desalination – prospective technology for mitigating water
TRANSCRIPT
Desalination –
Prospective Technology for Mitigating Water Scarcity
Jad Ziolkowska Dept. of Geography and Environmental Sustainability
Big 12 Water Workshop
Lawrence, KS November, 18th, 2014
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What is desalination and why do we need it?
Desalination (desal) - process of removing salt particles and minerals from seawater or brackish water
Water source Salinity TDS (mg/l) Seawater 15,000-50,000
Brackish water 1,500-15,000 River water 500-3,000 Pure water < 500
Source: Victoriadesalplants.com Source: AThirstyPlanet.com
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− Global water demand predicted to increase by 46% between 2000- 2050 (UN, 2014; OECD, 2012)
− In Oklahoma, water demand is projected to increase by 33.3% in the next 50 years (OCWP, 2012)
− Water resources (surface water, groundwater, reuse water) will decrease by 10% in next 50 yrs (TWRI, 2011)
− Drought in the US (significant pressure on water resources)
− Brackish/seawater desalination could buffer the shortage
− Many open questions and impediments (desalination siting and economics)
− No research has been done at macro level to understand the broader economic implications
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Need for desalination
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MGD 1320
1057
792
528
264
Global desalination market - costs and capacity
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Source: Gasson (2013)
MGD
3962
3170
2377
1585
792
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Global desalination market – water source
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
World US SaudiArabia
China UAE India Australia Chile Qatar Lybia Kuwait
brackish seawater other
Source: Author’s calculations based on DesalData.com (2013)
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Source: Author’s calculations based on DesalData.com (2013)
Desalination by sector use in the US
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Cum
ulat
ive
capa
city
(MG
D)
Industry Municipalities Power
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Desalination facts - overview
2013 World US Texas
Production (MGD) 14,000 1,600 85
Total # of plants 17,354 2733 113
Plants >= 0.3 MGD 17,150 1206 64Source: Author’s calculations based on DesalData.com (2013)
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Desalination plant status
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
US Saudi Arabia Australia China Israel
MG
D
Online Construction Offline (mothballed) Offline (decomissioned) On hold Cancelled
Source: Author’s calculations based on DesalData.com (2013)
Challenges for desalination
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1. High costs a) High energy demand
b) Disposal costs
2. Environmental concerns a) Entrapment and impingement of marine organisms on intake screens (seawater desal)
b) Antifouling agents (chlorine/hyperchloride) can negatively impact marine life
c) CO2 emissions
Currently no sustainability standards for desalination plants
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Water/energy costs subject to salinity Water-energy ratio
Brackish water desalination Energy costs and water prices (IAEA model)
Source: Author’s calculations based on IAEA DEEP model (2012)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1000 3000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000
$/un
it
TDS
Water cost ($/kgal) Energy cost ($/MWh)
y = 3.7734x + 2.1052R² = 0.9997
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Wat
er c
ost (
$/kg
al)
Energy cost ($/MWh)
Desalinated water costs subject to energy sources
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Source: Gude et al. (2010) based on Karagiannis and Soldatos (2008)
$/kgal 0 3.8 7.6 11.4 15.2 19 22.7 26.5 30 34.1 37.8 41.6
Water costs – case study example from Texas
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Source: Arroyo and Shirazi (2012)
TSWP - Water supply portfolio 2010-2060
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Source: TWDB (2012)
45%
20%
14%
8%
8%
2% 2% 1%
Other surface water
Conservation
New major reservoir
Groundwater
Reuse
Desalination
Conjunctive use
ASR
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Total water costs by supply type in the US
Notes: (1) Prices include all costs to consumers including water treatment and delivery, (2) Cost is based on a family of four using 100 gal/day/pp, for a total monthly use of 12,000 gal (3) Cost is for a typical urban coastal community in the USA. Costs for inland communities may be higher. Source: AMTA (2007)
Supply type Cost to consumer ($/kgal) (1)
Total family water costs ($/month) (2)
Existing traditional supply 0.90-2.50 10.80-30.00
New desalted water
Brackish (1,000-5,000 TDS) 1.50-3.00 18.00-36.00
Seawater (30,000-35,000 TDS) (3) 3.00-8.00 36.00-96.00
Combined supply
Traditional (50%) + brackish (50%) 1.20-2.75 14.40-33.00
Traditional (90%) + seawater (10%) 1.11-3.05 13.32-36.60
Future needs for desalination R&D
− Determining regional water shortages (East vs. West Texas, Oklahoma)
− Economics (energy costs, final water rates, water disposal, membrane improvement, infrastructure)
− Combination with new technologies (solar, wind, geothermal) could lower costs in the long-term
− Ex-ante and ex-post project evaluation necessary (regional modeling, micro/macro analysis, cost-benefit analysis, optimization and socio-economic models)
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Largest solar powered desalination plant in Al-Khafji
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Expected capacity: 30,000 m3 = 8 MGD Close to completion Saudi Arabia aims to have all of its desalination plants powered by solar by 2020.
IfpInfo.com (2013)
www.rigzone.com
