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Sustainable Design and Management of Buildings for Energy Efficiency and Healthy Environment
1
Environmental Quality and Well-being
Contents
0. Learning Objectives
1. Environmental design criteria
2. Energy efficiency and passive design method
3. Indoor environmental quality and impact
4. People centric design and management
2
Learning objectives
Be familiar with the design criteria and process
Understand the design strategies and impact on energy and indoor environmental quality;
Grasp sustainable building design technologies;
Understand the role of operation and management for healthy buildings.
3
1.Environmental Design Criteria
— identifying user requirements
— designing to meet these requirements with minimal energy use
— establishing an integrated design team with a brief and contract
that promotes energy efficiency
— setting energy targets at an early stage and designing within
them
— designing for manageability, maintainability, operability and
flexibility
— checking that the final design meets the targets.
General of Design
4
5
Healthy Building and Environment
Start from Planning and Design
Design and construction stages (RIBA plan of work)
PreparationA Appraisal
B Design Brief
Design
C Concept
D Design Development
E Technical Design
Pre-
Construction
F Product Information
G Tender Document
H Tender Action
Construction
J Mobilisation
KConstruction to Practical
Completion
Use L Post Practical CompletionRIBA Plan of work for building design and construction (Phillips, 2008).
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2. Energy efficiency and passive design method
Sketch design process 7
Building, system and occupant factors affecting energy consumption in non-domestic buildings (Source: Nick Baker)
Strategic design process
Sketch design process
Success depends on understanding the interactions between people, building fabric and services
8
Strategic design process
Sketch design process 9
Indoor Air Quality
Sketch design process
heating
cooling
lighting power
lighting gains
casual gains
daylighting
solar gain
conduction through glass
conduction through opaque
ventilation heat loss
10
Energy balance of the room
Qc
QL
QS
QG
QW
Daylighting
QV
Ambient
Heat Gains Heat Losses
11
Heat Loss
QG: Conductive loss through window
QW: Conductive loss through wall
QV: Convective loss via ventilation
QC: Auxiliary cooling
Heat Gain
Qs: Solar Gain
QL: Lighting Gain
QC: Casual Gain - people, computer, etc
QH: Auxiliary Heating
12
Air temperatures in office room in summer oC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time (hour)
Tem
per
atu
re o
C
Air temperatures in office room in winter oC
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time (hour)
Tem
per
atu
re o
CSummer
external
indoor
Cooling energy
indoor
external
Heating energy
Winter
Passive building design
Definition
A building design that uses structural
elements of a building to insulate, light, heat
and cool a building, without the use of
mechanical /electrical equipment.
14
Glass Building in London
Envelope design
Heat loss through the envelope
Qloss=U*A*(Tin-Tout)
Qloss
U
The bigger the U value, The bigger the heat loss,When internal temperature is greater than external
17
Year Walls Floors Window Doors roof
lights
roof
1965 1.7 1.4
1976 1 1 0.6
1985 0.45 0.45 0.35
1991 0.45 0.35 3 3 3 0.35
1994 0.45 0.35 3 3 3 0.25
2000 0.35 0.25 2 2 2 0.2
2002 0.35 0.25 2 2 2 0.2
2006 0.3 0.22 1.8 2.2 1.8 0.2
2007-08 0.2 0.22 1.6 - - 0.16
Code
Level 6
0.11 0.11 - - - 0.11
U-value improvement rates
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Window and window systems design
Section through side window
Skyline
obstructionCentre of
window
(inside)
Window head obstrction
Important element in sustainable design
• Insulation
• Solar
• Lighting
• view
• ventilation
Associated with shading systems
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Window Design
Windows influence natural Ventilation
• Leakage between glass and frame
• Low surface temperature
• Admits solar radiation
• Opening styles create different micro climates
infiltration
Opening position
exfiltration
fabric
window
Microclimate around window
Glazing area
The amount of glazing obviously
influences the amount of
daylight available, but a larger
window area is not always better
as it may simply increase
contrast. Large windows admit
light but also lead to heat gains
and heat losses, and thus
potential thermal discomfort.
