CHAPTER ONE

Design And Implementation Of A Computer Based Cartographic System (Case Study NPC Enugu)ABSTRACT

This project carries out a study need for the design and implementation of a computer based cartographic system using National population commission as case study.

The researcher attempt to find out an improved method of cartographic drawing and how to automate the process (computerization).

Hindrances encountered in the mammal process that is, old approach of using and papers in drawing maps which could lead to poor representation of graphs, maps, hence the need for a well design and implemented computer based cartographic system arises.

This project computer based cartographic system will also help to keep record of many areas and maps of this country.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Purpose of the study

1.4 Objectives of the study

1.5 Scope of the study

1.6 Limitation

1.7 Assumption

1.8 Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE

OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 Analysis of the existing system

3.2 Method of data collection

3.2.1 Interview

3.2.2 Reference to written document

3.3 Input process and output analysis

3.3.1 Input analysis

3.3.2 Process analysis

3.3.3 Output analysis

3.4 Information flow diagram

3.5 Organisational chart

3.6 Problem of the existing system

3.7 Justification for the system

CHAPTER FOUR

DESIGN OF THE NEW SYSTEM

4.1 Output specification and design

4.2 Input specification and design

4.3 File design

4.4 Procedure chart

4.5 System flowchart

4.6 System requirement

CHAPTER FIVE

IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Program design

5.2 Program flow chart

5.3 Pseudocodes

5.4 Program source listing

5.5 Test run

CHAPTER SIX

DOCUMENTATION

6.1 System / program documentation

6.2 User guide documentation

CHAPTER SEVEN

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 Conclusion

7.2 Recommendation

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THY STUDY

1.1INTRODUCTION

Cartography is study and paractice of making maps or globes. Maps have traditionally been made using pen and paper, but the advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography.

Most commercial qualities maps are now made with map making software that falls into one of the three main types, CAD, GIS AND specialized map illustration software.

Maps functions as visualization tolls for spatial data. Spatial data is acquired from measurement and can be stored in a database from which it can be extracted from a variety of purposes. Current trends in this field are moving away from analog methods of map making and towards the creation of increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally.

The cartographic process rest on the premise that the world is measurable and that we can make reliable representations or models of that reality. Map making involve advanced skills and attitudes, particularly the use of symbols to represent certain geographic phenomens, as well as the ability to visualize the world. In an abstract and scaled down form.

1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The present system of cartographic system of Nigerian population commission has a lot of problems, which are mentioned below.

ACCURACY

In term of accuracy, the system is relatively slow and since it is dependent to human effort, so inevitable, it is also prone to human errors and omission.

TIME

Going by the present system of operaion, time is consumed in the handling of operation; since most cartographic drawings are manilly operated with pen and papers. It takes time to execute a particular work.

1.3PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study is designed to help the Nigeria population commission in their cartographic and maps designing and rpresentation.

1.4OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are as follows

1. To provide better efficient job presentation for various designing in the commission.

2. To produce a system where information and output report will be produced much faster, more accurately and more detailed to the commission.

3. To keep records that are compact, integrated and updated.

1.5SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

This study is strinced at finding out how effectively the computerization of the commission cartographic system will improve the operation of the commission. However, the project is narrowed to planning department that is responsible for map presentation and enumeration demarcation.

1.6LIMITATION

The following constrants were faced by the research and limited the effort in the developing of a comprehensive package needed in the commission.

1.TIME:This project work has one semester time limit. It would have been desirable for a longer period of time for the development of a package for the commission.

2.INFORMATION:For some security reason, access to some vital information were deprived by the commission.

1.7ASSUMPTION

Due to insufficient information, I assumed the following;

(a) The staff of the particular department should be computer literate.

(b) There should be enough tools and equipment for the operations.

1.8DEFINITION OF TERMS

Computer:-A computer system is an electronic device with certain physical and logical attributes which enables it to accept input, process input and brings out output.

