter spillway may have been lowered by slope and stream erosion. The sand and gravel deposit at Bernardsville (Qps) is an erosional remnant of an ice- contact delta deposited in this lake. Exposures show that the Bernardsville deposit has a coarsening-upward, gravel-over-sand structure typical of deltas. Smaller sand and gravel deposits near White Bridge, Logansville, and Van Dorens Mill may be remnants of lacustrine fans laid down at the mouths of subglacial channels on the lake floor. Silt, clay, and fine sand deposits (Qpsl) at the base of the Bernardsville delta, and on shale uplands near Lyons and Van Dorens Mill, are lake-bottom deposits laid down in Lake Watchung. Smaller pre-Illinoian glacial lakes also occupied the Mine Brook and Chambers Brook valleys, which drained toward, and so were dammed by, the pre-Illinoian glacier (fig. 1). No pre-Illinoian deposits crop out in these valleys, but pre- Illinoian sand and gravel was observed beneath basalt colluvium at one spot in the Mine Brook valley, and both sand and gravel and silt-clay sediments are reported in logs of wells drilled through basalt colluvium just west of the quadrangle boundary in the Chambers Brook valley. The Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glaciers did not enter the Bernardsville quadrangle. Both advanced to the Morristown-Chatham-Summit area (M3 on fig. 1) and blocked the Short Hills Gap to form both an Illinoian and late Wisconsinan version of glacial Lake Passaic. In the Bernardsville quadrangle, deposits in these lakes include thick silt and clay in the Great Swamp and Dead River lowlands laid down on the lake bottom (units Qil, Qpl), and some small sand and gravel lakeshore sediments (units Qpmb, Qpgb). The late Wisconsinan version of Lake Passaic included three glacial stages and three postglacial stages (Stone and others, 2002; Stanford, 2007). All three glacial stages, and two of the three postglacial stages, extended into the Bernardsville quadrangle. The glacial stages existed from about 21,000 yrs B. P. to about 18,000 yrs B. P. This duration is based on a radiocarbon date of 20,100±500 (QC-1304) from concretions of likely organic origin in lacustrine clay and silt, combined from depths of 58 and 93 feet in boring 215 (GS1 of Reimer, 1984). This date is a rough estimate of the onset of deposition in Lake Passaic. Seven-hundred and fifty varves were counted above the lower concretions in this boring and in a test boring near Green Village, about 6 miles east of Basking Ridge (GS5 of Reimer, 1984). Overlying microvarves in these borings indicate a minimum of 450 additional years of accumulation (Reimer, 1984), some or most of which may have been deposited in the glacial lake stages, indicating that the 750 varve years may be a minimum. The postglacial Millington stage persisted from 18,000 to about 14,000 yrs B. P., based on a radiocarbon date of 13,975±240 yrs B. P. (QC-1305) from concretions of likely organic origin in the upper 10 feet of lacustrine silt and clay in boring 224 (Reimer, 1984). The Stanley stage, because it was dammed by moraine sediment rather than the resistant basalt bedrock that floored the spillway for the Millington stage, likely drained before the Millington stage, although there are no radiocarbon dates from the Stanley stage deposits. Details of the history of lake stages are provided in the following description of map units. Names of the Chatham, Moggy Hollow, and Great Notch stages follow those of Stone and others (2002). The postglacial Millington and Stanley stages are named after informal reference in Salisbury and Kummel (1895, p. 317). Lake elevations are based on an uplift gradient of 2.1 feet/mile to the N21 o E for Lake Passaic (Stone and others, 1989). GLACIAL LAKE PASSAIC DEPOSITS--Beach and lake-bottom deposits laid down in glacial Lake Passaic. This lake filled the central Passaic River basin between Second Watchung Mountain and the Highlands. In the Bernardsville quadrangle, it includes 5 stages: an advance-phase stage, 2 recessional stages, and 2 postglacial stages. When the advancing late Wisconsinan glacier east of First Watchung Mountain blocked Millburn Gap, the Chatham stage of Lake Passaic flooded the central Passaic basin. This stage was controlled by a spillway at an elevation between 250 and 300 feet on a divide in the Blue Brook valley between First and Second Mountains south of Millburn Gap. With continued advance, the glacier blocked the Blue Brook spillway. At this time Lake Passaic rose to the Moggy Hollow stage. This stage was controlled by a spillway about 2 miles west of Liberty Corner at an elevation of 340 feet (symboled on map). Elevation of the lake level at this stage in the Bernardsville quadrangle was 340 to 350 feet. Deposition of the terminal moraine then filled the Short Hills Gap (fig. 1) to an elevation of 375 to 380 feet, holding the lake at the Moggy Hollow stage during deglaciation. A lower lake level, the Great Notch stage, was established when the retreating ice front uncovered Great Notch, a gap in First Watchung Mountain 23 miles northeast of Basking Ridge. The Great Notch spillway is at an elevation of about 305 feet, and the elevation of the lake level at this stage in the Bernardsville quadrangle ranges from 260 to about 275 feet. The Great Notch stage drained when the gap through First Watchung Mountain at Paterson was deglaciated. After the Great Notch stage drained, a moraine dam between Chatham and Summit held in a postglacial lake (the Stanley stage) in the Passaic and Dead River valleys upstream from the dam. The initial level of the spillway here was at an elevation of about 230 feet (Stanford, 2007). Elevation of the lake in the Bernardsville quadrangle ranged from 220 feet at Stirling to 215 feet at Liberty Corner. Downcutting of the Passaic River into the moraine gradually lowered the spillway and drained the lake, although postglacial rebound may have created shallow pondings in the valley upstream of the moraine afterwards. At the same time as the Stanley stage formed, the Millington stage occupied the Great Swamp basin, which held a lake because the former gap at Chatham through Long Hill was filled with moraine deposits. This lake was controlled by a spillway in a gap in Long Hill at Millington. The initial spillway here, marked by a topographic bench along the top of the Millington gorge, was at an elevation of about 260 feet. Elevation of this lake level ranged from 260 feet at Millington to about 265 feet at Basking Ridge. Downcutting of the Passaic River into the fractured basalt at the gap gradually lowered the spillway and, along with postglacial rebound, drained the lake. Lake-bottom deposits--Silt, clay, minor very-fine-to-fine sand; gray, light gray, light reddish-brown; laminated. As much as 70 feet thick. Deposited chiefly during the Moggy Hollow stage. Uppermost parts may have been laid down in the Great Notch, Stanley, and Millington stages, lowermost parts in the Chatham stage. Beach deposits, lower stages--Medium-to-coarse sand and pebbly sand; brown, reddish-brown, gray; unstratified to weakly stratified. Sand and pebbles consist chiefly of red and gray shale; a few pebbles are white and gray quartz and quartzite. As much as 15 feet thick (estimated). Formed by wave erosion of shale bedrock along the shoreline of the Great Notch and Millington stages. Beach deposits, Moggy Hollow stage--Pebble gravel, pebbly sand, silt; light reddish-brown; unstratified to weakly stratified. Pebbles consist chiefly of red and gray shale; a few are basalt, quartzite, sandstone, and gneiss. As much as 10 feet thick (estimated). Formed by wave erosion of shale bedrock, and some ice- rafted erratic gravel, along the shoreline of the Moggy Hollow stage. ILLINOIAN LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS--Lake-bottom deposits laid down in an Illinoian glacial lake occupying the central Passaic basin. This lake was controlled at first by the spillway at Moggy Hollow, probably at an elevation slightly higher than 340-foot altitude of the late Wisconsinan spillway. During Illinoian retreat, the lake was controlled by a much lower spillway across Illinoian till in the Short Hills Gap at an elevation between 150 and 200 feet. This spillway is now buried beneath late Wisconsinan deposits. Depending on the elevation of the spillway, this lake drained either when the gaps through the Watchungs at Little Falls and Paterson were deglaciated or when the spillway was eroded low enough to expose the lake bottom. Lake-bottom deposits--Silt, clay, minor very fine-to-fine sand; reddish-brown to gray; laminated. As much as 30 feet thick. In subsurface only. Contact with Qpl in subsurface is picked at change to coarser grain size marking thin interglacial alluvial or eolian deposits atop Qil (for example, in boring 215). PRE-ILLINOIAN LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS--Deltaic, lacustrine-fan, and lake-bottom deposits laid down in glacial Lake Watchung. This lake occupied the Dead River and Great Swamp lowlands and was controlled by a spillway across Second Watchung Mountain at an elevation between 400 and 430 feet. The lake lowered as the pre-Illinoian glacier retreated and it drained when the gaps at Short Hills and Millburn were uncovered. Deltaic and lacustrine-fan deposits--Fine-to-coarse sand, pebble-to-cobble gravel, very-fine-to-fine sand and silt; reddish-yellow, very pale brown, yellow. Generally massive due to deep weathering, weakly bedded in places. The gravel consists chiefly of gneiss and some quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and siltstone. Most gneiss, sandstone, and siltstone clasts are deeply weathered or decomposed; most feldspathic sand grains are partially or fully weathered to white clay. As much as 80 feet thick. Lake-bottom deposits--Clay, silt, very fine-to-fine sand, minor fine-to-medium sand; reddish-yellow, yellowish-brown, light gray. Chiefly unstratified, thinly bedded to laminated in places. As much as 15 feet thick (estimated). PRE-ILLINOIAN TILL--Reddish-brown to reddish-yellow silty clay to sandy clayey silt with some (5 to 10 percent by volume) to many (>10 percent by volume) subrounded to subangular pebbles and cobbles and very few subrounded boulders. Pebbles and cobbles consist of, in approximate order of abundance, gray and reddish-brown quartzite, gray and white gneiss, gray and red siltstone and sandstone, gray and brown basalt, purple quartzite- conglomerate, and dark gray chert. Boulders are chiefly gray gneiss and quartzite. The siltstone, sandstone, gneiss, and basalt gravel clasts have weathering rinds or are completely decomposed. As much as 40 feet thick. Equivalent to the Port Murray Formation, till facies, of Stone and others (2002). Hillslope Deposits--Unstratified, poorly sorted sediment deposited at the foot of hillslopes by movement of material downslope. Deposited primarily under cold climate conditions during the middle and late Pleistocene. GNEISS COLLUVIUM--Yellowish-brown, reddish-yellow, light reddish-brown sandy silt, silty sand, sandy-clayey silt with some to many subangular gneiss pebbles and cobbles. Where adjacent to unit Qws, includes some red shale and siltstone pebbles. Gneiss clasts vary from lightly weathered to deeply weathered. Long dimensions of clasts typically are aligned parallel to the hillslope. As much as 20 feet thick. BASALT COLLUVIUM, BLOCKY PHASE--Reddish-brown, reddish-yellow, yellowish-brown, brown clayey silt, silty clay, minor fine-sandy silt with some to many subangular basalt pebbles and cobbles. Long dimensions of clasts typically are aligned parallel to the hillslope. As much as 20 feet thick. Includes chips and angular pebbles to fine cobbles of red shale and mudstone in deposits in the Chambers and Mine Brook valleys, and on Long Hill. BASALT COLLUVIUM, SILTY PHASE--Reddish-yellow, reddish-brown, light gray, very pale brown clayey silt to silty clay, minor fine sandy silt, with few subangular basalt pebbles. As much as 10 feet thick. At foot of long, gentle slopes or at distal edge of aprons of blocky colluvium. Deposited in part by ground-water seepage. Mapped only where continuous and generally more than 3 feet thick. Occurs discontinuously along lower parts of most slopes on basalt bedrock. SHALE COLLUVIUM, SILTY PHASE--Reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, light gray silty clay with few to some shale chips and a few to very few basalt pebbles. As much as 10 feet thick (estimated). Weathered Bedrock Material--Unstratified, poorly sorted sediment formed by mechanical and chemical weathering of basalt, shale, and gneiss. WEATHERED BASALT--Reddish-yellow, reddish-brown, light gray, to yellowish-brown clayey silt, silty clay, to clayey coarse sand with some to many subangular pebbles and cobbles of basalt and, in places, gabbro. Most clasts have clayey-silty reddish-yellow weathering rinds. Includes mixed clast-and- matrix sediment, granular decomposed rock, fractured-rock