But, it could provider a better
outdoor views and some
psychological needs…
22
Temperature
Ventilation
Lighting
Overall Control
Degree of Control (low = 1, high = 7)
7410
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
Mo
re o
r le
ss p
rod
uct
ive
than
av
era
ge
Relationship between Self-reports of Productivity and Levels of Control Over Temperature, Ventilation, Lighting and Overall Control
3. Indoor Environmental Quality and Impact
Workplace Productivity
Relationship between the Loss of Productivity, PPD and the PMV
25
20
15
10
5
-1.5
80
60
40
20
0
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
Pe
rcen
tage o
f dissatisfie
d (P
PD
)Lo
ss o
f P
rod
uct
ivit
y (p
erc
en
tage
)
-1 -0.5 10 1.50.5 2-20
Loss of Productivity and PPDas a function of the PMV
Source: Roelofsen, 2001
PPD
Perceived Comfort and Perceived Productivity
Leaman and Bordass in Clements-Croome, 2005
Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort is where
there is broad satisfaction with
the thermal environment i.e.
most people are neither too
hot or too cold.
Defined in the ISO 7730 standard as
that condition of mind which
expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment
Thermal comfort
Environmental:
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air movement
• Air quality
Individual:
• Metabolic rate
• Clothing insulation
What determines thermal comfort?
PMV/PPD
PMV: Predicted Mean Vote
The Index that predicts the value of the vote of a large
group of people on the 7-point thermal sensation scale
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
cold cool slightly cool Neutral slight warm warm hot
PPD: Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied
International Standards
Current thermal comfort standards and guidelines
• ISO 7730,
• ASHRAE 55-1992, 95a
• EN 15251,
• CIBSE Guides A1 (thermal comfort)
They are based mainly on PMV
Acceptable ranges
of operative
temperature and
humidity for people
in typical summer
and winter clothing
( < 1.2 met).
The ranges are
based on a 10%
dissatisfaction
criterion.
Operative
temperature
Acceptable ranges
of air temperature
for sedentary
physical activities
in naturally
ventilated buildings.
Adaptive thermal comfort
(Seppanen et al, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings, Singapore, Volume 3
Decrease of Performance with Temperature
2% decrease per deg C above 250C and below 200C
Percentage of dissatisfaction against carbon dioxide concentration
Mu & Chan, (2005), Building calibration for IAQ Management in
Building and Environment 41, 877-886
Percentage of dissatisfaction again carbon dioxide concentration
CO2 concentration and ventilation
Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005
Performance of School Work as a Function of Outdoor Air Supply Rate4
Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005
(Source: Dijken et ai, 2005) in
Average, Maximum and Minimum CO2 Concentrations in 11Dutch Primary Schools
CO2 concentration and ventilation
90
92
94
96
98
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Dissatisfied with indoor air quality
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
%
%
(R2=0.78; P<0.01)
90
92
94
96
98
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Outdoor air supply rate
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
%
(R2=0.78; P<0.01)
L/(s*standard person)
Performance of office work as a function of the indoor air quality
Performance of office work
as a function of the outdoor
air supply rate per standard
person (olf)
Wyon and Wargocki in Clements-Croome, 2005
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4Ventilation rate (h-1)
Illn
ess
or s
ick
leav
e pr
eval
ence
rela
tive
to p
reva
lenc
e w
ith
no
vent
ilat
ion
Milton (2000), sick leave in offices
Brundage (1988), illness in barracks, all years
Brundage (1988), illness in barracks, 1983 data
Drinka (1996), illness in nursing home
Seppanen and Fisk in Clements-Croome, 2005
Predicted Trends in Illness or Sick Leave Versus Ventilation Rate
Thermal comfort Fresh air supplyVentilation
ProductivityHealth
HOME SCHOOL HOME HOME
Transport Transport Outdoor activity
Typical
Schedule
Home: 55~65%; School: 30~35%
Halton
GII
CCH
H
Study in SCHOOL Chongqing, China
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
8:30 10:00 11:30 13:00 14:30 16:00
Nu
mb
er o
f o
ccu
pa
nts
Outdoor-CO2-
15/1/2015
• Outdoor CO2 concentration remains around 400ppm.
• Indoor CO2 concentration varies mainly with the number of occupants
under natural ventilation in this classroom.
