design andperformancetesting oflead-acid

Abstract—The lead-acid battery experimental testingplatform in energy storage power station is composed of theWEBEST valve-controlled sealed colloid lead-acid battery andthe bidirectional high-precision programmable DC powersupply so as to control the battery charge and discharge, whichcan realize the information collection, data processing andsignal control. Based on the established experimental testingplatform, the performance testing experiments on the lead-acidbattery are carried out in details. The charge and dischargeexperiments under the different working conditions of lead-acidbatteries are carried out to analyze the characteristics of chargeand discharge of lead-acid battery. On the other hand,according to the above discussed battery charge and dischargecharacteristics, the remaining power of the situation of theenergy storage power station under the complicated workingconditions is estimated. Through the related performancetesting experiments, the established accurate cell model caneffectively improve the accuracy of estimating the remainingpower of the battery.

Index Terms—energy storage power station, lead-acidbatteries, performance measurement

I. INTRODUCTION

ITH the progress of modern society, the electricalenergy consumption will continue to increase, but

other energy, such as coal, oil and other non-renewableenergy sources is decreasing. Thus prompting thedevelopment of renewable energy power generation andsolving the problem of environmental pollution have become

Manuscript received January 24, 2017; revised April 9, 2017. This workwas supported by the Project by National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (Grant No. 21576127), the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents inUniversity (Grant No. LR2014008), the Project by Liaoning ProvincialNatural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2014020177), the Programfor Research Special Foundation of University of Science and Technology ofLiaoning (Grant No. 2015TD04) and the Opening Project of NationalFinancial Security and System Equipment Engineering Research Center(Grant No. USTLKFGJ201502 and USTLKEC201401).

Wen-Hua Cui is with the School of Electronic and InformationEngineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan,114051, PR China; National Financial Security and System EquipmentEngineering Research Center, University of Science and TechnologyLiaoning. (e-mail: [email protected]).

Jie-Sheng Wang is with the School of Electronic and InformationEngineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan,114051, PR China; National Financial Security and System EquipmentEngineering Research Center, University of Science and TechnologyLiaoning. (phone: 86-0412-2538246; fax: 86-0412-2538244; e-mail:[email protected]).

Yuan-Yuan Chen is a postgraduate student in the School of Electronicand Information Engineering, University of Science and TechnologyLiaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China (e-mail:[email protected]).

the research focus in China and the world. With thedevelopment of renewable energy, more and moreresearchers focus their attention on energy storagetechnology. Energy storage technology in a certain extent caneffectively regulate the grid connected power generation withrenewable energy caused by the changes of network voltageand frequency change, the large-scale and distributed powergeneration in reliable incorporated into the power grid,improve power grid stability [1-2].

The storage of energy in batteries is a cause of the failureand loss of reliability in PV systems. In order to validate twogeneral lead acid battery models (Monegon and CIEMAT),the behavior of different battery cycling currents has beensimulated [3-4]. A framework that employs real-timeoperating data to estimate jointly the SOC and parametersperforms statistical analysis to derive quantitative diagnosticprocedures with error analysis. Simulated case studies andexperimental data are used to illustrate the diagnosisalgorithms and their capabilities [5]. Behavior modeling andexperimental validation of a lead-acid battery integrated in ahybrid solar-wind power generation (HSWPG) system arepresented and discussed. The simulation results have beencompared to experimental measurements during both thecharging and discharging of the system, under the sameoperation and environmental conditions [6]. It is considered asimplified model of the lead-acid battery discharge, based onsimulation of electrolyte diffusion process in space between apositive and negative electrode. The correctness of model andinfluence of various boundary conditions are investigated [7].Battery discharging behavior is one of the most importantparts of the dynamic battery-model. Through regressionanalysis of experimental data, the nonlinear behavior isverified and a nonlinear dynamic Thevenin model isdeveloped [8]. Open-circuit voltage (OCV) is one of the mostimportant parameters in determining state of charge (SoC) ofpower battery. The scheme only uses the measurable input(terminal current) and the measurable output (terminalvoltage) signals of the battery system and is simple enough toenable online implement [9]. The performance of theself-discharged gel cell has been studied [10]. Although thegel valve-regulated lead-acid batteries were shelved fornearly 3 years, the active mass structure of the positive plate,its resistance and the corrosion layer of the grid are not muchaffected. The capacity of the long self-discharged gel cell canbe completely restored by recharging. Electrical tests wereperformed on two valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA)batteries to compare the effects of several designimprovements, evaluate their applicability to stationary

