Brenda Hoddinottwww.drawspace.com

89 PagesISBN: 978-1-927365-99-1

Includes 15 resources and 5 activities

This curriculum is taught in Drawspaces interactive classrooms and can be licensed for education purposes in digital format at www.drawspace.com.

Copyright 2012 Brenda Hoddinott (brenda@drawspace.com) and Jeff Baur (jeff.baur@drawspace.com)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda

Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing. Curriculum, illustrations, and intellectual property are intended for educational purposes only and may not be sold in any form or by any means.

This publication contains the opinions and ideas of the author, Brenda Hoddinott, and it is intended to provide helpful and informative material on all aspects of the subject matter. Brenda Hoddinott

and Drawspace Publishing disclaim any responsibility for any liability, damages, loss, or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, resulting from the

use or misuse of information and applications of any of the contents of this book.

Publisher: Drawspace Publishing, Halifax, NS, CanadaIllustrations, curriculum, and book layout: Brenda Hoddinott

Cover design: Jeff BaurEditor: Stephanie Halldorson

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

Introduction to Drawingdrawspace module 1.1

IIntroduction........................................................................................................IVInformation about Drawspace Curriculum and its various sidebars, as well as a suggestion for getting the best outcomes with the resources and activities in this book

About Drawspace Curriculum ..............................................................................................................................IVSizing up the Sidebars ..........................................................................................................................................VHow to Use this Book ...........................................................................................................................................V

Glossary Of Art Terms ........................................................................................1 1.1.R1 Definitions of many of the art-related terms used in the resources and activities of Drawspace Curriculum Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 10.5, Reading Ease 51.2

Traveling Back in Time with Graphite .............................................................171.1.R2 A few fun tidbits of information about the history of graphite Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 9.5, Reading Ease 56.5

How the Lead Pencil Got its Name ..................................................................................................................17The Link Between Graphite and Sheep ...............................................................................................................19

Examining Graphite and Grades ......................................................................211.1.R3 Understanding the differences between H and B grades of graphite Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 6.3, Reading Ease 74.9

Hard is Light ..........................................................................................................................................................22Soft is Black ...........................................................................................................................................................22

Seeing Grades in Drawings ..............................................................................241.1.R4 Graphite drawings demonstrate the visual qualities of H and B grades of pencils Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 9.8, Reading Ease 63

Picking out Graphite Pencils ............................................................................281.1.R5 How to select the right graphite pencils for learning how to draw Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 8.9, Reading Ease 57.4

Wood-encased Pencils .........................................................................................................................................29Mechanical Pencils ...............................................................................................................................................30Woodless pencils ..................................................................................................................................................31

*Play With Five Grades of Graphite ..................................................................321.1.A2 Use the base values of five different grades of pencils to add shading to nine simple line drawings Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 8.0, Reading Ease 66.7

Supplies: drawing paper, 2H, HB, 2B, 4B, and 6B grades of pencils, and a pencil sharpener

********************************************************************************************************************************************************Contents

*Activity

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

II

Sketchbooks and Drawing Papers ....................................................................351.1.R6 Choosing the right size, quality, and weight of drawing paper Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 8.9, Reading Ease 60.1

Sketchbooks Versus Individual Sheets ..............................................................................................................36Deciding on a Paper Size .....................................................................................................................................37Weighing in on Paper.............................................................................................................................................37

*Make a Storage Portfolio ................................................................................391.1.A1 Make a portfolio folder for the storage and preservation of drawing papers and two-dimensional artworksFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 6.3, Reading Ease 72.2

Supplies: acid-free cardboard or matboard; roll of wide tape; strong, sharp utility knife; and a straight edge or long ruler

Option 1: Using One Large Sheet of Board ........................................................................................................40Option 2: Using Two Smaller Sheets of Board ...................................................................................................42

Check Up on the Tooth of Papers ....................................................................441.1.R7 How a papers tooth affects the appearance of graphite drawingsFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 9.6, Reading Ease 58.2

The Surface of a Smooth Tooth ...........................................................................................................................45Big Smile for a Medium Tooth ..............................................................................................................................46Textures on a Rough Tooth....................................................................................................................................48

Tools for Sharpening and Erasing ...................................................................501.1.R8 The best sharpeners and erasers for artists who drawFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 8.8, Reading Ease 60.4

Tools for Sharpening ............................................................................................................................................50Tools for Erasing ...................................................................................................................................................51Erasers as Drawing Tools ....................................................................................................................................52

Checking Out Charcoal ....................................................................................541.1.R9 Discover the versatility of charcoal by examining the marks it makes in various applicationsFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 7.9, Reading Ease 65.5

Charcoal Pencils ...................................................................................................................................................55Charcoal Sticks and Powder ................................................................................................................................56

*Play with Kneaded and Vinyl Erasers .............................................................581.1.A4 Experiment with two different types of erasers as drawing toolsFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 7.9, Reading Ease 67.4

Supplies: heavy white drawing paper or smooth watercolor paper, charcoal (stick, powder, or pencil), kneaded eraser, vinyl eraser, and paper towels

Setting up a Creative Space .............................................................................601.1.R10 A few ideas and tips for putting together an at-home art studioFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 7.3, Reading Ease 68.6

Choosing a Comfortable Chair and Drawing Surface ......................................................................................60Choosing the Right Light for Drawing ...............................................................................................................62

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

III

Putting Together a Portable Studio ..................................................................631.1.R11 Practical supplies to bring along when you take your love of drawing outsideFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 6.8, Reading Ease 70.9

Good Posture First! ..........................................................................................651.1.R12 How to sit properly and comfortably when you draw Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 8.0, Reading Ease 68.1

How NOT to Sit ......................................................................................................................................................65How to Sit While Drawing ....................................................................................................................................66

Protecting Your Wrist and Hand .......................................................................671.1.R13 How to properly hold drawing mediums to prevent discomfort and injury Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 11.4, Reading Ease 55.5

Small Sketches on Flat and Slanted Surfaces ...................................................................................................68Medium Sketches on Vertical Surfaces .............................................................................................................68Large Sketches on Any Surface .........................................................................................................................69

Examining Diagonal Lines of Masters ..............................................................701.1.R14 Compare drawings to identify the natural hand movements of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Flesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 10.6, Reading Ease 49.1

*Find Your Natural Hand Movements ...............................................................741.1.A5 Discover your natural hand movements for drawing straight and curved linesFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 10.4, Reading Ease 52.2

Supplies: drawing paper, 2B pencil, and a pencil sharpenerFor Drawing Straight Lines ..................................................................................................................................74For Drawing Curved Lines ..................................................................................................................................75

How to Rotate Your Paper as you Draw ...........................................................771.1.R15 Improve your drawing skills by rotating your paper to use your natural hand movementsFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 7.1, Reading Ease 68.6

*Sketch a Self-Portrait ......................................................................................801.1.A3 Document your current drawing skills by sketching yourselfFlesch-Kincaid: Grade Level 7.3, Reading Ease 68.4

Supplies: paper, erasers, a 2B pencil, and a mirror

Index .................................................................................................................81

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

IV

Now everyone can draw!Introduction to Drawing complements Drawspace Curriculum Module 1: Topic 1 as a lesson plan based on fi fteen resources and fi ve activities.

The Drawspace philosophy on teaching art is to emphasize the enjoyment aspects while gently introducing the technical and academic skills needed to master the subject. Through the creation of a passion for the subject matter, the quest for knowledge is deepened.