Indoor CO2
Efficiency of
Ventilation
CO2 and Ventilation
Time
CO
2 P
PM
Study in SCHOOL Reading, UK CO2 and Ventilation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Spring Summer
Tem
per
atu
re/º
C
CO
2 C
on
cen
tra
tio
ns/
pp
m
CO2-Indoor CO2-Outdoor
Temp-Indoor Temp-Outdoor
Outdoor temperature in spring is
lower than summer, occupants tend
to close the window to get warm
• Occupants are main heat source,
the increased temperature
difference of indoor and outdoor
environment indicates enhanced
airtightness in winter.
• With the increased airtightness,
the indoor CO2 concentrations
largely soars over 1100ppm.
Study in SCHOOL NO2Chongqing, China
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
8:30 10:00 11:30 13:00 14:30 16:00
NO
2/p
pm
Time
Outdoot-NO2
Indoor-NO2
Selected school near main road with heavy traffic.
• Outdoor concentrations are steady with morning peak for rush-
hour traffic.
• Indoor concentrations are varied under natural ventilation.
• Indoor average is a little lower than outdoor conditions, but both
exceed Chinese standard (threshold for 20-h average is 80 μg/m3,
almost 0.042 ppm)
NO2Chongqing, China
Dusttrak DrxAerosol Monitor 8534
The equipment we use
Guideline Average value :PM10: 50 ug/m3
PM2.5: 25 ug/m3
Reference: WHO. WHO air quality guidelines,2005. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2015/3/2 2015/3/3 2015/3/4 2015/3/5 2015/3/6
Par
ticu
late
mat
ter
[ug/
m3 ]
Indoor PM2.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2015/3/2 2015/3/3 2015/3/4 2015/3/5 2015/3/6
Par
ticu
late
mat
ter
[ug/
m3 ]
Indoor PM10Guideline
Microgram: equal to one billionth (1×10−9) of a kilogram, one millionth (1×10−6) of a gram, or one thousandth (1×10−3) of a milligram.
Guideline
Study in SCHOOL Particulate matterChongqing, China
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
PM
10
-In
door/μ
g/m
3
PM10-Outdoor/μg/m3
13/1/201
5
14/1/201
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 100 200 300 400
PM
2.5
-In
door/μ
g/m
3
PM2.5-Outdoor/μg/m3
13/1/2015
14/1/2015
15/1/2015
16/1/2015
19/1/2015
Winter• The relationship between indoor and outdoor particulate matter shows liner relation in
winter
——the high level outside and the indoor environment can be easily affected by outdoor
particles under natural ventilation.
• PM2.5 shows better regression effect than PM10
——the concentration of PM2.5 subjects to the atmospheric environment much easier
under server air pollution condition.
Indoor/Outdoor relation
Study in SCHOOL Particulate matter
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
20150
113
20150
114
20150
115
20150
116
20150119
20150
323
20150
324
20150
325
20150
326
20150
327
20150
615
20150
616
20150
617
20150
618
20150
619
20150623
20150
624
20150
906
20150
907
20150
908
20150
909
20150
910
20150
911
Con
cen
trati
on
/μg/m
3
PM1 PM2.5-PM1
0
100
200
300
20150113
20150114
20150115
20150116
20150119
20150323
20150324
20150325
20150326
20150327
20150615
20150616
20150617
20150618
20150619
20150623
20150624
20150906
20150907
20150908
20150909
20150910
20150911
Con
cen
trati
on
/μg/m
3
PM1 PM2.5-PM1
Outdoor
Indoo
r
Chongqing, China
• Concentrations of
particulate matter are
obviously higher in Winter.
• Fine particle is dominating
at indoor environment.
Fine particle has higher
infiltration rate;
Fine particle is easily re-
suspended with children’s
indoor activities.
Seasonal variation
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5. People-Centric Design and Management
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5. People-Centric Intelligent Operation and Management
Building management systems, network and integration
Outstation 1
Outstation 2
Sensors
Actuators
Sensors
Actuators
LAN
Operator terminal
(user interface)
LAN- local area network
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5. People-Centric Design and Management
Summary:
• Importance of environmental architecture design;• Balancing the energy and IEQ;• Passive design technologies• Design and operation buildings for People feeling good
( Health, Productivity and Happy)
Reading lists:
• CIBSE Guide A Environmental design• Yao R. ed, Design and management of sustainable built environments;
Springer 2013ISBN 978-1-4471-4780-7Chapter 11- Energy efficient building designChapter 20 –BRE Innovative Park- some lessons learnt from the demonstration buildings
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Thank you for your listening!