Design and Performance Testing of Lead-acidBattery Experimental Platform in Energy

Storage Power Station

Wen-Hua Cui, Jie-Sheng Wang, and Yuan-Yuan Chen

W

IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, 44:4, IJCS_44_4_08

(Advance online publication: 20 November 2017)

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applications, and determine their service lives [11]. Aspartial-discharge techniques require temporarilyshutting-down of the system and also degrade battery life,manual testers based on ohmic techniques have becomepopular. Accordingly, the Battery Condition Watcher (BCW)has been developed and commercialized, which is anautomatic monitoring system with remote communicationcapabilities to measure the internal impedance, voltage andtemperature of individual cells or batteries with highaccuracy [12].

In order to accumulate the experimental data to establishthe cell model and estimate the remaining power of thebattery. The WEBEST valve control sealed colloid lead-acidbattery and the bidirectional high-precision programmableDC power supply to control the charge and discharge areused to construct the lead-acid storage battery power stationtest experiment platform and the performance tests arecarried out to provide the technical support for establishingthe accurate cell model and improving the accuracy ofestimating the remaining power of the battery. The paper isorganized as follows. In Section 2, the experimental testingplatform for lead-Acid battery in energy storage powerstation is established. The performance test of lead-acidbattery in storage power station is described in details inSection 3. The conclusion illustrates the last part.

II. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING PLATFORM FOR LEAD-ACID

BATTERY IN ENERGY STORAGE POWER STATION

A. System Architecture of Photovoltaic Energy StorageIntegrated Power Generation

The photovoltaic energy integrated power generationsystem is consisted of the reservoir power plant and thephotovoltaic power station. Wherein, the energy storingpower plant is mainly used to help to stabilize thephotovoltaic power fluctuation and real-time improve the

response intermittent of the power generation system. It canincrease the stability and reliability of the new energy powergeneration and network and improve the economic benefit. Inaddition, the power storage power plant in the power grid canalso achieve many function applications, such as cut peak andfill valley, isolated network operation, power compensation,make up the line loss, load regulation, new energy access,improvement of electric energy quality, et al. Thus, it can beseen the importance of power plants in the power system ofthe reservoir. The photovoltaic energy generation systemarchitecture is shown in Fig. 1, which includes photovoltaicpower generation, energy storage power station, user loadparts and the energy management system.

In the realization of the above functions, the energy storagepower station is mainly used to cut peak and fill the valley onthe power grid. The photovoltaic energy storage integratedpower generation system can access the energy storagepower station in to the user power supply system, whichmainly realizes the effective management of the users'demands. The storage energy power plants can absorb thepower grid harmonics generated by the grid connectedphotovoltaic power generation, smooth the load of powergrid, peak shaving and valley filling, greatly improve thelocal electric energy quality, reduce the cost of power supply,improve the response time of the system, and improve thestability and reliability of the whole power system operation.The structure of the energy storage power station is shown inFig. 2.

The power station is composed of battery pack, batterymanagement unit, grid connected control unit PCS, powerstation distribution unit and monitoring unit of the powerstation, where the total capacity of storage battery group is1MWh and the total power of the grid connected control unitis 2MW. Because of the larger PCS capacity, the systemselects two grid control units connected in parallel. Then it isconnected with battery pack. This structure can improve thesafety of energy storage power station.

Fig. 1 Energy storage power station (with grid-connected PV applications) architecture diagram.



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Fig. 2 Energy storage power station system structure.

B. Lead-acid Battery Experiment Testing Platform

The battery testing platform is mainly composed ofbatteries, two high precision programmable DC powersupply, battery monitoring system and the host computer.The battery test chart and the battery experiment platform arerespectively shown in Fig. 3.

Battery Pack

The lead-acid battery experimental testing platform mainlyuses the WEBEST valve-controlled sealed colloid lead-acidbattery, whose model is DFS12-65. The structure of theexperimental platform is composed of a battery packcomposed of 28 12V65AH batteries connected in series. Thetechnical parameters of the cell are shown in Table 1. TheDFS12-65 valve-controlled lead-acid battery used in thisexperiment platform is shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 3 Block diagram of battery test structure.