About Drawspace CurriculumDrawspace Curriculum is used by art students and educators all over the world and is designed to provide easy-to-use, high-quality curriculum for

schools, colleges, and universities recreational teachers homeschooling families students who prefer to teach themselves

Drawspace Curriculum is designed to gently immerse beginners in the visual art of drawing. This is the same curriculum successfully taught in Drawspaces interactive classrooms.

Each curriculum module contains intuitively organized topics. Each of these topics includes resources and activities for students with recreational and professional artistic goals.

Resources include illustrated discussions and in-depth demonstrations about art-related skills and techniques.

Introduction

ArtSpeak: A fun word used to describe the vocabulary of art. An understanding of art-related words and terms enhances the comprehension of art curricula and helps make creative experiences more pleasurable (and less frustrating).

Icon: A visual image or a graphic symbol that is used to identify information or a specifi c task. For example, icons can identify sidebars in books or specifi c functions on computer display screens.

Illustration: An image that is used to enhance a book or publication, and/or to help explain textual concepts. For example, illustrations are used throughout many books to further the readers comprehension of an idea.

Sidebar: A section of text in a document that provides additional information about a topic. Many instructional art books have sidebars that provide readers with defi nitions of art-related words and terms.

Text: The words used in writing.

ArtSpeak

********************************************************************************************************************************************************

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

VActivities enable students to put theory into practice by rendering drawings and art-related projects.

Sizing up the SidebarsScattered throughout this book are sidebars that are fi lled with useful information related to the topics being discussed. There are six different types of sidebars and each is easily identifi ed by a simple icon.

ArtSpeak: (Figure 1) Defi nitions of words and terms in the context of art and drawing.

As an Aside: (Figure 2) Tidbits of information about art-related subjects, such as the history of art.

Caution!: (Figure 3) Better safe than sorry! Protect your drawings (or yourself) from potential dangers by following the advice in these sidebars.

Tip!: (Figure 4) A tip can be more than the pointy end of a stick! The tips inside these sidebars can save you time, energy, and frustration by suggesting easier ways to do some tasks or how to take better care of your supplies.

Visual Challenge: (Figure 5) Enhance your ability to see as an artist by fi nding and/or examining specifi c art-related components in drawings or in your environment.

Action Challenge: (Figure 6) Gather your drawing supplies and try a new technique, spend additional time practicing a skill, and/or create a sketch or drawing.

Figure 3

Figure 1

Figure 5

Figure 2

Figure 4

Figure 6

How to Use this BookThis book is designed to be read in order from beginning to end. Slowly work through the entire book in sequence, doing each activity along the way.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

VI

Each new piece of information, skill, or technique prepares you for the next.

This fi rst book based on Drawspace Curriculum discusses drawing supplies and shows you how to use them. Simple activities show you how to make a portfolio and help you warm up your drawing hand. There is also a discussion of how to set up a practical place to draw indoors and what to pack in a portable studio so you can comfortably draw outdoors.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

Glossary of Art Terms

Definitions of many of the art-related terms used in the resources and activities of Drawspace Curriculum

AAbstract: A style of art that may not depict a person, place, or thing. In some cases, the subject exists in reality but may be unrecognizable in the artwork. The subjects of abstract drawings are created with line, color, value, form, pattern, and/or shape.

Abstraction: A movement away from realistically depicting objects, nature, or living beings. Partial abstraction is where a subject exists in reality but may be unrecognizable (e.g., using geometric shapes to render a human face). Complete abstraction is where line, color, form, pattern, and/or shape are used to suggest emotion or a non-fi gurative subject.

Achromatic: An artwork rendered with only black, white, and/or shades of gray (i.e., no color).

Acid-free: An archival quality, long-lasting paper product that has had the acid removed from the pulp in the paper-making process.

Acrylic painting: (noun) An artwork painted with acrylic paints. Acrylic paintings look very similar to oil paintings; however, acrylic paints are considerably more stable than oils, which tend to yellow or become brittle as they age. (verb) The process of creating an acrylic painting.

Acrylic paints: Water-based, fast-drying artists paints that are thicker and stronger than tempera or watercolor. Even though water is used to dilute acrylics from the tube, they become water-resistant when dry. Acrylics work in much the same way as watercolor paints. However, unlike watercolors, acrylics cannot be rehydrated (i.e., brought back to a liquid) once dry.

Age progression: The art of rendering individuals older than they are. Often used in police work, age progression may help update an image of a child who has been missing for a long time. However, even though peoples faces change throughout their lives in natural and predictable stages, its impossible to accurately determine how an individual will look at a specifi c age. For this reason, age progression and age regression techniques are generally considered an art, rather than a science.

Age regression: The art of rendering a person younger than her or his actual age.

Anchor: A component of composition in which a section of a drawing subject appears to extend outside the edges of a drawing or painting.

Angle: The size of the space between two straight lines that intersect or meet. This space is usually measured in degrees.

1Glossary of Art Terms

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

Resource

2 Introduction to Drawing

Angle line: The line created when two straight lines meet or intersect to form an angle (or angles). Angle lines are used to draw such shapes as squares, rectangles, and triangles.

Archaeologist: A person who studies ancient peoples by fi nding and documenting the things they left behind. (Many archaeologists have excellent drawing skills.)

Architect: A person who uses artistic skills to plan and design buildings (or groups of buildings) and the surrounding property.

Art: (also called artwork) The creations (e.g., drawings and paintings) of artists who employ their abilities to make original works of art from the intellectual conception to a never-before-seen conclusion.

Artist: Somebody who works within one or more art disciplines (e.g., visual art, performance art, dance, writing, or music).

ArtSpeak: A fun word used to describe the vocabulary of art. An understanding of art-related words and terms enhances the comprehension of an art curriculum and helps make creative experiences more pleasurable (and less frustrating).

Atmospheric perspective: (also called aerial perspective) A visual depth of fi eld created by various particles in the atmosphere. As an object recedes farther into distant space, it becomes lighter in value and its edges become more blurred.

Avant-garde: The creation and application of new, original, and/or experimental ideas and techniques.

BBackground: (also called distant space) The sections of a drawing or painting that are farthest away from the viewer.

Balance: A stable arrangement of subjects and values within a drawing composition.

Ball of a nose: The large, central, rounded form of the lower half of the nose.

Base of a nose: (also called the septum) The part of the nose between the nostrils that connects the nose to the lower face above the upper lip.

Basic colors: The six most well-known colors: yellow, red, and blue (i.e., the primary colors) and orange, purple, and green (i.e., the secondary colors). A box of eight childrens crayons includes the basic colors and black and brown.

Binder: (also called a three-ring binder) A sturdy folder for organizing reference materials, lesson fi les, printed electronic books, and small drawings. Small drawings can be sprayed with a fi xative and inserted into three-ring, transparent vinyl sheet protectors before they are added to a binder.

Binding agent: (also called a binder) An ingredient in paint that solidifi es as it dries, thereby binding the pigment particles together so that the paint adheres to a surface. Binding agents are also added to powdered drawing mediums (such as charcoal) to compress them into solid cylindrical, square, and/or rectangular forms.

Black: The complete absence of light (e.g., a room in which there is no light source whatsoever). In painting, replicating black requires a mixture of paints that create the darkest possible value. In drawing, soft charcoal can make a powerful black.

