department of microbiology, k.u., kurukshetra revised...

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, K.U., KURUKSHETRA Revised M.Sc. SYLLABUS w.e.f. 2011-12

Ist Semester

Paper No. Nomenclature Internal External Total Time Marks Marks Marks

MB: 101 General & Environmental 20 80 100 3hrsMicrobiology

MB: 102 Microbial Physiology 20 80 100 3hrs& Metabolism

MB: 103 Microbial Genetics 20 80 100 3hrs

MB: 104 Microbial Biochemistry 20 80 100 3hrs

Total 80 320 400______________________________________________________________________________

IInd Semester

MB: 201 Mycology & Phycology 20 80 100 3hrs

MB: 202 Medical Microbiology 20 80 100 3hrs

MB: 203 Elements of Molecular 20 80 100 3hrs

Biology

MB: 204 Cellular Microbiology 20 80 100 3hrs Lab Course I (based on MB 101 & MB 201) 20 80 100 6hrs

Lab Course II (based

on MB 102 & MB 202) 20 80 100 6hrs

Lab Course III (based 20 80 100 6hrs on MB 103 & MB203)

Paper No. Nomenclature Internal External Total Time Marks Marks Marks

Lab Course IV (based 20 80 100 6hrs on MB 104 & MB204)

Total 160 640 800

______________________________________________________________________________

IIIrd Semester

MB: 301 Food Microbiology 20 80 100 3hrs

MB: 302 Virology & Immunology 20 80 100 3hrs

MB: 303 Microbial Biotechnology 20 80 100 3hrs & Industrial Microbiology

MB: 304 Recombinant DNA 20 80 100 3hrs

Technology

Total 80 320 400______________________________________________________________________________

IVth Semester

MB: 401 Biostatistics & 10 30 40 3hrsComputers

MB: 402 Credit Seminars 30 - 30

MB: 403 Project Report** 30 60 90

(Project Report (Dissertationbased Seminar) and Viva)

Lab Course V (based 10 40 50 3hrson MB 301)

Lab Course VI (based 10 40 50 3hrson MB 302)

Lab Course VII (based 10 40 50 3hrson MB 303) Lab Course VIII (based 10 40 50 3hrson MB 304) Lab Course IX (based 10 30 40 3hrson MB 401)

Total 120 280 400

**Duration of the Project Training will be of 3 months between January and March during 4th

Semester and will be carried out in an Industry/ Institute related to Microbiology

M.Sc. Ist SEMESTER (MICROBIOLOGY)

MB 101. GENERAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Max.Marks:100 (Ext. 80+ Int. 20) Time: 3 hrs

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER- SETTERS AND CANDIDATES

● Nine questions of equal marks should be set.● Question 1 consisting of number of short answer type questions (having no internal choice) spread over the whole syllabus should be compulsory.● Eight questions, two questions from each unit (I, II, III, IV) should be set.● Candidates will be required to attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each unit (I, II, III, IV) and the compulsory question 1.● All questions will carry equal marks.

Unit I

Scope and landmark developments in microbiology. Application of microbes, Basic and applied branches of microbiology. Notable contributions made during the discovery era, transition period, golden age and in the twenty first century by renowned microbiologists especially -Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Francesco Redi, John Needham, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Stanley, Edward Jenner, Elie Metchnikoff, Alexander Fleming and Joshua Lederberg.

Unit II

Biodiversity and status of microorganisms in the living world. Biodiversity, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Whittaker’s five kingdom concept, Three domain concept of Carl Woese, nomenclature, criteria used in bacterial identification and classification, and the Bergey’s Manual.

Methods of studying microorganisms. Aseptic techniques .Maintainence of microbial cultures. Culture media. Sterilization (Physical agents), Staining and Biochemical techniques. Micrometery

Unit III

Microbiology of Air. Diversity of microorganisms in air and their significance Droplet nuclei, aerosol. Outdoor and indoor microflora. Night fungal flora. Determination of the microbial content of the air. Aeroallergens. Mode of transmission of airborne diseases. Control of air borne microorganisms.

Water microbiology. Significance, Major waterborne diseases and their preventive measures. Sewage treatment system (primary, secondary, tertiary and final). Disinfection of potable water supplies. Bacterial indicators of water safety and their assessment.

Unit IV

Soil Microbiology – Significance, Contributions of Beijerinek & Winogradsky. Biodiversity of soil, Interactions between soil microorganisms. Rhizosphere, mycorhizosphere and actinorrhizae- concept & application.