PROGRAMMING:Programming is a term used to refer to the act of formulating algorithms and data structure which can be executed by some computers, to perhaps yield the required solution to a given problem.

FLOW CHART:A flow chart represents a systematic way of carrying out a process and is of use when writing a computer program.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW.

This chapter deals with views and as certain by authors about catography, its computer Application and brief history of Nigerian population project.

CENSUS HISTORY

Prof. J.T. Odu (1972), states that although numerous estimates of the Nigerian population were made during the colonial period the first attempt at a nation wide census was during 1952 53. This attempt yield a total of population figure 31.6 million within the current boundaries of the country. This census has usually been considered an under count for a number of reasons. Apprehensive that the census was related to tax collection, political tension at the time in eastern Nigeria, logical difficulties in reading many remote areas, and inadequate training of enumerations in some areas. The extent of under counting has been estimate at 10 percent or less, although accuracy probably varied among the regions. Despite its difficulties, the 1952-53 census has generally been seen as less problematics than any of its successors.

Subsequent attempt to conduct a reliable post independence census have been maredin controversy, as pointed out by Adekunle (1975). He said that it was only one that was officially accepted. The first attempt, in mid 1962, was cancelled after much controversy and allegations of over counting in many areas. A second attempt in 1963, which was officially accepted, aloe was encumbered with charges of inaccuracy and manipulation for regional and local political purposes. Indeed, the official 1963 figures of 55.6 million as total national population is inconsistent with the census of a decade earlier because it implies a virtually impossible annual growth rate of 5.8 percent. In addition to likely inflation of the Applegate figure, significant in traregional of the anomaties emerge from a close camparies of the 1953 and 1963 figures. In portions of the southeast, for example, the two sets of data imply that some non-urban local government areas (L.G.A.G) hed increased at a rate of almost 13 percent per year, while other neigbouring areas experienced a minute growth rate of 0.5 percent per yeat. Despite the controversy, the results of the 1963 census were eventually accepted.

Prof. John (1983) said after the civil war of 1967 1970, an attempt was made to hold a census in 1973, but the results were canceled in face of repeated controversy. No subsequent nationwide census had been held as of 1990, although there have been various attempts to derive population estimates at a state or local level. Most official national population estimate are based on projections from the 1963 census.

The great improvement in transport and accessibility most areas, in technological capability, and in the level of education throughout the country, as well as the generalized acceptance of national coherence and legitimacy favoured the success of the fail 1991 census. It was to be conducted in about 250,000 enumeration areas by the National population commission, with offices in each of the countrys L.G.AS, To reduce possible controversy, religions and ethnic identification would be handled by supervisor from outside the state. Some analysts believe that the effort to carry out a reliable census with perceinced legitimacy might become an unexpectedly positive exercise, reinforcing a sense of shared nationhood and providing a model for the attempt to overcome regional and ethnic differences.

He further states that the great improvements in transport based on the history of maps (cartography as stated by prof. Ihuze (1990) maps have been an integral part of human story for a long time. May be 8,000 years nobody knows exactly but longerthan written words). According to some scholars mapping represented a significant step forward in the intellectual development of human beings and its serves as a record of the advancing knowledge of human race.

The earliest known map is currently a well painting of the ancient Turkish city of actual Hu Yv K which has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. Other maps of the acient world include the Minoan, House of the Admiral wall panting from C.I 600 BCE showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and engrave map of the holy Babylonian city of Nipor from the kassites period (4th 12th centures BCE.

In the age of Exploration (from the 15 centry to the 17 centry), cartographers both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and surveying techniques. The invention of magnetic compass, telescope and sextant enabling increasingly accuracy.

CHAPTER THREE

OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system is a complete manual system. It is obsolete, and makes the works in NPC look rigid. It is time consuming and does not generate accurate graphic representation information results.