Blending: The process of gently rubbing a section of shading with a blending tool (e.g., paper towel) to evenly distribute the medium over the papers surface.

Blending stump: (also called a tortillon, stump, or blender) A long, thin, cylindrical artists tool that is pointed at both ends and made of tightly wound paper or felt. Blending stumps are used to blend charcoal, graphite, and pastel drawings. When the tips become too dirty or dull to work properly, they can be sharpened. Blending stumps are sold in art supply stores and are available in small to large sizes. Big ones are great for large areas of shading, and the tiny ones work well for smaller, more detailed sections.

Blending tool: Anything that is used by an artist to blend a medium.

Blind contour drawing: A slightly unconventional method of creating a contour drawing in which artists look only at the subject and not at their drawing paper as they work. By visually following the edges of the subject while drawing, visual skills are strengthened.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

3Glossary of Art Terms

Blue: A primary color that represents tranquility, harmony, and peace. Think of a blue sky, a calm ocean, or an iceberg.

Bridge of a nose: (sometimes called the nasal bone) The section of a nose where the upper bony section joins the cartilage. While barely visible on young children, the bridge of an adult nose often protrudes as a noticeable bulge or bump. The contoured outline of the bridge is most obvious when the nose is viewed in profi le.

Bulls eye: The center section of a drawing space. A composition is weakened when the primary subject is drawn within the bulls eye.

Burnishing: The process of applying one or more layers of a dry medium (e.g., colored pencils or graphite) over another to lighten, darken, or blend the colors or values.

CCarbon pencil: A drawing medium that makes soft, velvety marks that are gorgeous for sketching.

Caricature: A type of cartoon, usually based on an actual person, with the individuals various characteristics and facial features exaggerated for comic effect.

Cartoon: A humorous, lighthearted, and/or satirical drawing or sketch.

Cast shadow: A dark section on an object or a surface adjacent to a subject that receives little or no direct light. The values of a cast shadow are darkest next to the object and become gradually lighter as they move farther away.

Chalk pastels: A drawing medium that is available in pencils and sticks. Colors can be dry mixed by layering one on top of another and can be easily blended for soft, realistic still-life subjects and portraits. The sharp corners and edges of sticks can be used to draw thin lines and the sides can make broad strokes.

Chalk: A drawing medium derived from various natural sources, including hematite, carbon, and calcite. Chalk is available in a broad range of natural browns and sepias that are ideal for rendering studies of great masters drawings.

Charcoal: A drawing medium made from a burnt organic material such as wood. Charcoal comes in various grades and is available in pencils, powder, and sticks.

Charcoal pencil: A thin cylindrical stick of compressed charcoal powder inside a wooden casing.

Charcoal powder: A powdered form of charcoal that works well for shading large areas of a drawing or preparing a base for drawing with erasers.

Charcoal sticks: A type of charcoal that is made by compressing powdered charcoal and a binding agent into cylindrical or rectangular sticks.

Chiaroscuro: A drawing and painting technique that was introduced during the Renaissance in which light and dark values are balanced to create the illusion of a three-dimensional reality.

Circle: A geometric shape in which all the points of its outline are an equal distance from its center point.

Circular shape: A shape created when the ends of a curved line meet (such as in the letter O). Circular shapes are often used to outline the forms of various objects and living beings.

Classical drawing: The drawing techniques invented by ancient Greeks and Romans for creating realistic drawings. Classical drawing was later enhanced by the great masters of the Renaissance.

Clay: A naturally occurring material that hardens when dried. Clay is mixed with graphite to make graphite mediums.

Clip: A tool usually made of metal that can be used indoors or outdoors to securely clamp sheets of paper to a drawing board. When artists draw outdoors, clips can prevent their drawings from falling on the ground or blowing away.

Clockwise: A circular direction or motion that follows the movement of the hands of a clock.

Collage: An artwork created by gluing a selection of objects (such as photographs, ribbons, and/or colored papers) to paper, board, or canvas.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

4 Introduction to Drawing

Color: The visual qualities of objects based on individual perceptions of their hues and values. Basic colors include yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, and green.

Color wheel: A method of arranging colors in a circular format to easily reference primary, secondary, intermediary, and complementary colors.

Colored pencils: A dry medium for creating colored drawings. Colored pencils come in a wide variety of qualities from student to professional. During the manufacturing process, various synthetic and/or organic pigments are added to binding agents and wax. The permanency rating of the pigment helps determine the quality of the pencils. Colored pencils are relatively inexpensive, not messy, and portable. They work equally well for subjects that are soft and delicate or bold and bright.

Commercial arts: A diverse range of artistic careers in which professional artists create artworks and/or typography for the production, manufacture, processing, promotion, or merchandising of products.

Commission: An order placed with an artist for an original work of art.

Complementary colors: A set of two very different colors that are directly opposite one another on a color wheel (e.g., red and green, yellow and purple, and orange and blue). When placed beside one other, these colors make one another seem brighter and more vibrant.

Composite art: The best-known discipline of forensic art in which the artist (often called a sketch artist) translates other peoples memories into drawings.

Composition: The arrangement of the various parts of a drawing subject within the borders of a drawing space.

Compound curve: A curved line that changes direction to travel in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions (e.g., the letter S).

Conservation framing: (also called preservation framing) The specifi c archival materials (e.g. museum quality archival glass) and techniques used in the process of framing an artwork to protect it from long-term deterioration or damage from environmental pollutants, acid, and light.

Cont crayon: A drawing medium in which pigments are mixed with non-adhesive binders and wax. Cont performs like a cross between a chalk pastel and a childs wax crayon.

Continuous line: A line that is rendered without lifting the medium from the drawing surface.

Contour: The outline of a shape or form (or a section of a shape or form).

Contour crosshatching: A highly effective classical shading technique for creating the illusion of three-dimensional forms.

Contour drawing: (noun) A drawing comprised of outlines that follow the contours of the edges of various components of a drawing subject. (verb) The process of creating a contour drawing.

Contour hatching: A classical shading technique in which sets of curved hatching lines follow the outlines, contours, and/or forms of the drawing subject and accentuate the illusion of a three-dimensional reality.

Contour lines: Lines formed when the shared edges of spaces and/or objects meet.

Contrast: The comparison of different values when put beside one another. Contrast is an invaluable tool for accentuating various components of composition.

Cool colors: The colors blue, green, and purple, as well as mixtures of any of these three colors with white or black or with one another. Cool colors are usually soothing and calming (e.g., colors that refl ect on snow and ice.)

Copyright: A form of protection that grants artists the exclusive right to sell, reproduce, or exhibit their own original artworks. In a country that has signed the Berne Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property (also known as the Berne Convention) artists automatically own the copyrights to their original creations from the moment each is completed.

Counterclockwise: (also called anticlockwise) A direction or motion that is opposite to the movement of the hands of a clock.

Cranial mass: (also called the cranium) The large upper section of the skull at the upper back of the head.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

5Glossary of Art Terms

Crosshatching: A shading technique in which sets of straight or curved lines cross over, overlap, crisscross, and/or cut through other sets.

Curved contour lines: Lines that follow the contours of a drawing subject and illustrate its three-dimensional forms.

Curved line: A line that curves or bends (e.g., the letters C and U). Curved lines can be drawn in any direction and be any length.

Curved-sided shapes: Shapes that are created with curved lines and have sections where two or more of the curved lines meet at a point or points (e.g., heart or teardrop shapes).