rubble, and saprolite that preserves original rock structure. As much as 50, but generally less than 20, feet thick. Qwbt indicates areas where weathered material is thin or absent and fractured-rock rubble abundant. WEATHERED SHALE--Reddish-brown, brown, yellowish-brown clayey silt to silty clay with many shale chips or subangular pebbles and cobbles of siltstone. As much as 20, but generally less than 5, feet thick. WEATHERED GNEISS--Yellowish-brown, yellow, very pale brown, reddish- yellow, silty sand, silty clayey sand to sandy clayey silt, locally micaceous, with few to many subangular pebbles and cobbles of gneiss. Includes mixed clast- and-matrix sediment, granular decomposed rock, fractured-rock rubble, and saprolite that preserves original rock structure. Clasts range from unweathered to fully decomposed. Generally less than 30, but may be as much as 60, feet thick. Qwgt indicates areas where weathered material is thin or absent and fractured outcrop abundant. MAP SYMBOLS Contact--Solid where well-defined by landforms, long-dashed where approximately located, short-dashed where gradational or feather-edged, dotted where removed by excavation or concealed by water. Material observed in hand-auger hole, exposure, or excavation Excavation perimeter--Line at limit of excavation. Outlines quarries. Topography within these areas may differ from that on the base map. Bedrock ridge or scarp--Line on crest. Low ridges or scarps formed on resistant basalt flows or siltstone beds. Quarry--Active in 2005. Quarry--Inactive in 2005. Well with log in table 1--Location accurate within 100 feet. Well with log in table 1--Location accurate within 500 feet. Elevation of bedrock surface from seismic survey--From Hoffman and others (in review). Multiple surficial units in exposure or hand-auger hole--Observed in 2006-2007. Number following unit is thickness of unit, in feet. Multiple surficial units in trench excavation--From Ratcliffe and others (1990). Elevation of bedrock surface--Contour interval 50 feet. Includes top surface of weathered bedrock. Large bedrock outcrop--Small outcrops within units Qal, Qcal, Qwb, Qwbt, Qwg, Qwgt, and Qws are not shown. Well on sections--Projected to line of section. Owing to projection, depths of contacts on section may not be identical to those in well. Unit to left of slash overlies unit to right--Shows extent of underlying deposits beneath thin eolian sediments. Beach deposits--Small sand or gravel deposits at shoreline of the Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic. Shown only where observed in 2006-2007. Additional occurrences noted by Salisbury and Kummel (1895) are now obscured by urbanization. Spillway of glacial lake--Symbol in spillway of Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic, arrow shows drainage direction. Alluvial lag--Surface concentration of basalt cobbles, with interstitial alluvial clay and silt, on floor of Moggy Hollow, formed by washing of weathered basalt by spillway drainage from the Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic. Thermokarst basin--Line on rim, pattern in basin. Small, shallow basins (maximum depth 8 feet) formed chiefly from melting of ground ice. A few basins may have been formed by wind erosion or, possibly, ground-water seepage. May contain thin peat deposits. Larger basins with thicker peat are mapped as unit Qs. REFERENCES Gardner, T. W., Sasowsky, I. D., and Schmidt, V. A., 1994, Reversed polarity glacial sediments and revised glacial chronology, West Branch Susquehanna River, central Pennsylvania: Quaternary Research, v. 42, p. 131-135. Hoffman, J. L., Hall, D. W., Stanford, S. D., Ghatge, S. L., and Stone, B. D., in review, Hydrogeology of the central Passaic River basin, New Jersey: N. J. Geological Survey Open-File Report. Hoffman, J. L., and Quinlan, John, 1994, Ground-water-withdrawal and water-level data for the central Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1898-1990: N. J. Geological Survey Geologic Report Series GSR 34, 78 p. Mennel, W. J., and Canace, Robert, 2002, New Jersey Geological Survey hydro database: N. J. Geological Survey Digital Geodata Series DGS 02-1, www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/geodata/dgs02-1.zip Meyerson, A. L., 1970, Glacial Lake Passaic: palynological evidence for draining of the Great Swamp stage: Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science, v. 15, no. 1-2, p. 10-12. Nichols, W. D., 1968, Bedrock topography of eastern Morris and western Essex counties, New Jersey: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Series Map I-549, scale 1:24,000. Peteet, D. M., Daniels, R. A., Heusser, L. E., Vogel, J. S., Southon, J. R., Nelson, D. E., 1993, Late-glacial pollen, macrofossils and fish remains in northeastern U. S. A.--the Younger Dryas oscillation: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 12, p. 597-612. Ratcliffe, N. M., Burton, W. C., and Pavich, M. J., 1990, Orientation, movement history, and cataclastic rocks of the Ramapo Fault based on core drilling and trenching along the western margin of the Newark Basin near Bernardsville, New Jersey: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1982. Reimer, G. E., 1984, The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the southern basin of glacial Lake Passaic, New Jersey: M.S. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., 205 p. Salisbury, R. D. and Kummel, H. B., 1895, Lake Passaic--an extinct glacial lake: N. J. Geological Survey Annual Report for 1894, p. 225-328. Sasowsky, I. D., 1994, Paleomagnetism of glacial sediments from three locations in eastern Pennsylvania, in Braun, D. D., ed., Late Wisconsinan to pre-Illinoian (G?) glacial and periglacial events in eastern Pennsylvania: Guidebook for the 57 th Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pa., p. 21-23. Stanford, S. D., 1991, Surficial geology of the Roselle quadrangle, Union, Essex, and Morris counties, New Jersey: N. J. Geological Survey Open-File Map 8, scale 1:24,000. Stanford, S. D., 2000, Glacial aquifers of New Jersey, in Harper, D. P., and Goldstein, F. R., eds., Glacial geology of New Jersey: field guide and proceedings for the seventeenth annual meeting of the Geological Association of New Jersey: Trenton, N. J., Geological Association of New Jersey, p. IV.1- IV.21. Stanford, S. D., 2007, Surficial geology of the Chatham quadrangle, Morris, Union, and Somerset counties, New Jersey: N. J. Geological Survey Open- File Map OFM 69, scale 1:24,000. Stanford, S. D., Ashley, G. M., and Brenner, G. J., 2001, Late Cenozoic fluvial stratigraphy of the New Jersey Piedmont: a record of glacioeustasy, planation, and incision on a low-relief passive margin: Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 265-276. Stone, B. D., Reimer, G. E., and Pardi, R. R., 1989, Revised stratigraphy and history of glacial Lake Passaic, New Jersey: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, p. 69. Stone, B. D., Stanford, S. D., and Witte, R. W., 2002, Surficial geologic map of northern New Jersey: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-2540-C, scale 1:100,000. Vecchioli, John, Gill, H. E., and Lang, S. M., 1962, Hydrologic role of the Great Swamp and other marshland in upper Passaic River basin: Journal of the American Water Works Association, v. 54, no. 4, p. 695-701. Waksman, S. A., Schulhoff, H., Hickman, C. A., Cordon, T. C., and Stevens, S. C., 1943, The peats of New Jersey and their utilization: N. J. Department of Conservation of Development, Geologic Series, Bulletin 55, Part B, 278 p. Figure 1.-- Glacial lakes, ice margins, and pre-Illinoian drainage in the Bernardsville quadrangle and vicinity. Abbreviations on lake shorelines are MH=Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic, GN=Great Notch stage (in the Great Swamp lowland, the Great Notch stage is close to the initial level of the Millington stage of Lake Passaic, before cutting of the Millington gorge), ST=Stanley stage of Lake Passaic, WT=glacial Lake Watchung, CB=glacial lake in Chambers Brook valley, MB=glacial lake in Mine Brook valley. The Lake Passaic stages are all of late Wisconsinan age, the other lakes are of pre-Illinoian age. Abbreviations on glacier margins are: M1=maximum extent of pre-Illinoian glacier, delta deposited in Lake Watchung at Bernardsville, M2=approximate position of pre-Illinoian glacier at maximum extent of lake in Mine Brook valley, M3=maximum extent of late Wisconsinan and Illinoian glaciers, marked by the late Wisconsinan terminal moraine Qcsl Qwb Qwbt Qws Qwg Qwgt aft Qal Qst Qs Qcal Qe Qpl Qpgb Qpmb Qil Qps Qpsl Qpt Qcg Qcb ! ! 147 . 47 Qst5/Qpl ! 50 r 47 Qe/Qwb ! Qcg5/Qwb 186 Qpmb (Qal) Qaf Qcbl M1 pre-Illinoian drainage shoreline of glacial lake, abbreviation on land side spillway of glacial lake, queried where uncertain glacial-lake drainage glacier margin, lettering on glacier side M2 M2 M1 M1 M1 M3 M3 North Branch Raritan River Mine Brook Passaic River Dead River Blue Brook Passaic River GREAT SWAMP LOWLAND LONG HILL SECOND WATCHUNG MOUNTAIN FIRST WATCHUNG MT BERNARDSVILLE QUADRANGLE Chatham Green Village Meyersville Short Hills Summit White Bridge Logansville Van Dorens Mill Lyons Bernardsville Basking Ridge Millington Liberty Corner Mt. Bethel ? ? MB MB CB CB WT MH MH WT MH GN ST MH MH GN GN ST WT GN GN WT MH GN ST ST ST ST GN GN GN GN MH GN ST MH GN GN GN MH MH GN GN MH GN GN MH 0 4 miles present drainage GN Millington Gorge Short Hills Gap Qpl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Qal Qst Qws 233 Qcal Qal4/Qpl Qpl 232 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Qwg Qcg Qcal Qcg Qwg Qcg Qcal Qwg Qcg Qcg 1 2 5 6 3 4 53 52 51 17 16 15 18 19 20 14 13 Qwg Qcg Qcal Qcal Qcg Qwg Qwg Qcal Qcg Qcg Qcal 7 8 9 10 11 12 142 Qcg Qcg Qwg Qwg Qcg Qcal Qwg 25 26 24 23 21 22 49 50 48 47 Qcal Qwg 139 140 141 Qcg Qcg Qwg Qcg 143 144 145 Qcal Qcg Qcal 147 148 r Qcg Qwg r Qcg Qcg Qcal Qwgt Qwgt Qcg Qcal Qwg Qwg 148 164 Qcg Qws Qws Qal Qst Qps Qpsl Qps 161 162 163 212 160 159 Qws Qal Qws 165 166 Qwb Qwb 204 202 191 169 168 167 170 Qws Qcg6/Qws Qcg5/Qwb Qal Qws Qpmb 172 171 173 174 180 179 184 183 182 185 186 187 188 181 189 190 178 177 176 175 Qal Qal Qal Qal Qwb Qcal Qcal Qcal Qcal 192 193 194 196 195 Qws Qws Qal Qst Qs Qal 199 200 197 201 205 206 210 209 208 207 198 Qws Qps 211 213 Qst Qst3/Qpl Qps5/Qws Qst2/Qws Qst3/Qws Qs Qal Qws B Qcg 157 Qwb 158 156 Qpt 218 Qws Qal Qps 150 151 153 154 155 152 138 r 149 Qcg A 137 136 135 Qcg Qcg Qcg Qcg Qcal r Qal 29 30 28 45 46 Qcg 27 44 Qcal 31 32 33 34 35 133 37 38 Qwg Qwg 134 Qcg Qws r Qws Qcal Qcg 36 54 Qcg Qcal Qcg Qcal 55 56 57 58 Qwg Qcg Qwg 43 42 Qcg Qcal Qwg Qcal Qcal 60 40 Qcg 61 63 62 Qcg Qpt Qws 66 64 65 Qws Qal Qws 39 Qcb Qcb5/Qps Qcb4/Qws 68 67 69 70 71 Qal Qws Qcb Qcb2/Qws Qaf Qaf Qal Qwb 73 72 74 130 131 Qcal Qwb Qcal Qcal aft 132 248 128 Qal Qwb Qpsl Qws Qws Qws Qwb 217 Qpmb Qal Qpgb Qpt Qpl Qal3/Qpl Qst3/Qpl Qst3/Qpl Qst3/Qpl Qst2/Qpl Qpl5/Qws Qal2/Qpl Qst4/Qpl Qst5/Qpl Qst2/Qpl Qcb4/Qws Qst 214 Qpl Qst Qst Qws Qpl Qal Qst Qst Qst 215 Qs 216 Qst Qws Qst6/Qpl Qst5/Qpl Qst5/Qpl Qst4/Qpl Qst4/Qpl Qst2/Qpl Qpsl2/Qws Qpsl5/Qws Qcb2/Qps Qst3/Qpl Qst3/Qpl Qst4/Qpl Qst4/Qpl Qst2/Qpl 225 224 Qws Qcb Qpsl Qal Qws Qws Qws Qst Qst Qe/Qps Qps 187 202 Qst2/Qpl Qst3/Qpl Qst2/ Qpl Qst2/Qpl Qst3/Qpl Qe3/Qps Qst4/Qpl Qst2/Qws Qst3/Qpl Qst6/Qws Qe3/Qwb Qe1/Qws Qst3/Qpl Qst Qs Qs Qs Qe/Qwb 226 227 228 229 Qwb Qcal Qcal r Qws Qws r Qwbt C 221 Qwb Qcb 129 Qws Qws r Qcbl Qwb Qws Qws Qst 222 Qpmb Qpsl4/Qwb 220 Qwb Qal 124 Qwb Qcal Qwb Qwb 127 126 125 75 76 Qpt Qws Qws Qws Qcal Qws Qws Qws Qst Qws Qst4/Qws Qcal Qst Qst Qcal Qal Qst4/Qws Qpt4/Qwb Qpt 77 78 79 80 81 Qcb Qcb Qal Qws Qpt Qwb Qws Qpt Qwb Qws Qcb Qcal Qcal Qcal Qwbt Qal r Qs (Qal) Qs r r r 82 83 85 87 86 89 88 Qcal Qpt Qcal Qwb Qpt Qcal Qcal Qws Qcal Qst Qws 90 Qal 91 92 Qws Qal 181 Qcb Qcal Qcb Qws D' Qcsl Qcb 123 122 Qwb Qws Qws 223 Qws Qcal Qal Qcal Qcb Qwb Qcal Qws 230 Qst Qst r Qcb Qcal Qcal r Qst Qal Qcal Qcb r Qws Qws Qws Qws Qws Qpl Qpl Qal Qst Qst Qws Qpl Qst Qpl5/Qws Qst5/Qpl Qst4/Qpl Qpl4/Qwb Qpl4/Qws Qpl4/Qws Qal3/Qpl Qal Qcsl4/Qws Qcsl3/Qws Qcb3/Qws Qcb3/Qws Qcb4/Qws Qcb4/Qws 186 193 Qws Qpl Qws Qst Qcal Qcal Qst Qpl Qst Qst 246 247 Qal Qal Qal Qcal r r r r 244 118 Qwb Qal3/Qpl Qal3/Qwb Qst4/Qpl Qst Qcal Qcal Qst Qst Qst 237 234 Qcb Qcb r Qcal Qal Qws Qst Qst Qwb r r 96 97 99 98 100 101 102 104 103 Qcb Qcb Qst Qcal Qcal Qcal Qcal Qcal Qwb Qwb Qwb Qwb Qwbt Qcal r r Qcal 111 112 Qcb Qws Qal Qaf 114 Qcb Qcal Qcb Qwb Qcal Qwbt Qcb 115 Qws 113 110 Qcal 94 95 Qwbt Qcb Qwb 105 107 106 108 109 Qcal Qwb Qwb Qcal Qcal Qal Qwbt Qwb 117 116 Qcal 245 Qpmb Qwb Qwb Qcal 242 243 Qcal Qcb Qwb Qcal Qwb Qcb Qcb Qcb10/Qwb Qwb Qcal Qal 238 239 236 240 Qcb Qcb Qcal 241 Qcbl Qcbl Qwb Qwb Qwb 235 Qwb Qwb Qcal Qcal Qcbl5/Qwb C' A' B' D 200 150 150 200 200 150 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Qwg Qwg Qcal r Qcal 120 119 219 Qcg Qws Qwb Qal2/Qst 41 59 Qpt6/Qws Qps10/Qws 203 Qcb3/Qws Qcb3/Qws Qcsl4/Qws Qst3/Qws 174 190 Qcal 93