Bioremediation. Bioremediation of petroleum, pesticides (DDT), air pollutants and natural products (cellulose, xylan, lignin).

Biocontrol - Concept & applications, Biopesticides- concept & classification, advantages. Major biopesticides based on bacteria, viruses & fungi (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, Boverin, DeVine, Collego)

Text and Reference Books:

Aneja, K.R. et al. (2008).A Text book of Basic and Applied Microbiology. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.Prescott, L.M. et al. (2005).Microbiology, McGraw Hill International Edition, USA.Aneja, K.R. (2010). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, 4th edition. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.Madigan, M.T. and Martinko, J.M. (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Pearson Educational International.Coyne, M.S. (1999). Soil Microbiology: An Exploratory Approach, Delimer.

List of Experiments

1. Laboratory rules to be followed in a microbiology lab.2. Principle, Construction and working of microscope Autoclave, Oven, Incubator

(Ordinary and B.O.D), Laminar air flow Hood.Quebec colony counter.3. Preparation of culture media: Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose agar, Czapek-Dox

agar.4. Preparation of agar plates, agar slants and deep tubes.5. Study of

(a) Pour plate.(b) Spread plate.(c) Streak plate.

6. Standard plate count technique.7. Staining techniques: -

(a) Preparation of bacterial smear(b) Simple staining(c) Gram staining

(d) Negative staining(e) Endospore staining.

8. Detection of coliforms in water by multiple tubes fermentation test (Presumptive, confirmed completed test).

9. Enumeration of water microflora by SPC.10. Determination of BOD of water.11. Determination of COD of water.12. Study of indoor and outdoor microflora by petriplate exposure technique.13. Isolation of cellulose degrading microorganisms from soil.14. Isolation of soil microflora (bacteria and fungi) by serial dilution agar plate

method. 15. Isolation of rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere microflora.16. Dual culture to show the phenomenon of antagonism.


MB: 102. MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM Max.Marks:100

(Ext. 80+ Int. 20)

Time: 3 hrs INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER- SETTERS AND CANDIDATES


Unit-I

Morphological types of prokaryotes. Structure & functions of cell wall of archaebacteria,

gram positive & gram negative bacteria, cell membrane, capsule, flagella, pili, gas

vesicles, carboxysomes, magnetosomes, nucleoid, bacterial endospore. Reserve food

material- poly β-hydroxy butyrate, poly-phosphate granules, sulphur inclusions,

cyanophycin granules. Peptidoglycan synthesis. Cell differentiation – sporulation and

germination in Bacillus.

Unit-II

Microbial growth and its measurement, growth curve, generation time. Batch, continuous

and synchronous growth. Nutrition types, cultivation of microorganisms. Factors

affecting growth-solutes, pH, temperature and oxygen. Transport of nutrients across the

cell membrane- passive, facilitated, active transport and group translocation.

Bioluminescence in bacteria.

Unit-III

Metabolites-primary, secondary and precursor. ATP generation, oxidative and substrate

level phosphorylation, electron transport chain. Carbohydrate metabolism- Glycolysis,

Entener Doudoroff pathway, Kreb cycle, glyoxalate pathway and gluconeogenesis . CO2

fixation and reverse TCA.

Unit-IV

Anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis. Brief account of chemolithotrophy - Sulphur,

iron and hydrogen oxidation, nitrification and methanogenesis. Fermentations- definition

and types, homo & heterolactic fermentation, ethanol, acetate, mixed acid, butanediol,

butanol, acetone, ethanoacetate fermentation. Pasteur effect.

Text and Reference Books:Brock T.D. Madigan (2006). M.T., Biology of Microorganisms, Prentice Hall Int. Inc.

Caldwell D.R. (1995). Microbial Physiology and Metabolism. Brown Publishers.

Moat, A.G. and Foster, J.W. (1999). Microbial Physiology. Wiley.

Stanier R.Y., Ingharam J.L. Wheelis M.L. and Painter P.R. (1999). General

Microbiology, Macmillan Educational Ltd., London.

Prescott, harley and klein(2005). Microbiology, Wm. C. Brown Publishers

Cappuccino,J.G. and Sherman,N. (2005).Microbiology –A Laboratory ManualPearson Education Inc. Atlas, R.M., Parks, L.c and Brown, A.L. (1995). Laboratory Manual of Experimental Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book,Inc., Missouri.