DDiagonal line: A line that is neither vertical nor horizontal but rather slants at an angle.

Diamond shape: A parallelogram in which a straight line drawn from two opposite points would be perpendicular to a line connecting the second set of opposite points.

Diptych: A set of two related paintings or drawings that come together as a single artwork.

Distant space: (also called the background) The sections of a drawing or painting that are farthest away from the viewer.

Drafting desk: (also called drafting table) An adjustable worktable with a slanted top.

Drawing: (noun) The image that results from the application of a medium to a surface. A drawing defi nes an artists choice of subjects from his or her own unique perspective. (verb) The process of applying a medium to a surface to create an image.

Drawing accessories: Any tools or products that enhance an artists drawing experiences.

Drawing board: An unbendable, portable, smooth surface used to support an artists sketchbook or drawing paper.

Drawing paper: An acid-free paper that is designed specifi cally for artists and is available in various types, weights, colors, textures, and sizes.

Drawing powder: Tiny loose particles of a dry drawing medium that have been broken down from a solid into a powder.

Drawing space: The area in which a drawing is rendered within a specifi c perimeter. It can be the shape of a sheet of paper itself or a shape outlined on paper, such as a square, rectangle, or circle.

Drawing stick: A drawing tool that is made by compressing and shaping a medium (e.g., cont crayon, chalk, oil or chalk pastels, graphite, or charcoal) into a cylindrical or rectangular chunk.

Dry media: Non-liquid drawing mediums (e.g., colored pencils, graphite, cont crayon, charcoal, and chalk).

Dry mixing: The process of using a dry medium (e.g., colored pencils) to mix two or more different colors together to make a new color.

Dry mount: The process of adhering paper artwork or photographs to a board by using dry adhesive substances, high heat, and/or a dry mount press.

Duct tape: (also called duck tape) A well-known strong, fl exible, fabric-backed sticky tape used for a vast range of professional and creative applications.

EEar: The organ for hearing in humans and many animals.

Ear canal: The opening to the inner ear.

Easel: An artists accessory often made from wood or metal that can be used to support a canvas when painting or a sheet of drawing paper attached to a drawing board when drawing. An easel can be any size from a simple tabletop collapsible tripod to a large, fl oor-to-ceiling studio type with a large base.

Egg tempera: A water-based paint that is made with an egg yolk binder.

Elements of art: The fundamental visual symbols found in visual art, including (but not limited to) line, shape, form, texture, and color.

Eye: The organ of sight and light sensitivity.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

6 Introduction to Drawing

Eyeball: (also called the white of the eye) The entire spherical section of an eye that is safely protected within an opening in the skull called the orbital socket.

Eyebrow: An arch-shaped group of hairs above the eye.

Eyelashes: Fine hairs that grow from the outer edges of the upper and lower eyelids.

FFacial expressions: Voluntary and involuntary movements of facial muscles in response to various emotions. As the facial muscles do their jobs, different sections of the face move and often create folds and wrinkles in the skin.

Facial features: The eyes, nose, and mouth.

Facial guidelines: Proportional guides that identify the approximate locations of human features and ears on an average head within specifi c spaces.

Facial mass: (also called the face or facial area) The lower frontal section of a human head.

Facial muscles: The muscles of a human face.

Facial slope: The angle of a persons head (excluding the nose) when viewed from the side from the forward projection at the base of the upper teeth upward to the forehead.

Feathered line: A series of short lines that appear to be a single line.

Figurative: The visual depiction of a human body in a drawing or painting.

Figure: The body of a human being.

Fixative spray: An aerosol liquid that is lightly sprayed on artworks to adhere a medium to paper and lessen the likelihood of smudging.

Focal point: (also called center of interest or center of focus) A term used to identify the most important element(s) in an artwork.

Folk art: A genre of art that depicts the traditional or indigenous lifestyle, customs, culture, and values of a specifi c society.

Foreground: The sections of an artwork that are closest to the viewer. Subjects in the foreground are usually rendered with more detail and a greater contrast of values than those in the middle ground or background.

Forensic art: Artistic techniques used by police departments and investigative agencies in the identifi cation, apprehension, or conviction of wanted or missing persons.

Foreshortening: A component of perspective that describes the visual distortion of objects and living beings when viewed from extreme angles. The word foreshortening applies to a single object or fi gure whereas the word perspective refers to an entire scene.

Form: An element of art that is created in drawings and paintings by using shading and/or colors to transform shapes into three-dimensional structures.

Fresco: (also called a mural) An artwork painted on a thin layer of plaster that covers a wall or ceiling. Frescoes that date back more than 3,500 years have been discovered in Greece. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (in Rome) is also a fresco that was painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512.

Friable: The extent to which a dry drawing medium crumbles or breaks. Drawings created with friable mediums are usually sprayed with a fi xative to prevent the medium from eventually falling off the paper.

GGeometric perspective: (also called linear perspective) A precise drawing technique to render a visual depth of fi eld with a horizon line, vanishing point(s), and perspective lines. As an object appears to recede into distant space, it becomes progressively smaller until it seems to vanish into a vanishing point.

Gesture sketch: A quickly rendered sketch that uses simple sketching techniques to capture the energy of the past, present, or potential movements of living beings.

Golden Mean: (also called the Golden Ratio or Divine Ratio) A mathematical formula devised by the ancient Greeks and used to create a balanced composition through the strategic placement of focal points.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

7Glossary of Art Terms

Grade: The softness or hardness of the mixture used in the manufacture of drawing mediums.

Graduation: (also called gradient, graduated shading, or graduated values) A continuous, seamless progression of values from dark to light or light to dark.

Graphite: A soft black form of opaque carbon found in nature that is usually mixed with clay in the manufacture of various types of drawing tools for artists.

Green: A secondary color made with yellow and blue that is soothing, nurturing, and calming, and symbolizes nature, good luck, youth, and generosity.

Grid: A precise arrangement of a specifi c number of squares of exact sizes proportionately drawn on both a photo and a drawing surface.

Gum arabic: A binding agent that is added to various media to improve the bonding properties of their ingredients.

HHandmade paper: Any type of paper that is made without modern technology or machinery.

Hardcover: A durable type of book cover that is made from a thick and unbendable material.

Hardness: The numerical rating of H-grade media according to their ingredients. Harder mixtures have higher numbers.

Hatching: A series of lines (called a set) drawn closely together to give the illusion of values. Depending on the shading effects desired, the individual lines in hatching sets can be far apart or close together.

Heightening: The technique of applying a light pigment (e.g., white chalk) to sections of a drawing to enhance the illusion of mass, form, and light.

Hematite: The ingredient in natural red chalk that determines its specifi c hue.

Heptagon: A straight-sided shape with seven sides and seven angles.

Hexagon: A straight-sided shape with six sides and six angles.

High contrast: Shading that is created by drawing the darkest values adjacent to the highlights and lightest values.

High Renaissance: (also see Renaissance) The styles and techniques of the early sixteenth-century paintings of Florence and Rome characterized by technical mastery and humanistic content.

Highlight: A small section of a drawing subject that is rendered with white or a very light value to identify the brightest area where light bounces off its surface. Highlights are more pronounced on shiny or glistening surfaces than those surfaces that are dull or matte.

History: A written record of the past usually about the lives and activities of human beings and their environments.