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Page 1: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL … of environmental protection land use management ... 231 qws qwb qcb 234 qwb qcb qcbl qwb 241 ... dead river liber ty corner r o douglass r ad o ad

Geology mapped 2006-2007Cartography by S. Stanford and M. Girard

74o30'40o37'30"

32'30"BOUND BROOK35'74o37'30"40o37'30"

40'

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40o45'74o37'30" 35' MENDHAM 32'30" 74o30'

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Base map from U. S. Geological Survey, 1954Photorevised 1981Corner ticks are on North American Datum of 1927. Geology and base map do not edge-match adjoining quadrangleswith corner ticks on North American Datum of 1983. Overlap of information occurs at the east edge of the quadrangle, anda gap of information occurs at the west edge.

Research supported by the U. S. Geological Survey, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, under USGS award number 06HQAG0047.

The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies,

either expressed or implied, of the U. S. Government.

SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE BERNARDSVILLE QUADRANGLE MORRIS AND SOMERSET COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY

OPEN-FILE MAP OFM 74

Pamphlet containing table 1 accompanies map

Prepared in cooperation with theU. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

NATIONAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONLAND USE MANAGEMENTNEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEETNATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929

SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE BERNARDSVILLE QUADRANGLE MORRIS AND SOMERSET COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY

byScott D. Stanford

2008

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CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS

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latePleistocene

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lateWisconsinan

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NORTH AMERICANGLACIAL STAGE

EPOCH AND AGEMAP UNITS

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INTRODUCTION

Surficial deposits in the Bernardsville quadrangle include artificial fill, alluvial, swamp, eolian, and stream-terrace deposits, all of postglacial age; glacial deposits of late Wisconsinan (22,000 to 18,000 years ago), Illinoian (about 150,000 years ago), and pre-Illinoian (some time between 2.1 million and 800,000 years ago) age; and weathered-rock material and hillslope deposits that range from early to late Pleistocene in age.

The accompanying map and sections show the surface extent and subsurface relations of these deposits. Their composition and thickness, and the events they record, are described in the Description of Map Units. Well and boring data used to construct bedrock-surface-elevation contours and to infer the subsurface distribution of the deposits are provided in table 1 (in pamphlet). The chronologic relationships of the deposits are shown in the Correlation of Map Units. The hydrology of the surficial deposits and the history of river drainage in the quadrangle and adjacent areas are briefly described in the two sections below.

HYDROLOGY OF SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

The Bernardsville quadrangle includes the southernmost part of an extensive buried-valley aquifer system in the central Passaic River basin to the west of Second Watchung Mountain. This aquifer system consists of a network of pre-Illinoian fluvial valleys that are filled with and buried by Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glacial sediments. In the Bernardsville quadrangle these buried valleys underlie the Great Swamp lowland and the downstream part of the Dead River valley. The valleys are filled with as much as 100 feet of glaciolacustrine silt and clay (map units Qpl, Qil). Sand and gravel deposits that are aquifers in the buried valleys to the northeast do not extend into the Bernardsville quadrangle. The glaciolacustrine silt and clay are of low permeability and form a confining or semi-confining layer for the underlying bedrock aquifer (Vecchioli and others, 1962). For example, records for wells 214, 216, and 225 (numbered on map) report 70, 76, and 60 feet of casing, respectively, through the silt and clay into shale bedrock. These wells are drilled to total depths of 198, 155, and 170 feet, respectively, into the shale aquifer and record static- water levels of 3, 8, and 6 feet below land surface. These levels are well above the top of bedrock and indicate that the silt and clay act as a confining layer.

Surficial deposits elsewhere in the quadrangle are more permeable but are too thin to be aquifers, although they do transmit water to, and store water for, streams and underlying bedrock aquifers. In the field, seepage commonly emerges from surficial deposits on footslopes and at the margins of floodplains and upland drainages, even during dry periods, indicating storage and movement of water in the surficial material.

Hydraulic conductivity of the surficial deposits may be estimated from aquifer-test and laboratory data on similar deposits elsewhere in New Jersey (Stanford, 2000; Mennel and Canace, 2002). Sand and gravel deposits (parts of units Qps, Qpmb, Qpgb, small areas of Qal and Qst) are highly permeable, having estimated hydraulic conductivities that range from 101 to 103 feet per day (ft/d). Weathered rock and colluvium with silty sand matrix (parts of Qwg, Qwb, and Qcg) are also permeable, having estimated hydraulic conductivities from 10-1 to 102 ft/d. Fine-sandy and silty lake-bottom, alluvial, eolian, and wetland deposits (parts of units Qpl, Qal, Qst, Qe, and Qs), silty to sandy silt till (parts of Qpt), and silty weathered rock and colluvium (parts of Qwb, Qws, Qwg, Qcb, Qcg, and Qcbl) are somewhat less permeable, having estimated hydraulic conductivities of 10-3 to 10-1 ft/d. Silt and clay lake-bottom deposits (parts of units Qpl, Qil, Qpsl), clayey-silt till and colluvium (parts of Qpt, Qcsl, Qcb, and Qcbl), and rock weathered to clay and silt (parts of Qwb and Qws) are of low permeability, having hydraulic conductivities of 10-5 to 10-3 ft/d. Vecchioli and others (1962) report an average permeability of 3x10-4 ft/d for several measurements on samples of glaciolacustrine clay from the Great Swamp. Swamp deposits (Qs) and fill have varied hydraulic conductivities that depend on the clay and silt content of the material. Peat with little mineral soil, and fill composed of sand, cinders, gravel, demolition debris, slag, and trash, may be highly permeable.