List of Experiments 1. Preparation of culture medium2. Sterilization of culture medium using autoclave3. Microscopic examination of bacteria after Gram staining Endospore staining Capsule staining Negative staining4. Determination of size of bacteria5. Determination of motility of bacteria6. Study of growth of bacteria7. Determination of gelatin liquefaction8. Determination of protease production9. Determination of amylase production10. Determination of effect of pH on the growth of bacteria11. Determination of effect of temperature on the growth of bacteria12. Determination of effect of osmotic pressure on the growth of bacteria


MB 103. MICROBIAL GENETICS

Max.Marks:100 (Ext. 80+ Int. 20)



Unit - IEssential of genetics: A brief Overview of Microbial geneticsBeginning of experimental proof of DNA: Transforming principle contribution of Griffith, Macleod, Avery, McCarty, Hershey and Chase. RNA as a genetic material, DNA and RNA structure, different types of DNA. Denaturation and Renaturation Kinetics , Cot value, DNA polymerases , Proof reading activity , C- value paradox , Superhelicity in DNA, Linking No. , Topological Properties, Mechanism of action of Topoisomerases.

Unit-II Maintenance of Structure of DNADNA damage and repair: Base excision, mismatch. SOS and Recombination repair. Mutation: Molecular basis of mutation, significance and harmful effects of mutations, Ames Test. Transposable genetic elements, mechanism and significance of transposition.

Unit-IIIMaintenance of Genetic InformationDNA replication: General principle, Initiation, Elongation and Termination. Semi-conservative replication, different modes of replication, Replication in retroviruses, Inhibitors of DNA replication, Relationship between cell cycle and Replication.

Unit-IVGenetic recombination in Bacteria

Bacterial Conjugation: Sex Factor, Hfr factor, F + × F—cross, interrupted mating, mapping genes in bacteria.Bacterial Transformation: The Discovery of transformation, competence, molecular mechanism of transformation, mapping by transformation.Bacterial Transduction: DNA transfer by Transduction, Specialized and generalized transduction. co- transduction and linkage , mapping by co-transductionText and Reference Books:Maloy et al. (2009). Microbial Genetics, Jones& Bartlett publishers.

Dale JW, (2002). Microbial Genetics of bacteria, Jones& Bartlett publishers.

Lewin, gene XI, (2010). Oxford University press.

Freifelder D, (2008). Molecular Biology Jones and Bartlett Publishers USA

Lodish et al, (2007). Molecular Cell Biology W.H freeman.

List of Experiments

1. To perform antibiotics susceptibility test.

2. Isolation of antibiotic resistant bacterial population by gradient plate method.

3. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics.

4. Isolation of thermotolerant mutants of a bacterial/yeast culture by spread plating

technique.

5. UV mutagenesis of a given bacterial culture.

6. To perform genetic recombination (conjugation) in bacteria (through teaching

kit).

7 To perform genetic recombination (Transformation) in bacteria (through teaching

kit).


MB 104. MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY


INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER- SETTERS AND CANDIDATES● Nine questions of equal marks should be set.● Question 1 consisting of number of short answer type questions (having no internal choice) spread over the whole syllabus should be compulsory.● Eight questions, two questions from each unit (I, II, III, IV) should be set.● Candidates will be required to attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each unit (I, II, III, IV) and the compulsory question 1.● All questions will carry equal marks.

Unit –I

Enzyme Classification:- Specificity, active site, activity unit, isozymes. Enzyme kinetics. Mechaelis Menton equation for simple enzymes. Ribozyme and abzyme. Determination of kinetic parameters. Multistep reactions and rate limiting steps, enzyme inhibition, allosterism. Principles of allosteric regulation.

Unit-II

Basic aspects of bioenergetics:- Entropy, enthalpy, e- carriers, e- donors, inhibitors, uncouplers, energy bond. Flow of energy through biosphere, strategy of energy production in the cells, oxidation –reduction reactions, coupled reactions, group transfer, ATP production , Free energy and spontaneity of reaction G, G0, G’ & equilibrium , basic concepts of acid , base, pH and buffers.

Unit-III

Structure and classification of macromolecules: - Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Vitamins and their role as co-enzymes.

Unit-IV

Cell metabolisms: - catabolic principles & breakdown of carbohydrates and anaplerotic reaction. β – oxidation of fatty acids. Deamination of amino acids and urea cycle. Biosynthesis of lipids – fatty acids. Triacyl glycerol, phospholipids and regulation of fatty acid metabolism . Denovo and salvage pathways of synthesis of purine and pyrimidine.

Text and Reference Books:Stryer (2001). Biochemistry, 5th edition, W.H.Freeman.