Horizon line: (also called eye level) An imaginary horizontal line that exists at the viewers eye level and divides the line of vision. The artist controls whether the viewer looks at the artwork at eye level or downward or upward. The viewers eye level is based on where the horizon line is drawn.

Horizontal: A fl at surface or line that is at a right angle to vertical lines and is parallel to a level surface.

Horizontal line: A geometric object that is at a right angle to a vertical line and parallel to a level surface.

Hot pressed: A type of paper that is pressed through hot cylinders during its manufacture. Many smooth watercolor papers are hot pressed.

Hue: Another word for a color (e.g., red, purple, or teal).

IIcon: A visual image or a graphic symbol that is used to identify information or a specifi c task. For example, icons can identify sidebars in books or specifi c functions on computer display screens.

Illustration: An image that is used to enhance a book or publication and/or to help explain textual concepts. For example, illustrations are used throughout many books to further the readers comprehension of an idea.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

8 Introduction to Drawing

Illustrative realism: A style of art often used by commercial artists (such as illustrators, designers, and graphic artists) in which subjects are rendered with techniques, such as unrealistic outlines, to help the image stand out strongly in digital and printed documents.

Image modifi cation: An artistic technique used by forensic artists to modify an image. The process can be as simple as adding or removing a beard or mustache from a photograph of a suspect, or as complicated as drawing an entire face hidden behind a ski mask by referring to nothing more than a video image.

Impressionism: A style of painting (and drawing) originating in France in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that sought to capture a visual impression of a subject rather than its objective reality.

In-home studio: A personal drawing place within (or adjacent to) an artists home. An ideal in-home studio has adequate space for the artist and his or her art supplies. It can range from a small section of a table to a large, fully equipped professional art studio.

Ink: A thin liquid (usually black or colored) that is applied to a surface with a brush or pen to write, paint, or draw. Inks have been used by artists for hundreds of years. Most Renaissance pen and ink drawings were rendered with black and/or various shades of brown, red, and orange. The most popular inks for traditional and classical drawing are India, Chinese, and Bistro.

Inner corner of an eye: A small, reddish, triangular or oval-shaped form in the inside corner of the eye close to the nose.

Intensity: The brightness or dullness of a color.

Intermediary colors: Colors that are created by combining secondary colors.

Iris: The colored circular section of an eyeball surrounding the pupil.

JJuxtaposition: An aspect of composition that refers to the close placement of elements in order to compare or contrast their relationships and/or enhance the message or meaning of the artwork. Artists can put two or more objects together that have opposite associations or interpretations (e.g., putting something new and shiny beside an object that is old and weathered).

KKey: The overall amount of light and dark values in a drawing.

Kneaded eraser: A versatile, soft, pliable type of eraser used to erase parts of a drawing or to gently pat a drawing medium to make a lighter value or line.

LLandscape: A drawing or painting depicting an expanse of natural scenery that includes some components of land such as trees, mountains, or beaches.

Landscape format: (also called horizontal format) A rectangular drawing space that is rotated so the two longer sides are at the top and bottom.

Leadpoint: An ancient drawing tool made of lead or a lead alloy that left marks on unprepared paper. Lead produced a beautiful faint line that could be erased.

Left brain: The left hemisphere of the brain, which controls analytical, mathematical, and verbal thinking.

Level: The comparison of one horizontal surface or line to another or others.

Life drawing: (noun) An artwork created by using living beings as references rather than objects. (verb) The process of drawing from a living being rather than a photo or sketch.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

9Glossary of Art Terms

Light source: The direction from which a dominant light originates. A light source identifi es the light and shadow areas of a drawing subject allowing artists to know where to add light or dark lines and values in their artworks.

Line: A visually identifi able path of a point moving in space. Straight, angle, and curved lines can vary in width, direction, and length, and are used in drawings to visually separate and/or defi ne the forms of a drawing subject.

Line drawing: An artwork created with only lines. A line drawing aims to accurately outline the contours of the various shapes and/or forms of a drawing subject.

Line of symmetry: A real or imaginary line dividing an object or drawing space into two equal sections. In a drawing, the outline on one side of the line of symmetry needs to be a mirror image of the other side.

Lineweight: (also called the weight of a line) The value and/or width of a line.

Low contrast: Shading with a limited range of values.

Lower eyelid: The fold of skin that protects the lower section of the eyeball. The lower eyelid cannot move without help from facial muscles around the eye.

MManga: A Japanese word for comic book that refers to a popular style of cartooning that originated in Japan. Manga also refers to reprints of Japanese comics that are translated from Japanese into other languages (including English).

Manikin: An accurately proportioned male or female model that can be bent and contorted into various poses. Many manikins are designed specifi cally for artists as references for practicing fi gurative drawings and/or establishing accurate human proportions for a specifi c pose in an artwork. Manikins of animals are also available.

Markers: Disposable drawing and writing tools with a soft tip often made of felt that are fi lled with a colored or black liquid or ink. Markers are available with tips of many sizes from very fi ne to large.

Master: A term of respect and honor earned by accomplished artists with exemplary skills in their specifi c discipline.

Matte: A surface texture that is dull and lusterless that often has additional characteristics such as smooth or rough. Many fabrics, rocks, and unfi nished wood have a matte texture.

Mechanical pencil: A drawing tool with an internal mechanism that pushes a thin graphite lead placed in a tiny tube inside the holder upward through the tip.

Medium: An art material, such as clay, paint, or graphite, that is used to make art. Almost anything can be an art medium, from the burnt end of a stick to a computer software program.

Mediums: (also called media) More than one medium.

Metalpoint: A drawing tool, popular during the Renaissance, that was made from a relatively soft metal, such as lead, silver, gold, or copper.

Mixed lineweight: A single contour line made up of a combination of different lineweights (e.g., thick, thin, light, and/or dark).

Mixed media: An artwork created with two or more different mediums.

Modernism: A style of art that makes a distinctive break away from all previous genres.

Monochromatic: A drawing or painting that is rendered with a range of values (or tints) of a single color.

Mummy portrait: A painting of a man, woman, or child that was attached to the face of a burial mummy. Many date back to the Roman occupation of Egypt.

Mural: A drawing or painting on a wall, ceiling, or other large surface.

NNegative space: The area, space, or background that visually surrounds or appears behind an object, person, or another space.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

10 Introduction to Drawing

Newsprint: An inexpensive paper that is not acid-free and is generally used for printing newspapers. Newsprint is not recommended for drawing because it is very thin, tears easily, and quickly yellows due to its acidic content.

Nose: The organ of smell and the entrance to the respiratory tract.

Nostrils: The two openings on the lower section of a nose.

OOctagon: An eight-sided shape with eight angles.

Oil paint: (also called oil or oils) A painting medium that is made by mixing a fi nely ground adhesive pigment with an oil binder. Oil paint was the primary painting medium of the High Renaissance and has continued to dominate painting for the past 500 years. Oil-based paints take much longer to dry than acrylics but offer a greater ease of manipulation, and their colors change very little when dry.

Oil painting: A work of art created by applying oil paints to a surface (such as canvas, heavy linen, or board).

Oil pastels: A dry drawing and painting medium in which pigments are mixed with a very dense oil binder. Oil pastels are available in cylindrical and rectangular sticks covered with a thin paper. Oil solvents (such as turpentine) can be brushed on an oil pastel drawing to blend the colors for a more painterly appearance.