DRAINAGE HISTORY

The topography of the bedrock surface, taken as the top of weathered rock, is contoured at 50-foot interval from water-well, test-boring, and geophysical-survey data. Contours are shown where the elevation of the bedrock surface is 200 feet or lower. At elevations above 200 feet the bedrock surface corresponds closely to the land surface.

In the Great Swamp lowland and the Dead River valley, the rock surface defines several pre-Illinoian valleys that are filled with glaciolacustrine clay (fig. 1). These valleys are the southernmost part of a pre-Illinoian drainage network buried beneath Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glacial deposits in the central Passaic River basin (Nichols, 1968; Hoffman and Quinlan, 1994; Hoffman and others, in review; Stanford, 2007). This drainage formerly exited the Watchung Mountains through the Short Hills Gap in Second Watchung Mountain, about 12 miles east of Basking Ridge (fig. 1), and then through Millburn Gap in First Watchung Mountain, about 2 miles east of the Short Hills Gap. The Short Hills Gap is now filled with Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glacial deposits (Stanford, 1991), and the Passaic River now exits the basin at Little Falls, about 30 miles northeast of Basking Ridge.

After the Illinoian glaciation, the Great Swamp lowland and the Dead River valley were filled with Illinoian glaciolacustrine clay to an elevation of about 150 feet (sections AA', BB'). The elevation of this fill was such that the Passaic River did not cross Long Hill at Millington (fig. 1) as it does today, but instead flowed northeasterly through the Great Swamp lowland, through the preexisting pre-Illinoian gap in Long Hill at Chatham (9 miles east of Basking Ridge), to the exit point from the basin at the Short Hills Gap. The abandoned valley along Baileys Mill Road north of Logansville is an exposed segment of this northeasterly drainage system, as is the wide valley of Primrose Brook downstream of its junction with this abandoned valley. The rest of the valley system is buried by glaciolacustrine clay. The present Passaic valley downstream from Millington was drained by the Dead River, which joined the Passaic in the Chatham area. After the late Wisconsinan glaciation, moraine deposits blocked the gap in Long Hill at Chatham, preventing northeasterly drainage through the Great Swamp lowland. The Passaic was diverted to a new course, crossing Long Hill via a low gap at Millington, then flowing northeasterly in the former Dead River valley, eventually reaching Little Falls. At Millington, the Passaic eroded through fractured basalt from an elevation of about 260 feet to its present elevation there of just below 220 feet, forming the Millington gorge (fig. 1). This erosion was completed shortly after drainage of the Great Notch stage of Lake Passaic (see below).

DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS

Postglacial Deposits--These include man-made fill, stream deposits in fans (Qaf) and modern channels and floodplains (Qal, Qcal), stream and shallow-lake deposits in terraces (Qst), wetland deposits in swamps and marshes (Qs), and windblown sediments (Qe). All were deposited since retreat of the late Wisconsinan glacier about 18,000 yrs B. P. (years before present).

ARTIFICIAL FILL--Artificially emplaced sand, gravel, silt, clay, and rock fragments, and man-made materials including cinders, ash, brick, concrete, wood, slag, asphalt, metal, glass, and trash. Color variable but generally dark brown, gray, or black. As much as 20 feet thick. Many small areas of fill are not mapped.

TRASH FILL--Trash mixed and covered with sand, silt, clay, and gravel. As much as 30 feet thick. In solid-waste landfills.

ALLUVIUM--Sand, silt, clay, pebble gravel, locally pebble-to-cobble gravel; dark brown, brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, gray; moderately to well sorted, stratified to unstratified. Contains variable amounts of organic matter.

Sand and gravel are deposited in channels. Silt and clay are deposited on levees and overbank areas, chiefly on broad, flat flood plains. Locally, in and downstream from urban areas, alluvium contains demolition debris and trash. As much as 15 feet thick.

ALLUVIAL FAN DEPOSITS--Sand, pebble-to-cobble gravel, silt; brown, yellowish-brown, gray; moderately sorted, stratified. As much as 15 feet thick (estimated).

STREAM TERRACE DEPOSITS--Silt, very fine-to-fine sand, minor fine-to-coarse sand and pebbly sand, rare pebble-to-cobble gravel; brown, very pale brown, yellowish-brown, light reddish-brown, reddish-brown, light gray; moderately to well sorted, well stratified to unstratified, horizontally laminated in places. As much as 15 feet thick. Forms terraces with surfaces 5-15 feet above modern flood plains and wetlands in the Passaic and Dead River valleys and the Great Swamp lowland. In the Passaic valley and the Great Swamp, and in the Dead River valley downstream from Liberty Corner, the stream terrace deposits were, in part, laid down in shallow postglacial lakes, including the Stanley and Millington stages of Lake Passaic (see below). The terraces were abandoned and incised as the postglacial lakes lowered and then drained when their dams were eroded by the Passaic River. In the Great Swamp, the postglacial lake drained and the terrace deposits were incised between about 14,000 and 10,000 yrs B. P., based on the age at which peat deposition began in the incised channels (see unit Qs, below). A radiocarbon date of 13,975±240 yrs B.P. (laboratory number QC-1305) on concretions of likely organic origin within the upper 10 feet of the lacustrine silt and clay in boring 224 (GS6 of Reimer, 1984) approximately dates the end of lake deposition. Ground-ice deformation, and, to a lesser extent, wind erosion, reshaped the surface morphology of the terraces after the lakes drained.

SWAMP AND MARSH DEPOSITS--Peat and organic silt, clay, and minor fine sand; black, dark brown, and gray. As much as 20 feet thick, but generally less than 10 feet thick (Waksman and others, 1943). Pine, spruce, and birch pollen in the basal 1.5 feet of a 5-foot core taken in these deposits near Meyersville, about 2 miles east of White Bridge (Meyerson, 1970), indicate that peat began to accumulate here before 9,000 yrs B. P., based on radiocarbon dates elsewhere of the youngest occurrence of these trees in this region (Peteet and others, 1993).

ALLUVIUM AND COLLUVIUM, UNDIVIDED--Interbedded colluvium as in units Qcg, Qcb, Qcbl, and Qcsl, and alluvium consisting of dark brown to yellowish-brown or reddish-brown silty sand, sandy silt, to clayey silt, with beds and lag veneers of subangular basalt pebbles and cobbles (adjacent to unit Qwb), shale chips and flagstones (adjacent to unit Qws), or subangular to subrounded cobbles and boulders of gneiss (adjacent to unit Qwg). As much as 15 feet thick. Lag deposits dominate in steeper reaches of valleys. Fine sediment, with variable organic matter, dominates in gently sloping reaches.

EOLIAN DEPOSITS--Very-fine-to-fine sand, silty fine sand; yellowish-brown to very pale brown; unstratified to weakly stratified. As much as 5 feet thick. Mapped only where continuous and generally more than 2 feet thick. Thin, patchy windblown silt and fine sand occur elsewhere in the quadrangle, particulary in the Great Swamp lowland and the Dead River valley. Laid down shortly after postglacial lakes drained, when wind entrained newly exposed silt and fine sand from the lake bed and terrace surfaces and deposited it on adjacent uplands.

Glacial Deposits--These include till and stratified sediments. Till is a poorly sorted, unstratified sediment containing gravel and boulders, deposited directly from glacial ice (unit Qpt). The stratified sediments are generally well sorted. They include sand and gravel laid down by glacial meltwater in glacial-lake deltas and fans (Qps) and by wave action on glacial-lake shores (Qpmb, Qpgb), and silt, clay, and fine sand deposited on the bottoms of glacial lakes (Qpsl, Qpl, Qil). All of these deposits are of pre-Illinoian age except Qpl, Qpmb, and Qpgb, which are of late Wisconsinan age, and Qil, which is of Illinoian age.

Pre-Illinoian till occurs as erosional remnants on Second Watchung Mountain northwest of Liberty Corner and on shale bedrock near Bernardsville and Basking Ridge. Till is absent in similar topographic positions south of these locations, indicating that pre-Illinoian ice most likely did not advance beyond the remnants (margin M1 on fig. 1). Pre-Illinoian deposits in New Jersey correlate with magnetically reversed glacial deposits in eastern and central Pennsylvania (Gardner and others, 1994; Sasowsky, 1994), indicating that they were laid down before 788 ka. In New Jersey, pollen associated with the deposits, and their close stratigraphic and geomorphic relation to a Pliocene fluvial deposit, suggest a Pliocene age (Stanford and others, 2001). Following retreat of pre-Illinoian ice there was a long period of erosion and stream incision. Valleys were deepened as much as 60 feet below the level of pre-Illinoian valley bottoms.

At its maximum extent the pre-Illinoian glacier dammed the Dead River valley to form glacial Lake Watchung (fig. 1). Although hillslope and stream erosion have likely lowered parts of Second Watchung Mountain since the pre-Illinoian glaciation, possible spillways for Lake Watchung include one at an elevation of about 430 feet near the junction of Long and Mountain roads, and a lower spillway at an elevation of about 400 feet on the Corys Brook-Stony Brook divide in the Chatham quadrangle, about 2 miles east of Mount Bethel. This latter spillway may have been lowered by slope and stream erosion. The sand and gravel deposit at Bernardsville (Qps) is an erosional remnant of an ice-contact delta deposited in this lake. Exposures show that the Bernardsville deposit has a coarsening-upward, gravel-over-sand structure typical of deltas. Smaller sand and gravel deposits near White Bridge, Logansville, and Van Dorens Mill may be remnants of lacustrine fans laid down at the mouths of subglacial channels on the lake floor. Silt, clay, and fine sand deposits (Qpsl) at the base of the Bernardsville delta, and on shale uplands near Lyons and Van Dorens Mill, are lake-bottom deposits laid down in Lake Watchung.

Smaller pre-Illinoian glacial lakes also occupied the Mine Brook and Chambers Brook valleys, which drained toward, and so were dammed by, the pre-Illinoian glacier (fig. 1). No pre-Illinoian deposits crop out in these valleys, but pre-Illinoian sand and gravel was observed beneath basalt colluvium at one spot in the Mine Brook valley, and both sand and gravel and silt-clay sediments are reported in logs of wells drilled through basalt colluvium just west of the quadrangle boundary in the Chambers Brook valley.

The Illinoian and late Wisconsinan glaciers did not enter the Bernardsville quadrangle. Both advanced to the Morristown-Chatham-Summit area (M3 on fig. 1) and blocked the Short Hills Gap to form both an Illinoian and late Wisconsinan version of glacial Lake Passaic. In the Bernardsville quadrangle, deposits in these lakes include thick silt and clay in the Great Swamp and Dead River lowlands laid down on the lake bottom (units Qil, Qpl), and some small sand and gravel lakeshore sediments (units Qpmb, Qpgb).