Nelson and Cox (2000). Principles of Biochemistry,Lehninger,Worth publisher

List of Experiments 1. To prepare and sterilize Nutrient agar medium2. Isolation and purification of bacterial cultures from a given soil sample by streak

plate method3. Pour plate method for isolation and purification of bacteria4. Spread plate method for isolation and purification of bacteria5. Serial dilution method for isolation of bacteria from soil6. To prepare 3% sucrose solution, 0.1 M HCl solution, 0.2 M H2SO4 solution7. To study the effect of pH on growth of microorganisms8. To study the effect of temperature on growth of Microorganisms9. To study principle and working of spectrophotometer10. Estimation of protein in a given sample using Bradford method11. To demonstrate starch hydrolysis12. Cellulase production test13. To study the gelatin hydrolysis14. Casein hydrolysis15. Urea hydrolysis16. Catalase test17. Oxidase test18. IMVIC tests19. To demonstrate antimicrobial activity of given sample

M.Sc. IInd SEMESTER (MICROBIOLOGY)

MB 201. MYCOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY


Time: 3 hrs.


Unit IAn Introduction to mycology. Scope and significance of mycology. Major contributions of P.A.Micheli, Anton de Bary, E.J.Butler, G.C.Ainsworth, K.S.Thind, S.B. Saksena, C.V.Subramanian. Diagnostic features, somatic structure, mode of asexual and sexual reproduction in fungi. Classification of fungi. Concept of biodiversity. Current status of fungi, criteria used in classification with reference to Ainsworth, Alexopoulos & Mims and Kirk et al. system of classification. Unit IIReproduction in fungi. Heterothallism, Heterokaryosis, parasexual cycle, dimorphism in fungi.Fungi as saprotrophs & their role in nutrient cycling. Substrate succession (Hudson, Garrett & Deacon concepts). Role of fungi in decomposition of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin & lignin.Symbiosis with plants (mycorrhizae) and algae (lichens- concept and application). Diagnostic features of major fungal divisions - Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota,Deuteromycota & Oomycota.

Unit III

Life cycles of industrially and medically important molds and yeasts. Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium Cladosporium, Trichoderma, Histoplasma, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, , Saccharomyces, Candida and Cryptococcus.

Life cycles of important plant pathogens. Phytophthora, Puccinia, Venturia, Alternaria, Colletotrichum.

Unit IV

Fungal biotechnology: Industrial applications of fungi, Fungal fermentation system, Alcholic beverages (Beer, wine), bread and fermented foods; mushrooms as food; major antibiotics from molds (industrial production of penicillin), fungi as biocontrol agents of plant pathogens.

Algae: Distribution and classification of algae, Somatic structure, life cycle of microbiologically important taxa of Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Rhodophyceae. Algal nutrition, algal thallus, algal ecology and biotechnology.

Text and Reference Books:

Aneja, K.R. & Mehrotra, R.S. (2011). Fungal Diversity & Biotechnology. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.Alexopoulos, C. J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology.4 th

edition John Wiley & Sons, USA.Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, K.R. (2010). Introduction to Mycology. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.Moore –Landcker , E.(1996).Fundamentals of the Fungi. Prentice Hall.

List of Experiments

1. Preparation and examination of Lactophenol Cotton blue of a mold.

2. Preparation and examination of Cellotape preparation of a mold.

3. Calibration of an ocular micometer.

4. Measurement of conidia/spores of a mold.

5. Isolation of soil mycoflora.

6. Enumeration of fungal aerospora.

7. Identification of yeast- Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.

8. Identification of the common saprobic molds:

(a) Aspergillus

(b) Penicillium

(c) Alternaria

(d) Curvularia

(e) Cladosporium

(f) Rhizopus

9. Identification of pathogenic fungi

(a) Puccinia

(b) Colletotrichum

(c) Phytophthora

10. Examination of Agaricus, Ganoderma and Morchella

11. Preparation of wine in the lab.


MB: 202 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Max.Marks:100

(Ext. 80+ Int. 20) Time: 3hrs



Unit-ISources of infection for man- exogenous infections, - patient, carrier (healthy,

convalescent, contact, paradoxical and chronic), infected animals, soil and endogenous

infections.

Mode of spread of infections- Respiratory, skin, wound & burn, venereal, alimentary

tract, arthropod borne, blood infection, laboratory infection, nosocomial infections etc.

Normal microflora of human body-skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal

tract and urogenital tract. Significance of normal microflora. Gnotobiotic animals and

their use.

Unit-II

True and opportunistic pathogens. Morphology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and

laboratory diagnosis of common diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus,

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum and Rickettsia prowzakii,

Streptococcus pyogenes,Vibro Chobral

Unit-IIIPathogenic properties of bacteria, colonization, invasion of mucous membranes of

respiratory, enteric and urogenital tracts. Methods for measurement of virulence.