The application of the mental system, using brain in carrying out drawing, designing, plotting and making inferences makes the work very tedious. The analysis of the existing system is done through the collection of detailed and reliable data, which was made possible through applying different methods of data collection.

3.2METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Data was indispensable to this work therefore the researcher sourced data through the following means.

3.2.1INTERVIEW

The researcher visited the Nigerian Population Commission, Enugu State and interviewed some staff of the Commission and its implication to National Census. The information gathered through this means helped the researcher in the area of solution preferment into the new system design.

3.2.2PERERENCE TO WRITTEN DOCUMENTS

For the fact that the information obtained through the interview was not enough for the research, the researcher resolved to acquiring more information from written document or texts or extracts from internet which guides him in the concluding aspect of the work. This was mostly taking from the work on literature review.

3.3INPUT, PROCESS AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS

The following input, process of out analysis were used in the research.

3.3.1INPUT ANALYSIS

The input to existing system is keyed in manually using pencil, Drawing papers, plotters and other madianical designing / drawing tools. This input is entered in a form formal and stored / kept in file cabinets.

3.3.2PROCESS ANALYSIS

The processing is carried out mentally and information got from the data processing is updating and cartographic sketching. This is made tedious due to volume of work to be attended to.

3.3.3OUTPUT ANALYSIS

The output of the existing system is not comprehensive and due to the fact that if is just from of report, it is not possible to follow up through the manual system. It is not precise and does not give the desired result. This will definitely result to some misrepresentation incorrect graphic represent, poor data output. The output variables are the various graphic representation of different enumeration areas.

3.4INFORMATION FLOW DIAGRAM

The nature of information flow is National Population Commission, Enugu is represented below

3.5ORGANISATION CHART

3.6PROBLEM OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system is not meeting up with recent technological advancements in the society, due to the fact that is quite obsolete.

The manual cartographic system is not reliable; it is either that the information furnish is not correct and clear or misrepresented and mis typed.

The existing system is very expensive to maintain. A lot of money is put into stationeries, input logistics and personnel.

3.7JUSTIFICATION FOR THE SYSTEM

Considering the above problems in the existing system there is need for a new system which is fully automated, and computerized, and which will take care of these problems.

The new system to be designed is sophisticated, and its in the mid-stream of the current technological status in the globe today.

This new system is very comprehensive, accurate, timely and user friendly, that is easy to use.

Finally, this system is result oriented and cost effective.

CHAPTER FOUR

DESIGN OF THE NEW SYSTEM

DESIGN OF THE NEW SYSTEM

The purpose of system design is to produce specification which will enable the complete and accurate Implementation of the new system without going back to the authority for more information.

The members of staff of the system will be organized in a specified structure. For the new system to be successful, the staff to work in the computerized system should trained further on the new development and techniques as to know relevant details of the new system. This can also be enhanced by retraining and keeping handbooks, manuals, and trains of old staff. Also, the input and output of the new system are designed based on the data collected.

4.1OUTPUT SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN

Among the main aim and objectives of the new system is to optineze the efficiency of the system. This cannot be achieved without the output the inputted data which has to be processed to achieve its aims and objectives.

The output of the computer based cartographic system are the result or maps obtained after the computer.

Aided design were used to produce the cartographic graphs and skeatch.

The output design represented in diagram and chart from. A typical example is that of N P C map representation length (km).

(km)

4.2INPUT SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN

To facilitate the efficiency and reliability of data in the new system the input files that is so required for file activity. The information are to be opened for file activity. The input information are to be carried to the file through the keyboard, mouse, graphic plothers and other drawing input devices. Input data are the enumerated area of the local government in Enugu state.

They are

Udi Local government Area

Agwu Local Government Area

Nkanu Local Government Area

Nsuka Local Government Area

Oji River Local Government Area

4.3FILE DESIGN

A file is a collection of related records organized for a particular purpose. Design is a process of developing the technical and operational specification of system for implementation. The file used in this package were designed to greatly enhance the manually processed ones. Here, the file design were negligible since of the output are mainly of graphic representation and also there was no database created for the design.