The late Wisconsinan version of Lake Passaic included three glacial stages and three postglacial stages (Stone and others, 2002; Stanford, 2007). All three glacial stages, and two of the three postglacial stages, extended into the Bernardsville quadrangle. The glacial stages existed from about 21,000 yrs B. P. to about 18,000 yrs B. P. This duration is based on a radiocarbon date of 20,100±500 (QC-1304) from concretions of likely organic origin in lacustrine clay and silt, combined from depths of 58 and 93 feet in boring 215 (GS1 of Reimer, 1984). This date is a rough estimate of the onset of deposition in Lake Passaic. Seven-hundred and fifty varves were counted above the lower concretions in this boring and in a test boring near Green Village, about 6 miles east of Basking Ridge (GS5 of Reimer, 1984). Overlying microvarves in these borings indicate a minimum of 450 additional years of accumulation (Reimer, 1984), some or most of which may have been deposited in the glacial lake stages, indicating that the 750 varve years may be a minimum. The postglacial Millington stage persisted from 18,000 to about 14,000 yrs B. P., based on a radiocarbon date of 13,975±240 yrs B. P. (QC-1305) from concretions of likely organic origin in the upper 10 feet of lacustrine silt and clay in boring 224 (Reimer, 1984). The Stanley stage, because it was dammed by moraine sediment rather than the resistant basalt bedrock that floored the spillway for the

Millington stage, likely drained before the Millington stage, although there are no radiocarbon dates from the Stanley stage deposits. Details of the history of lake stages are provided in the following description of map units. Names of the Chatham, Moggy Hollow, and Great Notch stages follow those of Stone and others (2002). The postglacial Millington and Stanley stages are named after informal reference in Salisbury and Kummel (1895, p. 317). Lake elevations are based on an uplift gradient of 2.1 feet/mile to the N21oE for Lake Passaic (Stone and others, 1989).

GLACIAL LAKE PASSAIC DEPOSITS--Beach and lake-bottom deposits laid down in glacial Lake Passaic. This lake filled the central Passaic River basin between Second Watchung Mountain and the Highlands. In the Bernardsville quadrangle, it includes 5 stages: an advance-phase stage, 2 recessional stages, and 2 postglacial stages. When the advancing late Wisconsinan glacier east of First Watchung Mountain blocked Millburn Gap, the Chatham stage of Lake Passaic flooded the central Passaic basin. This stage was controlled by a spillway at an elevation between 250 and 300 feet on a divide in the Blue Brook valley between First and Second Mountains south of Millburn Gap. With continued advance, the glacier blocked the Blue Brook spillway. At this time Lake Passaic rose to the Moggy Hollow stage. This stage was controlled by a spillway about 2 miles west of Liberty Corner at an elevation of 340 feet (symboled on map). Elevation of the lake level at this stage in the Bernardsville quadrangle was 340 to 350 feet. Deposition of the terminal moraine then filled the Short Hills Gap (fig. 1) to an elevation of 375 to 380 feet, holding the lake at the Moggy Hollow stage during deglaciation. A lower lake level, the Great Notch stage, was established when the retreating ice front uncovered Great Notch, a gap in First Watchung Mountain 23 miles northeast of Basking Ridge. The Great Notch spillway is at an elevation of about 305 feet, and the elevation of the lake level at this stage in the Bernardsville quadrangle ranges from 260 to about 275 feet. The Great Notch stage drained when the gap through First Watchung Mountain at Paterson was deglaciated. After the Great Notch stage drained, a moraine dam between Chatham and Summit held in a postglacial lake (the Stanley stage) in the Passaic and Dead River valleys upstream from the dam. The initial level of the spillway here was at an elevation of about 230 feet (Stanford, 2007). Elevation of the lake in the Bernardsville quadrangle ranged from 220 feet at Stirling to 215 feet at Liberty Corner. Downcutting of the Passaic River into the moraine gradually lowered the spillway and drained the lake, although postglacial rebound may have created shallow pondings in the valley upstream of the moraine afterwards. At the same time as the Stanley stage formed, the Millington stage occupied the Great Swamp basin, which held a lake because the former gap at Chatham through Long Hill was filled with moraine deposits. This lake was controlled by a spillway in a gap in Long Hill at Millington. The initial spillway here, marked by a topographic bench along the top of the Millington gorge, was at an elevation of about 260 feet. Elevation of this lake level ranged from 260 feet at Millington to about 265 feet at Basking Ridge. Downcutting of the Passaic River into the fractured basalt at the gap gradually lowered the spillway and, along with postglacial rebound, drained the lake.

Lake-bottom deposits--Silt, clay, minor very-fine-to-fine sand; gray, light gray, light reddish-brown; laminated. As much as 70 feet thick. Deposited chiefly during the Moggy Hollow stage. Uppermost parts may have been laid down in the Great Notch, Stanley, and Millington stages, lowermost parts in the Chatham stage.

Beach deposits, lower stages--Medium-to-coarse sand and pebbly sand; brown, reddish-brown, gray; unstratified to weakly stratified. Sand and pebbles consist chiefly of red and gray shale; a few pebbles are white and gray quartz and quartzite. As much as 15 feet thick (estimated). Formed by wave erosion of shale bedrock along the shoreline of the Great Notch and Millington stages.

Beach deposits, Moggy Hollow stage--Pebble gravel, pebbly sand, silt; light reddish-brown; unstratified to weakly stratified. Pebbles consist chiefly of red and gray shale; a few are basalt, quartzite, sandstone, and gneiss. As much as 10 feet thick (estimated). Formed by wave erosion of shale bedrock, and some ice-rafted erratic gravel, along the shoreline of the Moggy Hollow stage.

ILLINOIAN LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS--Lake-bottom deposits laid down in an Illinoian glacial lake occupying the central Passaic basin. This lake was controlled at first by the spillway at Moggy Hollow, probably at an elevation slightly higher than 340-foot altitude of the late Wisconsinan spillway. During Illinoian retreat, the lake was controlled by a much lower spillway across Illinoian till in the Short Hills Gap at an elevation between 150 and 200 feet. This spillway is now buried beneath late Wisconsinan deposits. Depending on the elevation of the spillway, this lake drained either when the gaps through the Watchungs at Little Falls and Paterson were deglaciated or when the spillway was eroded low enough to expose the lake bottom.

Lake-bottom deposits--Silt, clay, minor very fine-to-fine sand; reddish-brown to gray; laminated. As much as 30 feet thick. In subsurface only. Contact with Qpl in subsurface is picked at change to coarser grain size marking thin interglacial alluvial or eolian deposits atop Qil (for example, in boring 215).

PRE-ILLINOIAN LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS--Deltaic, lacustrine-fan, and lake-bottom deposits laid down in glacial Lake Watchung. This lake occupied the Dead River and Great Swamp lowlands and was controlled by a spillway across Second Watchung Mountain at an elevation between 400 and 430 feet. The lake lowered as the pre-Illinoian glacier retreated and it drained when the gaps at Short Hills and Millburn were uncovered.

Deltaic and lacustrine-fan deposits--Fine-to-coarse sand, pebble-to-cobble gravel, very-fine-to-fine sand and silt; reddish-yellow, very pale brown, yellow. Generally massive due to deep weathering, weakly bedded in places. The gravel consists chiefly of gneiss and some quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and siltstone. Most gneiss, sandstone, and siltstone clasts are deeply weathered or decomposed; most feldspathic sand grains are partially or fully weathered to white clay. As much as 80 feet thick.

Lake-bottom deposits--Clay, silt, very fine-to-fine sand, minor fine-to-medium sand; reddish-yellow, yellowish-brown, light gray. Chiefly unstratified, thinly bedded to laminated in places. As much as 15 feet thick (estimated).

PRE-ILLINOIAN TILL--Reddish-brown to reddish-yellow silty clay to sandy clayey silt with some (5 to 10 percent by volume) to many (>10 percent by volume) subrounded to subangular pebbles and cobbles and very few subrounded boulders. Pebbles and cobbles consist of, in approximate order of abundance, gray and reddish-brown quartzite, gray and white gneiss, gray and red siltstone and sandstone, gray and brown basalt, purple quartzite-conglomerate, and dark gray chert. Boulders are chiefly gray gneiss and quartzite. The siltstone, sandstone, gneiss, and basalt gravel clasts have weathering rinds or are completely decomposed. As much as 40 feet thick. Equivalent to the Port Murray Formation, till facies, of Stone and others (2002).

Hillslope Deposits--Unstratified, poorly sorted sediment deposited at the foot of hillslopes by movement of material downslope. Deposited primarily under cold climate conditions during the middle and late Pleistocene.

GNEISS COLLUVIUM--Yellowish-brown, reddish-yellow, light reddish-brown sandy silt, silty sand, sandy-clayey silt with some to many subangular gneiss pebbles and cobbles. Where adjacent to unit Qws, includes some red shale and siltstone pebbles. Gneiss clasts vary from lightly weathered to deeply weathered. Long dimensions of clasts typically are aligned parallel to the hillslope. As much as 20 feet thick.

BASALT COLLUVIUM, BLOCKY PHASE--Reddish-brown, reddish-yellow, yellowish-brown, brown clayey silt, silty clay, minor fine-sandy silt with some to many subangular basalt pebbles and cobbles. Long dimensions of clasts typically are aligned parallel to the hillslope. As much as 20 feet thick. Includes chips and angular pebbles to fine cobbles of red shale and mudstone in deposits in the Chambers and Mine Brook valleys, and on Long Hill.

BASALT COLLUVIUM, SILTY PHASE--Reddish-yellow, reddish-brown, light gray, very pale brown clayey silt to silty clay, minor fine sandy silt, with few subangular basalt pebbles. As much as 10 feet thick. At foot of long, gentle slopes or at distal edge of aprons of blocky colluvium. Deposited in part by ground-water seepage. Mapped only where continuous and generally more than 3 feet thick. Occurs discontinuously along lower parts of most slopes on basalt bedrock.

SHALE COLLUVIUM, SILTY PHASE--Reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, light gray silty clay with few to some shale chips and a few to very few basalt pebbles. As much as 10 feet thick (estimated).

Weathered Bedrock Material--Unstratified, poorly sorted sediment formed by mechanical and chemical weathering of basalt, shale, and gneiss.

WEATHERED BASALT--Reddish-yellow, reddish-brown, light gray, to yellowish-brown clayey silt, silty clay, to clayey coarse sand with some to many subangular pebbles and cobbles of basalt and, in places, gabbro. Most clasts have clayey-silty reddish-yellow weathering rinds. Includes mixed clast-and-matrix sediment, granular decomposed rock, fractured-rock rubble, and saprolite that preserves original rock structure. As much as 50, but generally less than 20, feet thick. Qwbt indicates areas where weathered material is thin or absent and fractured-rock rubble abundant.

WEATHERED SHALE--Reddish-brown, brown, yellowish-brown clayey silt to silty clay with many shale chips or subangular pebbles and cobbles of siltstone. As much as 20, but generally less than 5, feet thick.