One-point perspective: The technique of using a single vanishing point to create the illusion of a straight-on view into distant space. One-point perspective occurs when a face of an object (such as a cube) is closer to the viewer than its sides.

Opaque: A medium or material through which light cannot be detected.

Optical illusion: (also called a visual illusion) An image that differs from objective reality, but, when processed by the subconscious, is interpreted as reality.

Orange: A secondary color created with yellow and red. Orange is energetic, vibrant, and fl amboyant.

Orbital socket: (also called the orbital cavity) The protective bone cavity of the face that keeps the eyeball protected.

Original: An artwork (such as a painting or drawing) that was created by an artist who was the fi rst to bring the work from its intellectual conception to its creative conclusion. There can never be more than one original; however, reproductions can be made (by the artist or with the written permission of the artist) by replicating the original image.

Oval: (also called an ellipse) An elongated circle.

Overlapping: A component of perspective and composition used to create or enhance the illusion of a three-dimensional reality on a two-dimensional surface by rendering a subject so it visually appears to be in front of another subject.

PPaint: An art medium (e.g., watercolor, oil, or acrylic) that is made by mixing pigment with a thick or thin liquid. Paint is applied to a surface (e.g., paper, fabric, or board) with a tool (e.g., brush, palette knife, or fi ngers) to create a painting.

Painter: A person who paints.

Painting: An artistic composition created by applying a liquid medium (e.g., paint or ink) to a surface.

Parallel: Two or more straight lines that slant in the exact same direction and can extend to infi nity without ever intersecting.

Parallelogram: A four-sided shape with two sets of parallel sides that are equal in length and in which the opposite angles are identical.

Parchment: (also called vellum) An ancient drawing or writing surface made from calf, sheep, or goat skin that was widely used before paper was easily available. Contemporary artists generally prefer a synthetic parchment paper, which is much less expensive, more readily available, and is not made from animal skins.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

11Glossary of Art Terms

Pastels: Dry drawing mediums available in either sticks or pencils that are manufactured by mixing dry, powdered pigments with binding agents. Artworks created with pastels can be called sketches, drawings, or paintings.

Pattern: The visual arrangement of the different values of a drawing subject as represented by lines and/or shading.

Pencil: A broad category of writing and drawing tools that have a medium inside a holder. It wasnt until the end of the nineteenth century that pencil defi ned a stick of graphite encased in a cylindrical piece of wood.

Pens: Disposable, refi llable, or rechargeable drawing tools used for commercial art, sketching, and drawing.

Pentagon: A straight-sided shape with fi ve sides and fi ve angles.

Perpendicular: A straight line (real or imaginary) that meets (or intersects) another straight line to form at least one ninety-degree angle.

Perspective: (also called geometric or linear perspective) A technique made up of a precise series of rules that makes subjects in drawings appear to recede into distant space.

Perspective lines: Imaginary straight lines that extend from the edges of drawing subjects back to a vanishing point (or points) on the horizon line.

Photorealism: A genre of drawing and painting based on photographs that are used by the artist as references to create a highly realistic artwork with photographic qualities.

Pigment: The colored material that is mixed with dry or liquid mediums to create the colors in a colored artwork.

Pointillism: A method of drawing or painting with several layers of small colored dots, strokes, or individual brushstrokes. When viewed from a distance, the dots in pointillist paintings and drawings appear to blend together to create the illusion of depth, visual masses, and forms. Nineteenth-century French impressionistic artists (including George Seurat and Paul Signac) helped this genre to become a highly respected style of painting and (more recently) drawing.

Polychromatic: An artwork created with several different colors.

Portable studio: Drawing or painting materials that are packed in an easily transportable container used for creating art at locations beyond ones home.

Portfolio: A hard-sided case in which artists transport and store paintings, drawings, sheets of drawing paper, and/or their portfolio of work.

Portfolio of work: A body of work (i.e., drawings, paintings, and designs) created by an artist for self-promotion and/or to supplement applications for career advancement opportunities, such as educational upgrades or gallery exhibitions.

Portrait: An artwork depicting a likeness to the face (and sometimes the entire body) of a person or animal.

Portrait format: (also called vertical format) A rectangular drawing space that is rotated so the two shorter sides are at the top and bottom.

Positive space: The space occupied by an object or living being and/or its various parts.

Post-mortem reconstruction: Artistic and scientifi c techniques used by forensic artists to sculpt a three-dimensional head and face from a skull.

Pouncing: A technique that was most popular during the Renaissance for transferring the outlines of an image to another surface (e.g., transferring a drawing on paper to a canvas or wall). First, the outline of the image is perforated with a series of tiny holes and placed on or taped to the fi nal surface. A fi ne powder (such as charcoal powder) is sprinkled (or sometimes gently rubbed) over the image outlines causing some of the powder to fall through the holes onto the new surface. The original image is removed to reveal guidelines on the new surface for creating another drawing or painting of the image.

Powdered: A drawing medium (e.g., graphite) that has been ground into a fi ne powder.

Prehistoric: The period in time before language was used to write and record history. Prehistoric humans drew pictures on many surfaces, including the walls of caves.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

12 Introduction to Drawing

Prepared paper: A paper with a surface that has been coated with a substance that seals, colors, and/or alters its absorbency and/or tooth. The surface of many drawing papers used during the fi fteenth century was coated with several layers of white lead and ground bone that was tinted with a pigment and then tempered with glue sizing.

Primary colors: There are three primary colors: yellow, red, and blue. All other colors originate from primary colors and no combinations of other colors can make primary colors. Primary colors are high-intensity and go well together to create a drawing that looks incredibly bright. By mixing the primary colors with other colors in various combinations, millions of different colors can be created.

Primary focal point: The single most important center of interest (or focus) in a drawing. For example, in a drawing of an animal, it may be the eyes, the entire face, or a whole section of the body that is especially fascinating.

Proportion: The relationship in size between two or more components of an artwork.

Pupil of an eye: The dark circular shape within the iris that adjusts its size under different lighting conditions.

Purple: A secondary color that is spiritual, mysterious, and exotic, and represents royalty, nobility, and enlightenment. Some purples made with more red than blue fall into the category of warm colors.

QQuill: A pen made from a feather. The hard, hollow straw of the feather is dipped in ink and then scratched across a surface. Quills were a popular drawing tool during the Renaissance and were usually made from goose, swan, or turkey feathers.

RRealism: A style of art in which living beings and objects are represented in an artwork as they appear in real life without stylization or distortion.

Realistic sculpture: A three-dimensional art form that portrays recognizable shapes, objects, or people.

Ream: A unit of 500 sheets of paper used to calculate a papers weight.

Rectangle: A parallelogram with four straight sides, four right angles, and unequal adjacent sides.

Red: A primary color considered to be the warmest and most energetic color. It is associated with love, energy, and danger (as in a red traffi c light).

Red chalk: (also called sanguine) A drawing medium made from a combination of clay and hematite (also known as iron). Leonardo da Vinci is thought to be the fi rst artist to use red chalk extensively for drawing toward the end of the fi fteenth century.

Refl ected light: A faint light refl ected or bounced back on an object from nearby surfaces.

Renaissance: (from the French word for rebirth) A period in European history from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth century. The era is defi ned by great advances in education and intellectual pursuits and great social and political upheaval. During these centuries, visual art developed more than at any other time since the beginning of history. Between 1480 and 1527, during the period known as the High Renaissance, many of historys most renowned artists created some of the greatest masterpieces in the history of art.