Nonspecific antibacterial defence of host.

Exotoxins and endotoxins. Mode of action of tetanus, botulinum, diphtheria and cholera

toxins.

Unit-IV

Antibiotic susceptibility testing. Antimicrobial drug resistance- Mechanism and spread.

Hazard groups and containment levels.

Antiseptics and disinfectants.

Brief account of biomedical waste management-types of biomedical waste and waste

treatment.

Text and Reference Books:Boyd, R.F. (1984). General Microbiology, Times Mirror/Mosby(college publishing, St. Louis).

Panicker, C.K.J. (2005). Ananthanarayan & Panicker’s Text Book of Microbiology. Orient Longman.

Mackie & Mccartney (1996). Medical Microbiology, vol. I; Microbial Infection,Vol II; Practical Medical

Microbiology. Churchill Livingstone.

Baron E.J., Peterson, L.R. and Finegold, S.M. Mosby (1990). Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology.

Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology (1996). Collee, J.G., Fraser,

A.G., Marmion, B.P. and Simmons, A (eds.), Churchill Livingstone,Edinburgh. Baron, E.J., Peterson, L.R., and Finegold, S.M.(1990). Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. Atlas, R.M., Parks, L.c and Brown, A.L.(1995). Laboratory Manual of Experimental Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book,Inc., Missouri. List of Experiments 1. Detection of susceptibility to dental caries2. Bacteriological examination of different parts of the human body including skin and throat 3. Counting the number of viable bacteria in urine sample4. General tests for identification of bacteria including IMViC test Carbohydrate fermentation test Nitrate reduction test Hydrogen sulphide production test Urease test Catalase test Oxidase test5. Preliminary tests for identification of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus6. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration


MB 203. ELEMENTS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY




Unit-ITranscription : General principle . Basic apparatus , Initiation , Elongation and termination , Types of RNA polymerases , Monocistronic and polycistronic RNA, Regulation at initiation , Alternate sigma factor , rho dependent and independent termination , hairpin and attenuation.

Unit -IIMaturation and processing of RNA: Methylation, Poly A tail, Capping, Cutting and degradation of tRNA, Splicing mechanism.Basic feature of genetic code: Triplet code, Deciphering of genetic code , Degeneracy, Characteristics of genetic code , Variation in different organism, Wobble hypothesis.

Unit-IIITranslation : Central dogma ,Basic apparatus , initiation , elongation , termination , coupled transcription and translation , aminoacyl site , peptidyl site , , initiation , elongation , termination factors, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, leader sequences , in vitro translation system.RNAi.Post translational modifications.

Unit-IVRegulation of gene expression: Constitutive and inducible genes, Operon concept , catabolite repression, Positive and negative regulation, lac , trp . ara operon, stringent response , ppGpp, cAMP as regulatory molecules.Text and Reference Books:Maloy et al.(2009). Microbial Genetics, Jones& Bartlett publishers.

Dale JW,(2001). Microbial Genetics of bacteria, Jones& Bartlett publishers.

Lewin, gene XI , (2008). Oxford University press.

Freifelder D, (2008). Molecular Biology Jones and Bartlett Publishers USA

Lodish et al, (2007). Molecular Cell Biology W.H freeman.

List of Experiments

1. Demonstration of picking and patching colonies.

2. To perform Replica plating technique for transfer of bacterial cultures.

3. Isolation of Plasmid DNA by using alkaline lysis (miniprep through teaching kit).

4. Transformation of bacteria with plasmid DNA using CaCl2.

5. Preparation of genomic DNA from bacteria (CTAB method).

6. Demonstration of agarose gel electrophoresis.

7. To estimate the concentration and purity of DNA and RNA by spectrophotometric

method

8. Calorimetric estimation of DNA.

9. Calorimetric estimation of RNA.


MB 204. CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY



Unit –I

Introduction:- emergence of cellular microbiology, cellular biology underlying prokaryotic and eukaryotic interactions : ultra structure, genome expression, pathogenicity island.

Unit –II

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic signalling mechanisms:- eukaryotic cell to cell signalling, endocrine signalling, cytokines prokaryotic signaling : qorum sensing and bacterial pheromones intracellular signalling, signalling pathways.

Unit –III

Infection and cell-cell interaction:- Bacterial adherence : basic principles, effect of adhesion on bacteria, effect of adhesion on host cells. Bacterial invasion on host cells,

mechanisms, consequences of invasion, survival after invasion. Protein toxins: agents of disease.