WEATHERED GNEISS--Yellowish-brown, yellow, very pale brown, reddish-yellow, silty sand, silty clayey sand to sandy clayey silt, locally micaceous, with few to many subangular pebbles and cobbles of gneiss. Includes mixed clast-and-matrix sediment, granular decomposed rock, fractured-rock rubble, and saprolite that preserves original rock structure. Clasts range from unweathered to fully decomposed. Generally less than 30, but may be as much as 60, feet thick. Qwgt indicates areas where weathered material is thin or absent and fractured outcrop abundant.

MAP SYMBOLS

Contact--Solid where well-defined by landforms, long-dashed where approximately located, short-dashed where gradational or feather-edged, dotted where removed by excavation or concealed by water.

Material observed in hand-auger hole, exposure, or excavation

Excavation perimeter--Line at limit of excavation. Outlines quarries. Topography within these areas may differ from that on the base map.

Bedrock ridge or scarp--Line on crest. Low ridges or scarps formed on resistant basalt flows or siltstone beds.

Quarry--Active in 2005.

Quarry--Inactive in 2005.

Well with log in table 1--Location accurate within 100 feet.

Well with log in table 1--Location accurate within 500 feet.

Elevation of bedrock surface from seismic survey--From Hoffman and others (in review).

Multiple surficial units in exposure or hand-auger hole--Observed in 2006-2007. Number following unit is thickness of unit, in feet.

Multiple surficial units in trench excavation--From Ratcliffe and others (1990).

Elevation of bedrock surface--Contour interval 50 feet. Includes top surface of weathered bedrock.

Large bedrock outcrop--Small outcrops within units Qal, Qcal, Qwb, Qwbt, Qwg, Qwgt, and Qws are not shown.

Well on sections--Projected to line of section. Owing to projection, depths of contacts on section may not be identical to those in well.

Unit to left of slash overlies unit to right--Shows extent of underlying deposits beneath thin eolian sediments.

Beach deposits--Small sand or gravel deposits at shoreline of the Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic. Shown only where observed in 2006-2007. Additional occurrences noted by Salisbury and Kummel (1895) are now obscured by urbanization.

Spillway of glacial lake--Symbol in spillway of Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic, arrow shows drainage direction.

Alluvial lag--Surface concentration of basalt cobbles, with interstitial alluvial clay and silt, on floor of Moggy Hollow, formed by washing of weathered basalt by spillway drainage from the Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic.

Thermokarst basin--Line on rim, pattern in basin. Small, shallow basins (maximum depth 8 feet) formed chiefly from melting of ground ice. A few basins may have been formed by wind erosion or, possibly, ground-water seepage. May contain thin peat deposits. Larger basins with thicker peat are mapped as unit Qs.

REFERENCES

Gardner, T. W., Sasowsky, I. D., and Schmidt, V. A., 1994, Reversed polarity glacial sediments and revised glacial chronology, West Branch Susquehanna River, central Pennsylvania: Quaternary Research, v. 42, p. 131-135.

Hoffman, J. L., Hall, D. W., Stanford, S. D., Ghatge, S. L., and Stone, B. D., in review, Hydrogeology of the central Passaic River basin, New Jersey: N. J. Geological Survey Open-File Report.

Hoffman, J. L., and Quinlan, John, 1994, Ground-water-withdrawal and water-level data for the central Passaic River basin, New Jersey, 1898-1990: N. J. Geological Survey Geologic Report Series GSR 34, 78 p.

Mennel, W. J., and Canace, Robert, 2002, New Jersey Geological Survey hydro database: N. J. Geological Survey Digital Geodata Series DGS 02-1, www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/geodata/dgs02-1.zip

Meyerson, A. L., 1970, Glacial Lake Passaic: palynological evidence for draining of the Great Swamp stage: Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science, v. 15, no. 1-2, p. 10-12.

Nichols, W. D., 1968, Bedrock topography of eastern Morris and western Essex counties, New Jersey: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Series Map I-549, scale 1:24,000.

Peteet, D. M., Daniels, R. A., Heusser, L. E., Vogel, J. S., Southon, J. R., Nelson, D. E., 1993, Late-glacial pollen, macrofossils and fish remains in northeastern U. S. A.--the Younger Dryas oscillation: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 12, p. 597-612.

Ratcliffe, N. M., Burton, W. C., and Pavich, M. J., 1990, Orientation, movement history, and cataclastic rocks of the Ramapo Fault based on core drilling and trenching along the western margin of the Newark Basin near Bernardsville, New Jersey: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1982.

Reimer, G. E., 1984, The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the southern basin of glacial Lake Passaic, New Jersey: M.S. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., 205 p.

Salisbury, R. D. and Kummel, H. B., 1895, Lake Passaic--an extinct glacial lake: N. J. Geological Survey Annual Report for 1894, p. 225-328.

Sasowsky, I. D., 1994, Paleomagnetism of glacial sediments from three locations in eastern Pennsylvania, in Braun, D. D., ed., Late Wisconsinan to pre-Illinoian (G?) glacial and periglacial events in eastern Pennsylvania: Guidebook for the 57th Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pa., p. 21-23.

Stanford, S. D., 1991, Surficial geology of the Roselle quadrangle, Union, Essex, and Morris counties, New Jersey: N. J. Geological Survey Open-File Map 8, scale 1:24,000.

Stanford, S. D., 2000, Glacial aquifers of New Jersey, in Harper, D. P., and Goldstein, F. R., eds., Glacial geology of New Jersey: field guide and proceedings for the seventeenth annual meeting of the Geological Association of New Jersey: Trenton, N. J., Geological Association of New Jersey, p. IV.1-IV.21.

Stanford, S. D., 2007, Surficial geology of the Chatham quadrangle, Morris, Union, and Somerset counties, New Jersey: N. J. Geological Survey Open-File Map OFM 69, scale 1:24,000.

Stanford, S. D., Ashley, G. M., and Brenner, G. J., 2001, Late Cenozoic fluvial stratigraphy of the New Jersey Piedmont: a record of glacioeustasy, planation, and incision on a low-relief passive margin: Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 265-276.

Stone, B. D., Reimer, G. E., and Pardi, R. R., 1989, Revised stratigraphy and history of glacial Lake Passaic, New Jersey: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, p. 69.

Stone, B. D., Stanford, S. D., and Witte, R. W., 2002, Surficial geologic map of northern New Jersey: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-2540-C, scale 1:100,000.

Vecchioli, John, Gill, H. E., and Lang, S. M., 1962, Hydrologic role of the Great Swamp and other marshland in upper Passaic River basin: Journal of the American Water Works Association, v. 54, no. 4, p. 695-701.

Waksman, S. A., Schulhoff, H., Hickman, C. A., Cordon, T. C., and Stevens, S. C., 1943, The peats of New Jersey and their utilization: N. J. Department of Conservation of Development, Geologic Series, Bulletin 55, Part B, 278 p.

Figure 1.-- Glacial lakes, ice margins, and pre-Illinoian drainage in the Bernardsville quadrangle and vicinity. Abbreviations on lake shorelines are MH=Moggy Hollow stage of Lake Passaic, GN=Great Notch stage (in the Great Swamp lowland, the Great Notch stage is close to the initial level of the Millington stage of Lake Passaic, before cutting of the Millington gorge), ST=Stanley stage of Lake Passaic, WT=glacial Lake Watchung, CB=glacial lake in Chambers Brook valley, MB=glacial lake in Mine Brook valley. The Lake Passaic stages are all of late Wisconsinan age, the other lakes are of pre-Illinoian age. Abbreviations on glacier margins are: M1=maximum extent of pre-Illinoian glacier, delta deposited in Lake Watchung at Bernardsville, M2=approximate position of pre-Illinoian glacier at maximum extent of lake in Mine Brook valley, M3=maximum extent of late Wisconsinan and Illinoian glaciers, marked by the late Wisconsinan terminal moraine

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Page 2: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL … of environmental protection land use management ... 231 qws qwb qcb 234 qwb qcb qcbl qwb 241 ... dead river liber ty corner r o douglass r ad o ad

1

Surficial Geology of the Bernardsville Quadrangle Morris and Somerset Counties, New Jersey

New Jersey Geological Survey

Open-File Map OFM 74 2008

pamphlet to accompany map

Table 1.--Selected well and boring records. Well Identifier1 Depth to bedrock or driller’s log with depth and description2

No. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 25-14628 0-24 overburden (Qwg)

24-40 soft rock (Qwg) 40-144 hard granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 25-17770 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 25-28004 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 25-43649 0-18 clay (Qwg)

18-28 sandstone (Qwg) 28-555 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 25-42962 0-12 sandy brown soil (Qwg)

12-110 mixed hard granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 25-23231 0-45 broken rock (Qwg)

45-200 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 25-23781 0-18 sandy hardpan (Qcg)

18-85 sandstone (Qwg) 85-123 medium brown granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 25-24178 0-30 sandy soil (Qwg)

30-130 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 25-21099 0-13 hardpan (Qwg)

13-36 brown granite 36-98 gray granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 25-28512 0-33 sandy hardpan (Qwg)

33-147 medium granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 25-44174 0-13 orange silty fine-to-medium sand (Qwg)

13-53 rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 25-29567 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 25-20926 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 25-39128 0-17 clay (Qwg)

17-25 weathered rock (Qwg) 25-405 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 25-33377 0-10 brown sandy soil (Qwg)

10-30 decomposed granite (Qwg) 30-230 granite

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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16 25-39031 0-8 clay (Qwg) 8-28 weathered rock (Qwg) 28-155 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 25-24337 0-17 hardpan (Qwg)

17-197 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 25-19213 0-30 sandy soil (Qwg)

30-150 sandstone (gneiss) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 25-18515 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 25-19206 0-25 sandy soil (Qwg)

25-175 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 25-18044 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 25-18121 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 25-25216 0-30 yellow clay (Qwg)

30-40 decomposed granite (Qwg) 40-310 gray granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 25-25750 32 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 25-31181 0-28 sandy hardpan and rock (Qwg)

28-980 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 25-29736 0-13 hardpan (Qwg)

13-48 sandstone (Qwg) 48-498 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 25-33752 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 25-31584 0-80 clay (Qwg)

80-825 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 25-34761 0-28 sandy loam (Qwg)

28-805 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 25-30093 0-50 sandy (Qwg)

50-500 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 25-22649 0-15 rotten rock (Qwg)

15-360 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 25-22358 0-40 sandy, loose rock (Qwg)

40-400 gray shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 25-25857 40 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 25-25659 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 25-25527 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 25-19288 0-27 overburden, clay hardpan (Qwg)

27-49 very soft granite (Qwg) 49-373 gray granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 25-19324 0-24 sand and hardpan (Qwg)

24-98 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 25-19320 0-28 hardpan (Qwg)

28-73 brown granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 25-28297 0-12 brown sandy soil (Qws)

12-110 medium hard shale and sandstone --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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40 25-42159 0-8 clay (Qwg) 8-27 weathered rock (Qwg) 27-1130 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 25-6355 0-6 earth and fill

6-10 broken rock (Qwg) 10-177 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 25-22959 0-12 sandy soil (Qwg)

12-150 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 25-22289 0-6 mixed stones and sandy soil (Qwg)

