DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL RIG (CONSTANT HEAD TANK)

By

LINUS .A. OGBICHE 2003/15600EM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGERIA.

NOVEMBER, 2008

,

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT10N OF AN EXPERIMENTAL RIG (CONSTANT I-lEAD TANK)

By

LINUS .A. OGBICHE 2003115600EM

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE.

NOVEMBER, 2008

DECLARATION

I, LINUS .A. OGBICHE hereby affirm that this project "design and

construction of a constant head tank" has not been submitted anywhere else

before neither has it been wholly or partially presented for any other degree. All

sources of information have been duly acknowledged by means of references.

~'Jo/IO/~~ DATE LINUS .A. OGBICHE

CEHTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project title "Design and Construction of

constant head tank" by Linus .A. Ogbiche meets the regulation governing the

award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (B . Eng) of the Federal

University Technology, Minna and is approved for its contribution of

knowledge and literacy presentation.

PROF. M.B ADEYEMI

Project Supervisor

OF. R.H. KHAN of Department

Projec~ Coordinator

External Examiner

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", · 6. ~--.-.; 'Uf!t'! o,?

Signature and Date

Signature and Date

Signature and Date

Signature and Date

DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to my loving parent Mr and Mrs M. Ogbiche for

their aspiration, encouragement, financial and moral suppor. towards the

completion of my degree programme.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity of saying that my grateful thanks is

due to the Almighty God for his help in making the journey so far a success.

My immense, profound and special gratitude goes to my dear parents Mr.

and Mrs Ogbiche for their immeasurable and appreciable contributions towards

. my education right from the beginning. May God in his infinite mercy grant you

long life and I pray that you shall reap the fruit of your labour (Amen).

My special thanks goes to my Supervisor Prof. M.B. Adeyemi for his

initiation on this project. Despite his tight schedule, he found time to read,

correct and give advice on this project.

I appreciate all technologist in the department of mechanical engineering

for their technical advice.

I am obliged to express my gratitude to the following people for their

moral, spiritual and financial support Engr. Patric, Sister Rose, Mark, Austin

and Victoria.

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ABSTRACT

This project is aimed at the construction of a constant head tank (experimental rig) for use in

mechanical engineering laboratory to carry out experiments. The constant head tank is an

assembly ofthree tanks connected with pipes, so that fluid can flow through the set-up by the

application of pressure through a centrifugal pump and by gravity. The calibration of

collecting tank was achieved with a straight line graph which can be used to determine the

volume of water to discharge at different time internal. The coefficient of discharge obtained

from the experiment are 0.68, 0.732. 0.611 and 0.770 at different pressure head and the

coefficient of velocity are 0.855, 0.918, 0.832, 0.914 and 0.848 at different heads

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NOMENCLATURE

Unless otherwise stated, the following symbols and abbreviation are used

in this project

P = Pressure

H = constant head

h = height

g = acceleration due to gravity

Cy = coefficient of velocity

Cd = coefficient of discharge

Cc = coefficient of contraction

a = cross - sectional area of orifice

t = time

x = horizontal distance travelled by the water jet

y = vertical distance travelled by the water jet

QACT = Actual discharge rate

QTHE = theoretical discharge i"ate

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION

CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

NOMENCLATURE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

. CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Defination of an experiment

1.2 Importance of experiment

1.3 Criteria to consider in selecting an experiment

1.4 Constant head apparatus (tank)

1.5 Scope of the project

1.6 Aim and objectives of project

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11

III

IV

V

VI

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3

3

4

4

5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Historical Background

2.2 Importance of a constant head apparatus

2.3 Orifice

2.3.1 Classification Of Orifice (By R. k. Rajput, 2004)

2.3.2 Flow through an orifice

2.4 Hydraulic coefficients of orifices

2.4.1 Coefficient of Contraction

2.4.2 Coefficient of Velocity

2.4.3 Coefficient of Discharge

2.4.4 Relationship Between The Upstream Edge of The Orifice and The

Coefficients

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Theory of design and analysis/ methodology

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Application of Bernoulli's Equation

3.3 Theory of water discharged through an orifice mounted on the side of a

constant head tank

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6

6

7

7

7

8

9

9

10

10

Hydraulic

11

12

12

12

16

· 3.4 Design principle and considerations 17

3.5 Description of the constant head apparatus 18

3.6 Manufacturing process 19

3.6.1 Tank Manufacturing Method 20

3.6.2 Orifice manufacturing Method 21

'3.6.3 Structural Design and Installations 22

3.6.4 Plumbing Work of the Project 23

3.70 Cost Analysis 24

3.7.1 Material Cost 24

3.7.2 Labour Cost 25

3.7.3 Overhead cost 25

3.8 Material Selection 26

3.8.1 The Stand 26

3.8.3 PVC Plumbing Material 26

3.8.4 The Tanks 27

3.8.5 Water Pump (Centrifugal Pump) 27

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Experimentation, result and discussion 28

4.1 Experiment(a) 28

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4.2 Experiment (b)

4.3 Sample Calculation

4.4 Observation

4.5 Precaution

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion and recommendation

5.2 Conclusion

5.1 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

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