Unit –IV

Cellular microbiology future directions:- comparative genomics and functional genomics .Genome evolution in microbes. Phylogenetic trees.

Text and Reference Books:Henderson et al.(1999). Cellular Microbiology. Wiley.

De Bruijn et al. (1998). Bacterial Genomes. Chapman and Hall.

Dorman C.J. (1994). Genetics of Bacterial virulence. Blackwell.

List of Experiments

1. To isolate plant pathogen (Bacteria)

2. To Isolation of human fungal/ bacterial pathogen

3. To perform negative staining of bacterial culture.

4. To isolate endospore forming bacteria from soil.

5. To perform capsule staining by negative staining method

6. To perform capsule staining by Antony staining technique.

7. To perform acid fast staining of bacteria.

8. To study chemotactic behaviour of given culture of bacteria

9. To perform mechanism of infection by bacterial invasion of the host cell.

M.Sc. IIIrd SEMESTER (MICROBIOLOGY)

MB 301. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY




Unit-1

Food Microbiology: Historical development and applications. Major Food borne outbreaks in the 21st Century.

Food as substrate for microorganisms: Classification of foods. Chemistry of microbial spoilage of foods.

Microorganisms important in food microbiology - molds, yeasts, bacteria, viruses and protozoa- their general features.

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting microbial growth in foods: Intrinsic factors ( Nutrient contents, pH, moisture contents/water activity, antimicrobial barriers, Antimicrobial substances), Extrinsic factors (relative humidity, temperature, gaseous atmosphere).

Unit-II

Microbial spoilage of foods: Microbiology of spoilage of specific foods – Bread, Cakes, Fresh fruits and vegetables, Juices, Bottled water, Milk, Tea, Meat and meat products (Fresh and ground meat, sausages), Poultry, Eggs, Sea foods, Fish.

Food preservation (protection): Heat, Low temperature storage, Freezing, Dehydration and water availability, Lyophilization, Osmotic pressure, Filtration, Irradiation, Chemical preservatives.

Unit-III

Food borne intoxication and infections- Major differences and examples of infective and toxic types, Botulism, Staphylococcal food poisoning, Clostridium perfringens food poisoning, Bacillus cereus gastroenteritis, Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli diarrhea and colitis, Vibrio cholerae. Fungal poisonings: Aspergillus , Penicillium ,Claviceps ,Fusarium, Protozoan poisoinings: Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica), Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)

Unit-IV

Food Produced from microorganisms: Sauerkraut, Pickles, Silage, Bread, Baker’s yeast, Yogurt, Microbes as sources of single cell protein (SCP) , Advantages of SCP, Common substrates used for SCP, Industrially used SCP (Quorn, Pruteen).

Mushroom Production: Nutritive values of mushrooms. Edible and poisonous mushrooms, Tropical and temperate mushrooms.

Text and Reference Books:Aneja, K.R. et al. (2008).A Text-book of Basic and Applied Microbiology. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.Aneja.K.R and Mehrotra R.S. (2011). Fungal Diversity & Biotechnology, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.Adams, M.R.and Moss, M.O. (1995). Food Microbiology, Royal Society of Chemistry Publication, Cambridge.Frazier, W.C. and Westhoff, D.C. (1998). Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.Ray, Bibek.(1996). Fundamental Food Microbiology .CRC Press.Jay, J.M. et al. (2005).Modern Food Microbiology. 7th Edition. Springer Science.Aneja, K.R. (2010). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, 4th edition. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

List of Experiments:

1. Examination of edible mushrooms2. Isolation and Identification of microorganisms from spoiled foods.

(a) Bread

(b) Fruits

(c) Meat

(d) Cake

3. To study Litmus milk reactions.

4. To perform methylene blue reduction test of raw and pasteurized milk.

5. Isolation of Lactobacilli and Streptococci from curd.

6. Sauerkraut production in the lab.

7. Production of wine in the lab.

8. Identification of important bacteria involved in food spoilage (Bacillus, Escherchia, Staphylococcus, Clostridium).

9. Identification of common molds involved in food spoilage (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Mucor).

10 Culturing and identification of yeast involved in production of

bread/wine/beer.