6-20 sandy yellow soil (Qwg) 20-260 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 25-30357 0-21 boulders, sand, and overburden (Qwg)

21-230 granite and traprock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 25-20772 0-20 loose dirt and stones (Qwg)

20-210 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 25-18038 0-40 sandy soil (Qwg)

40-225 sandstone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 25-40027 0-9 clay (Qwg)

9-33 weathered rock (Qwg) 33-1000 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 25-29773 0-17 sand, gravel, clay overburden (Qwg)

17-100 slate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 25-17495 0-30 sandy soil (Qwg)

30-300 sandstone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 25-10597 0-11 clay and stones (Qwg)

11-180 hard granite rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 25-24365 0-64 hardpan and sandstone (Qwg)

64-298 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 25-25191 0-20 sandy mixed soil (Qwg)

20-365 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 25-28861 0-12 sandy soil and boulders (Qwg)

12-200 mixed granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 25-29774 0-27 sand, clay, and gravel overburden (Qwg)

27-250 slate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 25-39910 0-9 clay (Qwg)

9-30 sandstone (Qwg) 30-220 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 25-27964 30 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 25-20880 0-60 sand, loose rock (Qwg)

60-100 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 25-22443 0-10 loose rock formation (Qwg)

10-24 yellow sandstone (Qwg) 24-300 granite with layers of yellow sandstone (weathered zones)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 25-14256 0-11 clay and dirt (Qwg)

11-40 rotten, broken granite (Qwg) 40-500 solid granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 25-24122 0-29 sandy hardpan (Qwg)

29-248 granite

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 25-22568 0-21 brown sandy soil, some stones (Qcg)

21-200 red shale and sandstone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 24-15507 0-30 rotten rock (Qws)

30-54 soft shale 54-400 shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 25-24905 0-40 clay, broken rock (Qcg)

40-400 shale 400-500 rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 25-16267 0-130 clay and boulders (Qpt over Qws, anomalous thickness)

130-294 red sandstone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 25-6135 0-14 clay (Qpt)

14-20 clay and stones (Qpt) 20-170 red sandstone

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 25-20981 0-85 hardpan and red clay (Qws, anomalous thickness)

85-173 red shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67 25-41970 35 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 25-39319 0-8 clay (Qwb)

8-655 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 25-42975 0-22 stony hardpan (Qwb)

22-83 red traprock 83-698 gray traprock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 25-32272 0-12 rocky overburden (Qwb)

12-600 blue rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 25-40689 0-15 fractured trap (Qwb)

15-620 trap rock 620-660 red rock 660-675 fractured trap

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 25-31799 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 25-36326 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 25-43021 0-15 clay (Qwb)

15-580 trap rock 580-605 broke into shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 24-21447 0-9 soft red clay (Qws)

9-123 red shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 25-32573 0-7 clay hardpan (Qpt over Qws)

7-173 red and blue shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 25-21880 0-20 clay (Qwb)

20-85 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78 25-39494 0-15 hardpan (Qwb)

15-505 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 25-41146 40 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 25-21177 0-20 clay (Qpt over Qwb)

20-300 basalt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 25-30293 0-12 hardpan (Qwb)

12-25 fractured rock 25-600 unweathered granite

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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82 25-24530 0-64 sandy hardpan (Qpt over Qwb) 64-197 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 25-19713 0-76 sand and gravel (Qpt over Qwb)

76-148 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 25-16796 0-30 sand, gravel (Qpt over Qwb)

30-248 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 25-19612 0-58 sand and gravel (Qpt)

58-320 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 25-40392 0-17 silt, sand, and clays (Qpt)

17-20 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 25-33838 0-35 clay (Qpt)

35-148 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 25-21761 0-18 clay and gravel (Qwb)

18-225 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 25-40394 0-17 silt, sand, and clays (Qpt)

17-20 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 25-24668 0-30 clay (Qpt)

30-150 blue rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 25-31816 0-12 red clay (Qws)

12-173 red shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 25-34342 0-6 red clay (Qws)

6-98 red shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 25-20268 11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 25-33821 0-27 subsoil and broken rock (Qwb)

27-220 gray trap -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 25-25488 0-7 red clayey silt (Qcb)

7-24 decomposed basalt (Qwb) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 25-25304 0-25 loose rock (Qwb)

25-300 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 25-20867 0-16 clay and chunks of trap (Qwb)

16-273 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 25-26755 0-10 loose stones (Qwb)

10-45 brown clay (Qwb) 45-100 mixed red-trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 25-26621 0-25 loose stones and clay (Qwb)

25-360 medium hard trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 25-27002 0-55 brown clay (Qwb)

55-210 hard trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 25-34149 0-34 clay (Qwb)

34-38 weathered rock (Qwb) 38-298 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 25-34148 0-23 clay (Qwb)

23-198 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 25-34144 0-19 clay (Qwb)

19-31 weathered rock (Qwb) 31-298 trap rock

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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104 25-34145 0-35 clay (Qwb) 35-423 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 25-25752 0-30 yellow clay (Qwb)

30-150 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106 25-23407 0-10 sandy soil (Qwb)

10-40 hardpan and trap rock (Qwb) 40-150 solid trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107 25-34192 0-10 clay (Qwb)

10-14 clay and gravel (Qwb) 14-87 trap rock 87-95 red shale 95-198 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108 25-24262 0-30 clay (Qwb)

30-330 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 25-22605 0-20 overburden (Qwb)

20-540 gray trap 540-670 red rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110 25-15421 0-54 overburden (Qcal over Qcb, possibly over Qps and Qws)

54-160 red sandstone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111 25-24078 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112 25-24097 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113 25-33203 0-18 rocky overburden (Qcb)

18-200 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114 25-13435 0-52 red clay (Qcb over Qps? and Qws)

52-225 red shale with streaks of gray shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115 25-11512 0-3 top soil (Qws)

3-212 red shale 212-230 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116 25-25486 0-12 brown silt clay, silty clay (Qwb)

12-20 brown clayey silt (Qwb) 20-26 decomposed diabase (Qwb)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117 25-27304 40 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118 25-43801 0-14 till, coarse-to-fine sand, trace coarse-to-fine gravel, trace cobbles and

boulders, little silt (Qwb) 14-28 gray basalt

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119 25-33530 0-12 brown clay with silt and sand lenses (Qal)

12-16 red, brown clay with shale fragments (Qws) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120 25-33531 0-6 red brown clay (Qal or fill)

6-8 green brown clay (Qal or fill) 8-24 gray brown clay with occasional sand layers (Qal)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121 25-36703 0-6 weathered rock (Qws)

6-23 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122 25-21550 0-33 clay, sand (Qwb)

33-61 soft rotten shale 61-110 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123 25-21146 0-54 clay and stones (Qwb)

54-108 trap rock 108-148 red shale

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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124 25-21525 0-8 clay and sand (Qwb) 8-90 trap rock 90-348 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 25-44006 abbreviated log

0-18 brown fine sand, some silt and shot rock (fill) 18-29 brown fine sand and silt, some gravel (Qal) 29-45 stiff brown silt with layers of weathered shale (Qws)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126 25-38500 abbreviated log

0-12 brown, yellow, reddish-yellow clay (Qws) 12-21 yellow shale with clay

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 25-11173 0-18 earth and hardpan (Qws)

18-115 red shale 115-215 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128 25-44003 0-5 red brown sand (fill or Qws)

5-10 red sand and clay (fill or Qws) 10-15 red sand and clay, trace decomposed shale (Qws) 15-16 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 25-31140 0-6 red clay (Qws)

6-56 red shale 56-273 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130 25-44288 0-8 brown silty sand, gravel, and cobbles (Qwb)

8-30 rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 131 25-43638 0-5 brown clay and gravel (Qwb)

5-10 silty sand and clay (Qwb) 10-13 gravel, clay (Qwb) 13-18 gravel (Qwb) 18-27 rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132 25-20316 0-22 brown clay and stones (Qwb)

22-198 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133 25-30365 0-29 sandy hardpan (Qcg over Qwg)

29-48 sandstone (Qwg) 48-73 granite 73-100 sandstone (weathered gneiss)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134 25-31813 0-9 hardpan (Qwg)

9-35 sandstone (Qwg) 35-447 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135 25-34036 0-30 deteriorated rock (Qwg)

30-40 fractured rock (Qwg) 40-755 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136 25-34002 0-5 dirt topsoil (Qwg)

5-30 deteriorated rock (Qwg) 30-40 fractured rock (Qwg) 40-630 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 137 25-28265 0-15 gravelly and sandy (Qwg)

15-630 granite, no soft spots -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138 25-42175 0-5 soil-weathered granite (Qwg)

5-15 granite 15-20 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 25-41384 0-12 tan and orange clay, silt, trace medium-to-fine sand (Qwg)

12-44 very weathered rock (Qwg) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140 25-25137 0-28 sandy hardpan (Qwg)

28-272 granite

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141 25-25138 0-19 sandstone (Qwg)

19-98 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 142 25-20646 0-70 brown clay and mica (Qwg)

70-76 rotten gray gneiss (Qwg) 76-495 gray hard gneiss

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143 25-31252 0-55 sand (Qwg)

55-900 granite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144 25-17857 0-30 sandy soil (Qwg)

30-300 sandstone (gneiss) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145 25-26269 50 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 146 25-28578 0-20 sandy soil (Qwg)

20-45 brown decomposed granite (Qwg) 45-230 granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147 25-22732 50 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148 25-20381 0-18 water, clay, stones (Qwg)

18-198 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 25-10622 0-25 sand and clay (Qwg)

25-35 rotten rock (Qwg) 35-125 sandstone

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150 25-41765 abbreviated log

0-36 brown, red, white coarse-to-fine sand, some silt, clayey silt, and medium-to-fine gravel (Qps)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 151 25-42670 0-3 fill

3-14 silt and sand (Qps) 14-34 soft broken rock (Qwg) 34-44 rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 152 25-32859 0-12 yellow-brown silty clay, large gravel (Qps)

12-20 brown till, silt, fine sand, clay, fine gravel (Qps) 20-30 gray-green soft shale rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153 25-38377 0-30 gray clay and silt (Qps) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154 25-41482 0-35 brown clay with some silt, micaceous (Qps) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155 25-41378 0-5 reddish-brown medium-to-fine sand and clay (Qps)

5-10 reddish-brown clay, some medium-to-fine sand (Qps) 10-25 reddish-brown silty clay (Qps) 25-30 orange-brown silty clay, trace gravel, some fine-to-coarse sand (Qps) 30-35 olive-green silty clay, little gravel (Qps)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 156 25-34861 0-8 brown fine sand, some gravel, little silt (Qps)

8-10 coarse gravel, some brown silty sand (Qps) 10-15 gray-brown fine sand, some medium-to-fine gravel (Qps) 15-23 gray-brown fine sand, some medium-to-fine gravel, little silt (Qps)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157 25-2059 0-22 earth and clay (Qcg)

22-110 red shale 110-190 red rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 158 25-40530 0-27 orange-brown silts and clays with some pieces of fractured rock grading

down to a fine sandstone at 26 (Qwb) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 159 25-24203 0-10 clay (Qws)

10-160 shale, bluestone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 25-10173 0-40 yellow clay (Qpsl over Qws)

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40-1435 blue and red shale and sandstone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 161 25-25293 0-30 hardpan, boulders (fill over Qal)

30-151 gray rock 151-NR red rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162 25-29368 abbreviated log

0-4 red clayey sand and gravel (fill) 4-6 greenish-gray clay, trace sand, organic fibers (Qal) 6-14 brown clayey gravel and sand (Qal)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163 25-33159 0-7 medium-to-fine clayey sand, some silt (fill?)