FIELD NAMEFIELD TYPEFIELD WIDTH DEC.

COUNTRY

CHARACTER15

-

STATE

CHARACTER10

-

L.G.A.

CHARACTER15

-

TOWN

CHARACTER10

-

VILLAGA

CHARACTER20

-

4.4PROCEDURE CHART

The overall system is divided into modules and top down approach is used in the system for easy flow of information. Each module is programmed to perform a specific function such that the overall systems function becomes the summation of the function of individual modules.

4.5SYSTEM FLOWCHART

4.6SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

The system requirement shall be put under

(a) Hardware requirement and

(b) Software requirement

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

The processing operation is that which deals with data and partially time.

Therefore the system must be 2000 year compliant. The system development requires to be run on Pentium 333 or higher with 32MB RAM, 4.5 GB HDD, 3.5 HDD FDD, with 56k modem, 32 speed CD Rom drive, 100 watts speakers, 14 SVGA monitor with window 95 key board, mouse and mouse pad. Printers are also required such as DeskJet 895c, EPSON, Dot matric printer.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT.

Apart from the Dos (623) and other auxiliary software packages such as Ms-Excel, corel draw, Autocad, which are necessarily required in the system, the major software required is visual Basic which the entire system runs.

CHAPTER FIVE

IMPLEMENTATION

This is with stages of bringing into actual and precise existences, all the design from the analysis stage. The result of most system greatly depends on how good or how bad this implementation stage is done.

5.1PROGRAM DESIGN

Having acquired the relevant system components as specified in 4.6 above, the software was implemented using visual Basic 6.0 programming language. This language has decision-making features that distinguished it from other programming languages.

The guide to understanding and properly making use of this software were well explained in chapter six, that is Documentation.

How over, the program design tools used here are the program flowcharts.

5.2 PROGRAM FLOW CHART

5.3 PSEUDOCODES

PROGRAM CARTOGRAPHY

Declare all the subroutines that will be used

Enter the password

If password is correct then

Load the main menu

End if

END CARTOGRAPHY PROGRAM

PROCEDURE MAINMENU

Do (Repeating Process)

Display Main Menu

Click on option

Select case option

Case ENTRY

LOAD ENTRY MODULE

CASE UPD

LOAD UPDATE FORM MODULE

CASE REPT

LOAD REPORT FORM MODULE

CASE REPT

LOAD REPORT FORM MODULE

CASE EXIT

END the main menu form

Exit the program

END SELE II

100P (go back if necessary)

END Proc menu.

5.4PROGRAM SOURCE LISTING

The source code of this program will be attached to the back of the project at Appendix A.

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 DOCUMENTATION

This area will focus on the description of the form and contents of the program which will be required or requested by the user of the program or by experts who want to modify the program format or structure.

6.1SYSTEM / PROGRAM DOCUMENT

The program was designed to run in modules and forms with the program statement been stored in the modules and to examine the modules, the user a this level must be well knowledgeable in the use of visual Basic programming language in order not to change the form in which the program was written. This level is not accessible to anybody but exports who know the opcode can access it.

Also the system has been designed to be fault to lerant. In other words, on receiving invalid data, it does not crash or cease to operate but rather display an error message and allows the re-enter response mode. Again, the program was designed with a help that will guide the user and analyst in the use of system for operational guide and instructional guide.

6.2 USER GUIDE DOCUMENTATION

There are two options of using or running the program.

(1) From the floppy drive

(2) Installed and from the hard disk drive.

In either case, the file is executed whether from visual Basic environment or stand alone executable (independent package) form. The file of the program was complied to run as an executable file in any windows operating system. To run the program from A (Diskette) insert the diskette containing the program into the floppy drive.

Click on start menu from windows environment and click run, browse for drive A:

A lisk of files will appear on the screen (these files make up the entry program).