MB 302. VIROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Max.Marks:100

(Ext. 80+ Int. 20) Time: 3 hrs


● Nine questions of equal marks should be set.● Question 1 consisting of number of short answer type questions (having no internal choice) spread over the whole syllabus should be compulsory.● Eight questions, two questions from each unit (I, II, III, IV) should be set.● Candidates will be required to attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each unit (I, II, III, IV) and the compulsory question 1.● All questions will carry equal marks. Unit-INomenclature, Classification and Properties of viruses, Morphology and Structure of viruses- Capsid and its symmetry with special reference to bacteriophage, Envelope and its components. Brief account of multiplication of viruses. Viral genome. Viriods and Prions. Modes of transmission of viruses. Unit-IICultivation of animal Viruses- Animal inoculation, Embryonated eggs and Cell culture.Primary cell, Diploid cell strains, Continuous cell lines. One step growth curve, Detection of virus growth in cell culture. Cellular response to viral infections. Interferon and its mechanism of action. Antiviral drugs. Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis and Prophylaxis of small pox, influenza, rabies, HIV and hepatitis viruses. Unit-IIIInnate immunity, factors affecting innate immunity-species and strains, individual differences, age, hormones, nutritional factors. Mechanism of innate immunity-mechanical barriers and surface secretions, antibacterial substances in blood and

tissues, microbial antagonisms, cellular factors, inflammation, temperature,acute phase proteins etc. Acquired immunity- natural and artificial immunity, active and passive immunity.Antigen, hapten and determinants of antigenicity, Immunoglobulins-types, structure and functions Unit-IV Lymphoid organs and cells of immune system, cellular and humoral immune response.Antigen-antibody reactions – Precipitation, Agglutination, Immunodiffusion, Electroimmunodiffusion, Immunofluorescence, Radioimmunoassay, Enzyme linked im munosorbent assay. Brief account of Complement system and Major histocompatability complex. Vaccines- Prerequisites of a good vaccine, Types of vaccine- viral, bacterial, recombinant, DNA, subunit vaccines.

Text and Reference Books: Flint, S.J., Enquist,L.W., Ranconiello,V.R. and Stalka,A.M.(2000).Principles of Virology,Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC. Paniker,C.K.J.(2007). Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Orient Longman Pvt. Limited, India. Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C.B. and Peutherer,J.F.(2006). Medical Microbiology, A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, India. Goldsby,kindt and Osborne(2006). Kuby’s Immunology W.H. Freeman & co. Tizard(1995). An Introduction to Immunology.Harcourt Brace College Publication R. Sood(1994). Medical Laboratory Technology-Methods and Interpretations. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology (1996). Collee, J.G., Fraser, A.G., Marmion, B.P. and Simmons, A (eds.), Churchill Livingstone,Edinburgh. Atlas, R.M., Parks, L.c and Brown, A.L. (1995). Laboratory Manual of Experimental Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book,Inc., Missouri.

List of Experiments: 1. Counting the number of microorganisms using haemocytometer2. Determination of total leucocytes count3. Determination of differential leucocytes count4. Determination of total erythrocytes count5. Cultivation and enumeration of bacteriophages6. Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion technique7. Radial Immunodiffusion technique8. Agglutination reactions9. Haemagglutination reactions

.


MB 303. MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY




Unit- I

Isolation, Screening, Improvement and maintenance of industrial organisms,

Fermenter design and instrumentation, immobilized cell reactor, solid state

fermentation (SSF) , substrates for industrial fermentation.

Unit -II

Fermentation System: Primary and secondary metabolites , batch , fed batch and

continuous fermentation system , fermentation kinetics , chemostat , turbidostat , gas

exchange and mass transfer.

Unit -III

Downstream processing(DSP) and product recovery

Production of Biofertilizers, Biopesticides, Edible Mushroom, Single Cell Protein

(SCP), steroid conversion and biotransformation.

Unit - IV

Biotechnological applications of microbes in the commercial production of the

following:

Alcoholic beverages: Beer, Whisky

Organic acids: Citric, lactic and acetic acid.

Microbial enzymes: amylases, proteases and lipases.

Antibiotics: penicillin, tetracycline

Amino acids: Glutamic acid, lysine.

Text and Reference Books:Stanburry et al. (2011). Principle of fermentation technology Pergamon Press.

Reed G, (2001). Industrial Microbiology CBS Publisher.

Cruger and Cruger, (2005), Microbial Biotechnology, Panima Press.

Aneja, K.R (2010). Experiments in Microbiology Plant Pathology and Biotechnology .4th

Ed. New Age. International (P) Limited, New Delhi.