7-22 brown clay, some gravel (Qws) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 25-30024 18 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165 25-23603 0-10 sandy soil (Qcg)

10-150 red and gray shale 150-190 volcanic rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166 25-20499 0-20 brown sandy soil (Qcg)

20-520 brown, red, gray shale and argillite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167 25-2177 0-10 dirt and stones (Qwb)

10-223 brown and red rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 168 25-22148 0-18 clay and sand (Qwb)

18-75 trap 75-198 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169 25-22290 0-20 red clay (Qwb)

20-150 trap rock 150-230 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 170 25-43019 0-40 overburden (Qwb)

40-115 trap rock 115-150 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 171 25-37650 0-80 overburden (Qwb over basalt)

80-300 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172 25-34281 0-80 overburden (Qwb and basalt)

80-300 shale and argillite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173 25-30353 8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174 25-31767 0-18 sandy overburden (Qwb)

18-400 red shale and layers of blue stone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175 25-43077 0-4 clay (Qws)

4-42 shale 42-280 trap

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176 25-14418 0-20 overburden, clay and rock (thin Qcb over Qws)

20-50 gray rock, trap 50-60 gray rock changed to red 60-150 red rock and sandstone

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 177 25-20041 0-12 red clay (Qws)

12-249 red shale and limestone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 178 25-19986 0-18 red clay (Qwb)

18-75 trap rock 75-147 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 179 25-32514 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 180 25-32023 10

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 181 25-30354 0-21 sand, clay, gravel overburden (Qwb)

21-300 red slate rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 182 25-32297 0-30 sand, clay (Qwb)

30-300 basalt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183 25-31139 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 184 25-33094 0-27 overburden (Qwb)

27-110 black trap 110-600 brown and gray sandstone

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 185 25-22196 0-30 soil mixed with clay (Qwb)

30-140 trap rock 140-210 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 186 25-20982 0-55 brown clay and stones (Qwb)

55-198 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187 25-18889 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 188 25-21751 0-14 hardpan (Qwb)

14-65 trap rock 65-648 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 189 25-20627 0-20 brown hardpan, loose stones (Qwb)

20-125 blue basalt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 25-20755 0-20 loose rock (Qwb)

20-200 argillite (basalt) 200-330 shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 191 25-36084 0-3 soil (Qwb)

3-15 hardpan (Qwb) 15-28 fractured rock (Qwb) 28-180 granite, occasional fractures (basalt)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 192 25-26760 0-21 trap rock and brown clay (Qwb)

21-221 trap rock 221-498 red rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 193 25-28171 0-8 loose brown rock (Qwb)

8-20 brown rock with some sand (Qwb) 20-140 blue rock with granite (basalt) 140-180 blue rock with some fractures (basalt)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 194 25-37608 0-7 soil (Qwb)

7-17 broken granite (Qwb) 17-170 gray granite

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 195 25-22361 0-10 yellow clay and stones (Qwb)

10-165 basalt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 196 25-27762 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197 25-27861 0-10 decomposed rock (Qwb)

10-210 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198 25-33218 0-10 clay (Qws)

10-450 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 25-41959 0-7 clay (Qwb)

7-244 trap 244-700 shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 200 25-53356 0-2 soil (Qwb)

2-32 clay (Qwb)

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32-550 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 201 25-33162 0-7 clay (Qws)

7-21 red shale 21-223 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 202 25-19031 0-20 dirt (Qwb)

20-210 gray rock 210-250 red rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 203 25-18389 9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 204 25-27381 0-20 clay (Qwb)

20-340 blue rock (basalt) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 205 25-29656 0-17 red clay and shale (Qws)

17-22 yellow shale 22-51 red rock 51-273 gray trap

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 206 25-29091 0-15 red clay and shale (Qws)

15-98 red shale 98-298 gray trap

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 207 25-34456 0-23 red and brown clay (Qws)

23-25 blue traprock and red clay 25-198 blue, red, green traprock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 208 25-32417 0-11 red clay and weathered rock (Qws)

11-25 clay and sand (Qwb) 25-272 trap rock 272-598 red and blue shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 209 25-12714 0-5 clay (Qws)

5-38 red shale 38-300 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 210 25-46762 0-3 organic loam

3-15 red fine clay with gravel (Qws) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211 25-22063 0-20 yellow clay (Qst over Qpl)

20-50 soft red shale 50-150 hard red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 212 25-42553 0-9 red-brown sandy silt over fine-to-medium sand with clayey silt, trace gravel

(fill) 9-13 brown fine-to-coarse sand and gray fine sand (fill) 13-18 gray fine-to-coarse sand, some silt, trace gravel (fill) 18-19 brown organic silt, trace roots, gravel (Qal) 19-21 red-brown fine-to-medium sand and clayey silt (Qal) 21-32 soft weathered red-brown shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 213 25-36606 0-4 dark red-brown silty loam (fill)

4-9 dark red-brown silty clay (Qws) 9-30 dark red-brown weathered shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 214 25-31770 0-3 clay, top soil (Qpl)

3-71 red-brown clay (Qpl over Qil) 71-89 clay and shale 89-110 gray shale 110-198 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 215 GS1 of abbreviated log

Reimer (1984) 0-11 brown, reddish-brown laminated silt and clay, some very fine sand in the silt beds, sand content increases towards top (Qst over Qpl)

11-77 brown, dark brown, dark grayish-brown laminated silt and clay, microvarved from 11 to 16 feet (Qpl)

77-88 grayish-brown massive to laminated sand and silt, some cross bedding in

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sand beds (interglacial alluvial and shallow-lake deposits) 88-96 brown, reddish brown laminated silt and clay (Qil) at 96 red siltstone

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 216 25-11553 no log, cased to 76 (approximate depth to bedrock) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 217 25-27175 0-6 dark gray silty clay, little coarse-to-fine sand (Qws)

6-10 red shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 218 25-21780 0-40 loose rock, sand and gravel (Qps)

40-200 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 219 25-52745 0-5 soil and fill (Qws)

5-22 red rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 220 25-7283 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221 25-23764 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 222 25-24124 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 223 25-42490 0-6 red-brown to brown clayey silt, some coarse-to-fine sand, little fine-to-coarse

gravel (Qws) 6-8 red-brown silty fine-to-medium sand, little fine-to-coarse gravel, trace clay

(Qws) 8-18 gray brown to gray fine-to-coarse gravel some fine-to-coarse sand with silt--

shale 18-21 gray and red-brown fine-to-coarse sand, some fine-to-coarse gravel with silt

(shale) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224 GS6 of abbreviated log

Reimer (1984) 0-12 brown to yellowish-brown laminated silt and clay, at 4.5 feet there is a compact, weathered-pebble layer similar to that at 64-69 feet about a foot thick (Qst over Qpl)

12-64 brown, dark brown laminated silt and clay (Qpl) 64-69 compact, massive silty clay with decomposed pebbles, granules, and sand,

reddish-brown to dark grayish-brown, pebbles are cream to dark reddish-brown in color and are probably shale, one cobble is decomposed gneiss (Qpt or interglacial alluvial gravel mixed with weathered shale)

at 69 shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 225 25-39983 0-32 gray clay (Qst over Qpl)

32-120 red shale 120-170 mixed gray shale and blue shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 226 25-21784 0-40 sand (Qst over Qpl)

40-150 red shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 227 25-26084 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 228 25-31242 0-7 yellow-brown soil (Qwb)

7-12 weathered rock (Qwb) 12-165 hard trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 229 25-21637 0-10 clay (Qwb)

10-195 granite (basalt) 195-300 shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230 25-30177 0-10 red clay and stones (Qws)

10-185 medium hard red shale -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 231 25-10320 0-21 clay (Qst over Qpl)

21-30 soft red shale (Qws) 30-297 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232 25-16029 0-60 clay (Qal over Qpl)

60-130 shale 130-150 trap

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 233 25-39027 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234 25-34676 0-20 yellow-brown clay (Qcb)

20-28 brown decomposed trap (Qwb) 28-150 hard trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 235 25-41899 0-20 dry brown soil with some loose stones (Qwb)

20-30 brown trap rock 30-200 hard blue-gray trap rock 200-228 soft red trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 236 25-24349 0-35 brown clay (Qwb)

35-80 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 237 25-26519 0-20 clay and loose stones (Qwb)

20-240 medium hard trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 238 25-24167 0-25 broken rock (Qwb)

25-210 solid trap -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 239 25-30178 0-12 brown clay soil and stones (Qwb)

12-105 mixed hard trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 240 25-19332 40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241 25-26330 0-30 clay (Qcb)

30-200 granite (basalt) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 242 25-40138 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 243 25-9288 0-35 dirt and clay (Qwb)

35-55 sand rock (Qwb) 55-80 blue rock (basalt)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 244 25-1066 35 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 245 25-20024 0-50 clay (Qwb)

50-115 trap -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 246 25-25061 0-15 stony sandy hardpan (Qwb)

15-19 trap rock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 247 25-24071 0-5 brown hard-packed clay, dry (Qal)

5-8 wet clay (Qal) 8-14 decomposed brown trap rock (Qwb) 14-32 trap rock

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 248 25-37709 0-5 gray-brown clay, small cobbles (Qws)

5-10 gray-brown sandy clay, red gravel (Qws) 10-21 red shale

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1Identifiers of the form 25-xxxx are well permit numbers issued by the N. J. Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Allocation. Identifiers accompanied by a reference, for example, “GS6 of Reimer (1984)” are from the cited publication.

2A number without a log is the depth, in feet below land surface, to bedrock reported for wells where the surficial material is either not identified or identified only as “overburden” or other non-informative nomenclature. For wells and borings with logs of the surficial materials, the depth (in feet below land surface) and driller’s or logger’s description, or the description contained in the cited publication, is provided. Inferred map units and comments are indicated in parentheses. All descriptions are reproduced as they appear in the original source, except for minor format, punctuation, and spelling changes. Logs identified as “abbreviated” have been condensed for brevity, or have

Page 15: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL … of environmental protection land use management ... 231 qws qwb qcb 234 qwb qcb qcbl qwb 241 ... dead river liber ty corner r o douglass r ad o ad

14

minor details omitted. Many bedrock descriptions have been condensed; these are not identified as abbreviated. Map units are inferred from the known extent of materials at the surface and from known depositional settings, in addition to the drillers’ descriptions.


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Qcb ]` T]ZR VS`S 7y[ O MMMMMMMMMMMMM [S[PS` ]T · MMMMMMMMMMMMM [S[PS` ]T Qcb ]` T]ZR VS`S Tbe Socrerry . Created Date: 12/14/2015 12:16:42 PM

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QCBL First meeting 2015