Select and CATOR EXE to start the program.

To install and run the program in the system, the following instructions are to be followed.

From the visual Basic Environment, compile the program and package it in a distributed mode.

Then from the folder of the files, run setup for it to be installed in the hard disk, and the registered in the program file of the Windows. You are now ready to use the package.

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1CONCLUSION

This project is a part is a part of indication of the usefulness of computer in all areas of daily life. Although the level of computerization in graphic application areas in very low in the country and Africa at large, I do believe that this project, we and computer world as a whole will be driving the possibility of this imaginary fact to reality, the computerization of cartographic representation.

To provide greater efficiency, accuracy and speed in all their processing operations, good presentation of maps, and improve quality services to the public, the commission should consider the automated system.

7.2RECOMMENDATION

The goal of data processing whether manual or automated is to discover and implement a tool that will dramatically improve the production of the works producing if the commission have the goal in mind, then the application software fashion out by this project can be defined as an answer to their problem.

This is so because the package will be taken the advantage of dynamic features of the system of Visual Basic programming language to get rid of the problems wherent in the manual operations. The design of the software ensure automatic primary of the input which help a lot in removing the case of incomplete data.

Therefore, the overall poor performance of the manual system have made the design automated procedure variable alternative. However, despite the overall benefits to be derived, the developed application software cannot claim to offer answers to every aspect of the limitations suffered by the manual procedure.

For user to accept the package for operational uses.

1.Recommend that the package should undergo acceptance test for the intending users. This involves testing the package with data developed as part of the testing process, test data generators can be used automatically generate a large number of test data inputs for the package a better and be able to use then effectively.

REFERENCES

(1)Meaning and Definition of Cartograph (Extract from the internet) NIKIPEDIA

(2)Edward, S.J. (1991) Building knowledge Base System (Britain Pitman Publishers Ventures (1997)

(3)MARK MAYFILLD: Advanced programming Technique MC graw, London (1996)

(4)C.A. FRENCH:Computer Science Macmillia, New York (1990)

(5) Sussan Woolsigge: Computer Aided data Processing. London (1993)

(6)Emery Glym: Electronic data Processing, the pitman press, Bath (1990).

N P C

State Chairman

Senior / Principal Heads

Staff

Casual Staff

CHAIRMAN NPC

STATE CHAIRMAN

HEAD PLANNING

HEAD LOGISTIC

HOD PERSONNEL

100

HODS WORK

800

600

400

200

0

Oji River

Udi

Nkanu

Nsukka

Agwu

0

Input X

CARTOGRAPHIC AREA

COUNTRY

STATE

L.G.A.

TOWNS

VILLAGES

SAVE

CLEAR

REFRESH

CANCEL

Sample

Picture

WELCOME SCREEN

PASSWORD

MAIN MENU

ENTRY

UPDATE

OUTPUT

DATA/DOC ENTRY

CHECK FOR VALIDITY

STORE AWAY FILES

PROCESS AND CORRECT ERRORS

STORED WITH COMPUTER

STORING MERSING PROCESS

RESULT ON DISK

INPUT

DISPLAY OUTPUT ON CRT

DATA ON DISK

CARTOGRAPHIC

ENTRY

UPDATE

REPORT

START

DISPLAY MENU

INPUT SELECTION

=1

=2

=3

= 4

ENTRY

UPDATE

REPORT

N

N

1N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

ENTRY

CLOSE FILE

WRITE TO DISK

PERFORM THE CARTOGRAPHIC OPERATION

INPUT CARTOGRAPHIC ENTRY DATA

END

ENTER

PERFORM CARTOGRAPHIC UPDAT

INPUT FILE RECORD TO UPDATE

UPDATE MORE RECORD

CLOSE FILE

END

YES

END

CLOSE FILE

VIEW THE RECORD

INPUT CARTOGRAPHIC RECORD TO VIEW

ENTER

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