1. Isolation of amylase producing bacteria from soil2. Preparation of standard curve of reducing sugars by DNS method3. Quantitative estimation of amylolytic potential of isolated bacterial culture 4, Isolation of yeasts from natural environment5. To perform an experiment to show the Ethanol fermentation by yeast. 6. Quantitative estimation of ethanol by distillation method7. Demonstration of surface fermentation8. Demonstration of submerged fermentation9. Demonstration of solid state fermentation 10. Demonstration of wine production from grape juice

12, Whole cell immobilization of bacterial cell using calcium alginate


MB 304. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY



Unit ICore techniques and essential enzymes used in rDNA technology: - Restriction digestion, ligation and transformation.

Unit –II

Cloning vectors:- Plasmids, phages and cosmids, cloning strategies, cloning and selection of individual genes ,gene libraries : c DNA and genomic libraries.

Unit –III

Specialised cloning strategies:- Expression vectors, promoter probe vectors, vectors for library construction- artificial chromosomes.

Unit –IV

DNA sequencing methods:- Dideoxy and chemical method. Sequence assembly, Automated sequencing, Genome sequencing, and physical mapping of genomes.

PCR:- Methods and applications

Text and Reference Books:Old and Primrose (1994). Principles of gene manipulation. Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Sambrook and Russel (2001). Molecular Cloning, 3rd volume. CSH Press. Genome Analysis. 4th volume. (2000). CSH Press.


1. To isolate E. coli from domestic waste water2. To perform IMVIC tests3. Carbohydrate fermentation test4. To isolate plasmid DNA from a given culture5. To prepare agrose gel and to run the plasmid DNA samples6. Isolation of chromosomal DNA 7. Plant DNA extraction by Phenol: Chlorophorm method8. Estimation of proteins in given samples by Lowry method.9. To carry out the extraction of proteins from given culture.10. To develop competent colls of E.coli11. To carry out the transformation by competent E. coli cells.12. Extraction of DNA from Onion.13. To test the given sample for purity of DNA content.

M.Sc. IVth SEMESTER (MICROBIOLOGY)

MB 401. BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTERS

Max.Marks:40

(Ext. 30+ Int. 10) Time: 3 hrs



Unit- IIntroduction to computer: Classification of computers –computer generation-low , medium and high level languages .Software and hardware –operating systems , compilers and interpreters , mini , main frame and super computer , their characteristics and applications .BIT ,BYTE and WORD ,Computer memory and its types. Data representation ans storage –binary codes, binary systems and its relationship to Boolean Operations.

Unit-IIMicrosoft excel: Data entry, graphs, aggregate functions- formulations and functions (students are expected to be familiar with all operations).Different numbers systems and conversions. Input output devices, secondary storage media.Internet: How internet works? Significance.

Unit-IIIBiostatistics: Statistics, its meaning and objectives .Population samples, frequency tables and their graphs, measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median) and their dispersion. Concepts of moments, Skewness and kurtosis. Intuitive definition of random variables, probability mass function and probability density function, expectation and variance .Standard distribution ; binomial , Poisson and normal distribution with their important properties and significance.

Unit-IVFitting of main distributions and testing of goodness –of – the –fit with special reference to χ2- test, t –test, Z-test. Fitting of trends; linear and quadratic with least square method. Lines of regression, coefficient of correlation, coefficient of variation and their significance. Analysis of variance; one way and two way classification.

Text and Reference Books:Campbell, R.C. (1989).Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge university press. 464 pp.Daniel, W.W. (1995) .Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Science (6th edition), John Wiley .780 pp.Snedecar, G.W. and Cochram, W.G. (1967).Statistical Methods, Oxford Press.White Ron (2001) .How Computers Work? Techmedia.

List of Experiments 1 Find the mean, median and mode of the following temperatures

recorded in an experiment in the laboratory:81,94,64,80,75,69,96,66,80,91,85 and 79

2 Calculate variance and standard deviation for the following frequency distribution.

Marks x 10 20 30 40 50 60 No. of students f 7 13 25 10 4 13 What is correlation? Describe various types of correlation.4 Find out the Karl pearson coefficient of correlation for the

following data:X 1 2 3 4 5Y 6 8 10 12 14

5 Increase in weights of 10 animals fed on diet A for certain period are 10,6,16,17,13,12,8,4,14,15,9.Another independent random sample of 12 animals fed on diet B, gave the increase 7,13,22,15,12,14,18,8,21,23,10 and 17.By applying the independent t-test whether diet A and B differ significantly as regards their effect on the weight.

6 Convert (11001)2 = ()10

7 What are the five basic operation performed by any computer system?

8 List the different input and output devices?9 Differences between Ist and 2nd generation computers10 What is bit,byte and word ?

department of microbiology, k.u., kurukshetra revised...

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