Render: The process of making or creating something. For example, an artist can render a sketch by drawing lines on a sheet of paper.

Resource fi les: (also called resources) A collection of information (such as books, articles, photos, and digital images) used by artists as references for writing about and/or creating art.

Right angle: A geometric object that is formed when two straight perpendicular lines meet at a ninety-degree angle.

Right brain: The right hemisphere of the brain, which controls perceptive and visual functions. The creative and insightful right brain interprets abstract connections between lines, shapes, and spaces in a non-narrative context to help the artist see proportions.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

13Glossary of Art Terms

Romanticism: A genre of art during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization.

Rough: The surface features of abrasive, lumpy, irregular, or jagged objects.

Rough sketch: A quickly rendered visual notation of an image or idea that illustrates the important elements of a subject using very few details. Rough sketches can capture a pose or gesture, establish values, suggest proportions, and/or arrange the major components of a composition.

Rule of thirds: A compositional formula that identifi es four ideal locations within a rectangular drawing space for a focal point. The rule of thirds is a variation of an old traditional compositional formula known as the Golden Mean.

SSandpaper block: An artists tool with tear-off sheets of fi ne sandpaper used to sharpen the points of pencils.

Score: To cut slightly but not sever. Cardboard or matboard should be scored less than halfway into its total thickness.

Sculptor: An artist who creates sculptures. A well-known sculptor of the Renaissance was Michelangelo (14751564) who created the statue of David.

Sculpture: A three-dimensional artwork that is made of a material such as wood, bronze, rock, or marble.

Secondary colors: The colors orange, green, and purple that are created by mixing two primary colors together.

Secondary focal point: One or more centers of interest in a drawing composition that are signifi cant but not quite as important as the primary focal point.

Sepia: The popular brown colors used in various media. The word sepia (derived from Latin and Greek words for cuttlefi sh) was used in the Renaissance to describe an artists brownish-gray pigment made from the dried ink sacs of cuttlefi sh and squid.

Sepia ink: A thin, brown liquid medium used for painting, writing, and/or creating drawings with refi llable and/or rechargeable pens.

Set of lines: A grouping of several lines used to create shading.

Set of straight lines: A grouping of two or more vertical, horizontal, or diagonal straight lines often drawn parallel to one another.

Shading: The process of adding values to a drawing so as to create the illusion of texture, form, and/or three-dimensional space.

Shading map: (also called a value map) A plan (or blueprint) for adding shading to a drawing. The shapes of various values are identifi ed and lightly outlined on the drawing paper before the shading is added.

Shadow: A dark area on an object or living being that receives little to no light.

Shape: A two-dimensional geometrical object that can serve as the outline of a three-dimensional object. For example, a circle is the shape of a sphere.

Sharpener: A tool for sharpening pencils. An ideal sharpener for artists is hand held, made of metal, and has two openings (for regular and oversized pencils).

Shiny: A texture that has highlights refl ecting off its surface. Shiny objects can be glossy or highly polished such as the surface of a shiny new penny or polished brass.

Sidebar: A section of text in a document that provides additional information about a topic. Many instructional art books have sidebars that provide readers with defi nitions of art-related words and terms.

Single curved line: (also called a simple curved line) A curved line that curves in only one direction either clockwise or counterclockwise.

Sketch: (noun) A simple representation, outline, or drawing that captures the integral aspects of a subject quickly and effi ciently. (verb) The process of rendering a sketch.

Sketchbook: Several sheets of drawing paper that are bound together and contained within a soft or hard cover.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

14 Introduction to Drawing

Smooth: A texture with very few surface features. A hand run over a smooth surface will feel little or no unevenness or roughness.

Softcover: A fl exible book cover that is usually made of paper.

Softness: The numerical rating of B-grade media according to their ingredients. Softer mixtures have higher numbers.

Sphere: A perfectly round geometric object (a three-dimensional circle) in which all points on the surface are the same distance from the center point. Balls and globes are examples of spheres.

Spiral line: A curved line that can never meet itself to form a shape. It can continue in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction and simply becomes larger (or smaller) and less (or more) curved the longer it gets.

Spray fi xative: A transparent aerosol coating that is sprayed onto an artwork to help prevent smudging.

Square: A parallelogram with four straight sides that are the same length and four right angles.

Squirkles: Randomly drawn, overlapping curved lines and shapes that are used to create a shading technique called squirkling.

Squirkling: A shading technique in which randomly drawn, overlapping curved lines and shapes (called squirkles) create values.

Sticks: A type of drawing tool in which a medium is compressed into a block or cylindrical sticks. Sticks come in various sizes, which make them highly adaptable for diverse mark-making styles and techniques. Large sticks are great for large sketches, and smaller sticks work well for smaller works.

Still life: An artwork that depicts representational, inanimate objects such as fruit, fl owers, or bottles.

Stippling: (also called stipple or stippled) A shading technique in which a series of dots are arranged in groups to create the illusion of values.

Storage portfolio: A hard-sided foldable case in which artists store drawings and sheets of drawing paper to protect them from damage.

Straight line: A geometrical object that provides the shortest connection between any two points. Straight lines can be rendered thick or thin, long or short, and drawn in any direction. They are categorized into three basic types: vertical (straight up and down and at a right angle to a horizontal line), horizontal (level and at a right angle to a vertical line), and diagonal (slanting or sloping at an angle).

Straight-sided shape: A geometric object such as a square, rectangle, or triangle that is created when three or more straight lines connect to form a shape.

Stump: A pointed, solid stick of soft paper or leather that is used for blending and shading drawings.

Style: An artists individual approach to his or her own art. An artists style is defi ned by an accumulation of her/his inherent preferences, life experiences, artistic philosophy, personal goals, and academic background. When an artists personal style is critiqued and/or examined by others, the resulting label may focus more on a particular historical period or artistic movement than the artists true style.

Stylus: (also called leadpoint or metalpoint) A thin metal stick used for drawing. It was most often cast with a fi ne point at one end and a blunter point at the opposite end so as to provide artists with the creative freedom to vary the width of their lines as they worked. A stylus leaves a thin deposit of metal on the surface of paper producing a very fi ne line. Silver was very popular with Renaissance artists because it eventually tarnished and took on a beautiful, luminous, brown tonality.

Subject: Any object or living being that an artist chooses to represent in an artwork.

Symmetry: An arrangement of lines, shapes, and/or values on opposite sides of an often imaginary center line that appear to be duplications or mirror images of one another. Both sides are said to be symmetrical.

TTalent: A process of self-discovery throughout which artists acknowledge their interest and motivation to become exceptional in a specifi c area.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

15Glossary of Art Terms

Technical pens: Drawing tools available in both refi llable and pre-fi lled (disposable) holders that work beautifully for creating the sharp, even lines used for detailed drawings, drafting, graphic design, and commercial art.

Technique: A well-known method (e.g., a specifi c way to do shading) that is used to accomplish a particular activity or task.

Text: The words used in writing.

Texture: The surface details of an object that can be identifi ed by sight, touch, and/or a general knowledge of the subject.

Thumbnail: A preliminary sketch (often smaller than the planned size of the fi nal drawing) rendered before an artist begins a drawing that is designed to work through potential problems with composition, values, perspective, and/or proportions.

Tone: (also called value) The degree of lightness or darkness of an area in an artwork. Tone varies from the bright white of a light source through shades of gray to the deepest black shadows.

Tooth: The surface texture of paper. Paper with a smooth tooth is fl at with a silky texture; medium tooth is uneven with a slightly rough texture; and coarse tooth is bumpy with a very rough texture.

Torso: The primary structure of a human body to which the head, arms, and legs are connected.

Traditional realist: An artist who prefers to draw subjects as they exist in reality.

Trapezoid: A four-sided shape in which only two sides are parallel.

Triangle: A shape with three straight sides and three angles.

Triptych: An artwork consisting of three related paintings or drawings.

UUnderdrawing: A loosely rendered sketch or drawing created as a guide for a fi nal artwork.

Unity: A balanced composition in which the various components of a subject come together to create a sense of harmonious integration.

Upper eyelid: A fold of skin that opens and closes automatically (blinking) to protect the eyeball.

VValues: The various shades of gray in an artwork. A broad range of values can be achieved by using various grades of a medium and by varying the density of the shading lines and the pressure used when applying the medium to a surface.

Value scale: A range of different values that are drawn in order from light to dark or from dark to light.

Vanishing point: (also called VP) An imaginary point (or points) on the horizon line where perspective lines converge.

Vertical line: A geometric object that is straight up and down and at a right angle to a level surface.

Viewfi nder frame: An adjustable, see-through frame that allows artists to look at a subject from various viewpoints. A viewfi nder frame is invaluable when planning a composition for any type of drawing or painting (e.g., portraits, fi gures, and landscapes). An easily constructed viewfi nder frame consists of two adjustable L-shaped pieces of heavy paper, cardboard, or matboard that are held together with paper clips.

Vinyl eraser: A soft white eraser with a plastic-like texture used for erasing sections of drawings.

Vision: (1) The ability to see. (2) An artists creative aspirations.

Visual art: Artworks that can be appreciated with the sense of sight (e.g., drawings, paintings, and sculptures).

Visual perception: The ability to use ones eyesight to interpret information in ones surroundings.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

16 Introduction to Drawing

WWarm colors: The colors yellow, orange, and red, as well as mixtures of any of these three colors with white or black or with one other. Warm colors are usually invigorating (e.g., the colors of fi re).

Weight of paper: The thickness of individual sheets of paper. Thin paper weighs very little but is easily torn and damaged. Thick paper is more durable than thin because it weighs more.

White of the eye: The large visible section of an eyeball that is light in value and color but is not really white.

Wings of a nose: The two softly rounded (often triangular shaped) forms extending from the sides of the ball of the nose.

Wood-encased pencil: (also called a wooden pencil) A drawing or writing tool with a thin cylindrical stick of medium held inside a wooden casing.

Woodless pencil: A thick cylindrical stick of graphite wrapped in a vinyl casing. Woodless pencils are ideal for large graphite drawings needing wider strokes than regular pencils can provide. When sharpened, they can also make thin lines.

YYellow: A primary color that is bright, cheery, and powerful. It is the color of happiness, sunshine, and many fl owers (e.g., daffodils).

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

17Traveling Back in Time with Graphite

As a drawing medium, graphite has survived the test of time. Many graphite drawings created hundreds of years ago are safely tucked away in museums and art galleries all over the world.

How the Lead Pencil Got its NameLong before the discovery of graphite, artists made drawings with small thin rods made from a soft metal. Styluses made of lead (called leadpoint) have been traced back to ancient Rome (Figure 1).

A stylus worked by leaving a thin deposit of metal on paper that had been coated with a slightly rough surface. A leadpoint would produce a gray line.

Clay: A naturally occurring material that becomes hardened when dried. Drawing: (noun) The image that results from the application of a medium to a surface. (verb) The process of applying a medium to a surface to create an image.Graphite: A soft black form of opaque carbon found in nature that is usually mixed with clay in the manufacture of various types of drawing tools for artists. Medium: An art material, such as clay, paint, or graphite used to make art. Almost anything can be an art medium, from the burnt end of a stick to a computer software program. Pencil: A broad category of writing and drawing tools that have a medium inside a holder. Stylus: (also called leadpoint or metalpoint) A thin metal rod or stick used for drawing.

ArtSpeak

Figure 1

Traveling Back in Time with Graphite

A few fun tidbits of information about the history of graphite

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

Resource

18 Introduction to Drawing

Some styluses had a fi ne point at one end and a blunter point at the opposite end so artists could draw both thin and thick lines.

Leadpoint is considered the ancestor of the modern graphite pencil. The term lead pencil is often incorrectly used to describe graphite pencils that are made of graphite and clay (and contain no lead whatsoever). Graphite pencils do, however, produce a warm-toned gray line that looks very similar to the marks made by leadpoint.

During the Renaissance, styluses were made from lead, silver, gold, or copper. The great masters created many beautiful intricate drawings with only a stylus. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Albrecht Duerer (1471-1528) are considered to be masters of silverpoint work.

Master: A term of respect and honor earned by accomplished artists with exemplary skills in their specifi c disciplines. Quill: A pen made from a feather. The hard, hollow straw of the feather is dipped in ink and then scratched across a surface. Quills were a popular drawing tool during the Renaissance, and were usually made from goose, swan, or turkey feathers. Renaissance: (from the French word for rebirth) A period in European history from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth century. The era is defi ned by great advances in education and intellectual pursuits and great social and political upheaval. During these centuries, visual art developed more than at any other time since the beginning of history. Sketch: (noun) A simple representation, outline, or drawing that captures the integral aspects of a subject quickly and effi ciently, and often serves as a preliminary drawing for a more detailed drawing. (verb) The process of rendering a sketch.Underdrawing: A loosely rendered sketch usually created as a guide for a fi nal artwork.Visual art: Artworks that can be appreciated with the sense of sight (e.g., drawings, paintings, and sculptures).

ArtSpeak

Figure 2

Artists also used styluses to do underdrawings for more detailed drawings or paintings. When you look closely at old pen and ink drawings, you can often fi nd a few faint remnants of underdrawings. Examine a graphite drawing meticulously copied from a quill and ink drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (Figure 2).

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

19Traveling Back in Time with Graphite

As an Aside

Check out two close-up views of this drawing; a few faint lines of an underdrawing are marked with arrows (Figures 3 and 4).

The Link Between Graphite and SheepA large graphite deposit was discovered in England sometime between 1500 and 1560. Farmers are thought to be the fi rst people who found a practical use for graphite. They used a lump of graphite to mark their sheep so they could easily identify their fl ocks.

Leonardo (14521519) was born in Vinci, not far from Florence, Italy. He thus became known as Leonardo da Vinci. Many students of art refer to Leonardo da Vinci simply as da Vinci, which in essence is the same as calling you by the name of the place where you were born rather than your actual name.

Figure 3 Figure 4

As an Aside

Between 1480 and 1527, during a time remembered as the High Renaissance, many of historys most renowned artists created some of the greatest masterpieces in the history of art. Today, this rebirth (also referred to as new birth) continues its growth with a resurgence of the learning and teaching of traditional drawing techniques in home, recreational, and academic learning environments.

Copyright 2012 Drawspace Publishing and Brenda Hoddinott. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transferred, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, digital, mechanical, recording, photographing, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Brenda Hoddinott and Drawspace Publishing.

20 Introduction to Drawing

As an Aside

A cartoon sheep proudly displays a b