TAB. 1 WEIBO（WEBEST）VRLA GEL LEAD-ACID BATTERIES DFS12-65

Technical parameter Value

Rated voltage (v) 12V

Rated capacity (AH) 65AH

Dimension(mm) High: 176mm Length: 351mm Width: 167mm

Weight (kg) 22.0kg

Battery characteristics

Capacity

25℃

20 hoursdischarge

（3.25A）65AH

10 hoursdischarge（6.05A）60.5AH

5 hours discharge（11.06A）55.3AH

1 hourdischarge

（39A）39AH

15 minutesdischarge（113.6A）

28.4AH

Internal resistance Factory new battery temperature: 25℃＜7.5mΩ

Effect oftemperature on

capacity

104℉(40℃)

102%

77℉(25℃)

100%

32℉(0℃)

85%

5℉(-15℃)

65%

Capacitypreservation rate

(25℃)

Capacity after 6 months ofstorage

94%

Capacity after 12 months of storage

88%

Capacity after 24months of storage

76%

Maximum dischargecurrent

77℉(25℃),975A(5S)

Charging voltagecycle (Constant

voltage charging)

Maximum charge current: 19.5A

14.4V～15.0V/77℉ (25℃)

Floating charge use

13.5V～13.8V/77℉(25℃)

Terminal typeStandard configuration Copper thread terminal

Optional configuration Lead terminal



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Fig. 4 Valve Regulated Lead Battery.

Bidirectional High-precision Programmable DC PowerSupply

The bidirectional high-precision programmable DC powersupply used in this experimental platform is a digitaloperation power supply equipment, which can also providetwo energy flows, that is to say the output is fed to the loadand the load can receive the feedback from energy. So it canbe used to control the charging and discharging of the batterypack. This bi-directional high-precision programmable DCpower supply has three operating modes: voltage regulation,current regulation and power regulation. The operationmodes include the constant voltage, the constant current andthe constant power.

The bidirectional high-precision programmable DC powersupply is mainly used in the operation mode of constantvoltage or constant current charging. Generally in theexperiments, the constant current is initialized and themaximum voltage for the input battery pack is initializedunder the given voltage. After a period charging, with theincrease of the output voltage of the battery pack, the voltagereaches the preset value and remains the constant, so thecurrent can be reduced. Then the operation mode of thebidirectional high-precision programmable DC power supplywill autocratically and fast switch from the constant currentoperation mode to the constant pressure operation mode.Similarly, when carrying out the discharging experiments,the negative constant current is initialized and the cut-offvoltage that the battery can drop to initialized under the givenvoltage. After a period discharging, as the voltage drops tothe cut-off voltage, its operation mode will autocratically andfast switch from the constant current operation mode to theconstant pressure operation mode. This advantage ofintelligent switch can protect the battery and meet therequirements of the experiments.

The preset power value should be larger than the productvalue of preset voltage and preset current. The small presetpower will cause the power supply work under the constantpower operation mode in that the power limit will beautomatically opened once the power supply reaches thepreset limits. The bi-directional high precision programmableDC power supply used in this experiment is shown in Figure

5, whose voltage is 32V~600V and continuously adjustable,and current is -67A~+67A and continuously adjustable. TheLCD screen in the front panel can be operated through theselect button in order to provide a high accuracy,repeat-ability and stability for the charging and dischargingcontrol.

Fig. 5 Two-way high-precision programmable DC power supply.

C. Battery Monitoring System Software

The software part of this experiment is the key part of theexperimental platform operation, which includes the batteryinformation collection unit, the battery data processing unit,the signal control unit and the battery information displaypart. The battery information collection unit is to collect thebattery monomer voltage, battery current, batterytemperature and battery group pressure. This collectedinformation will be uploaded through the data processing andsignal control units and the RS485 communication interfacewith the battery. Then the residual energy is estimated basedon the related control algorithm and mathematical model.The battery monitoring system software is mainly used torealize the estimation of residual power and the remotecomputer interaction. It has many functions, such as batteryoperation monitoring, capacity testing, recording inquiriesand data communication. The battery information displayunit is mainly used as the interface display of the hostcomputer.

Data Acquisition Unit of Battery Monitoring System

The information collection unit mainly realizes the on-linemonitoring function of single voltage, the environmenttemperature (battery temperature) monitoring, the grouppressure monitoring and the charge discharge currentmonitoring. For the general battery acquisition unit, generallythe voltage acquisition line and the monitored battery aredirectly connected. But it will cause the phenomenon ofself-discharge of the battery and the cable short circuit. Forhaving no any interference on the charge-discharge systemand working circuit, the voltage acquisition line is notdirectly connected with the monitored battery. These twoparts are connected with an ohmic resistance. All detectionchannels of the acquisition unit adopt the mode with the highinput impedance so that the current in the detection circuitcan reach less than microamp so as to further improve theprecision of data acquisition.

Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the acquisition unit. Thecharge-discharge current, single voltage, group pressure,



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ambient temperature (cell temperature) was obtained by theacquisition unit. The data exchange is realized through theRS485 communication interface with the control unit. Theremaining power is estimated by using the collected datathrough the Kalman filter algorithm and displayed on themonitoring interface.

Control Unit of Battery Monitoring System

In the control unit of the whole monitoring system, themain control unit is mainly to realize data storage andcommunication, intelligent analysis, residual capacityestimation, record query, alarm indication, parameter settingand self check function. In these functions, the mostimportant is to estimate the residual capacity of the battery.The general battery monitoring system can only monitor thecharged and released electricity quality of the battery.Because the remaining power of the battery cannot simplyobtained by subtracting of the charged electricity quality andthe released electricity quality, it cannot be monitored in realtime for each battery. The proposed monitoring system ismainly to solve how to realize the on-line monitoring of theresidual quantity of each battery and the battery. Figure 7 is aschematic diagram of the control unit, which mainly uses thedata from the information acquisition unit to establish therelated equivalent circuit mathematical model, adopts theKalman estimation algorithm to estimate the residualcapacity and output the estimated value on the monitoringinterface.

III. PERFORMANCE TEST OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY IN

STORAGE POWER STATION

A. Voltage Characteristics of Battery under ConstantCurrent Charge and Discharge Current

The battery constant current charging and discharging

experiments are carried out to obtain the basic knowledge forthe lead-acid battery. Through the analysis on theexperiments results, the voltage characteristics of batteryunder the constant current charging and discharging areobtained. The testing method of the constant current chargingis to charge the battery with constant current 13A (0.2C) andthe the charging termination voltage is limited as 15V. Whenthe voltage is charged to 15V, the battery is charged under theconstant pressure. When the current drops to 6A under theconstant voltage charging, the charging process is stopped(this constant voltage charging stage is named as the floatingcharging stage). Under the room temperature, the battery ischarged to 15V with the constant current 13A (0.2C). Thetested object is a set of 28 65Ah series connected lead-acidbatteries.

After the constant current charging and dischargingprocess is ended, the battery need to be remained static,whose function is mainly to make the battery output voltagebe the stable open circuit voltage. After 3 hours static state,the constant current discharging experiment is performedtest. The method is to discharge the battery under the constantcurrent 13A (0.2C) and limit the discharge cut-off voltage to11.2V. The battery charging and discharging characteristiccurves are shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9 (the horizontal axisis time and the vertical axis is the current and voltage,respectively). It can be seen from Figure 8 the batterycharging characteristics. In the charging process, the voltagerising gradually tends to be gentle and the voltage in the floatcharging stage has a slight downward trend. The dischargecharacteristics of the battery can be seen from Figure 9. Whenproceeding the constant current discharging, the voltage has asteep drop process, and then enters a voltage drop process.

Fig. 6 The acquisition unit.

Fig. 7 Control unit.



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B. Voltage Characteristics of Battery under ComplexOperating Conditions

The main function of the energy storage power station is tomake the power supply system realize the peak clipping andvalley filling, which can effectively manage the demand side,smooth the load, reduce the cost of power supply, andimprove the stability of power system operation. Because theenergy working condition of power supply system is complex,it not only needs the good control strategies to achieve thepeak clipping and valley filling, but also the accurateprediction on the remaining power of the battery.

The charging and discharging experiments are carried outunder the complex working conditions of the battery in thestorage battery so as to simulate the working conditions ofpower plant. Through analyzing the battery voltage

characteristics under different working conditions, the thein-depth understanding on the battery can be realized. Thebattery testing experiments results shown in Figure 10 toFigure 12 under different working conditions for the batteryshow that the battery voltage has the resistance capacitancecharacteristics. The current-voltage diagram under theinterval continuous charging and discharging with the samecharge-discharge current is shown in Figure 10. It can be seenform Figure 10 that the voltage response is similar to the firstorder RC circuit response. Figure 11 shows thecurrent-voltage diagram under non-equidistance continuouscharging and discharging with the same charge-dischargecurrent. Figure 12 shows the current-voltage diagram underinterval charging and discharging with the differentcharge-discharge current.

Fig. 8 The current and voltage of constant current charging.

Fig. 9 The current and voltage of constant current discharging.



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Fig. 10 The voltage and current of equal interval continuous charging and discharging.

Fig. 11 The voltage and current of not-equal interval continuous charging and discharging.

Fig. 12 The voltage and current of equal interval but not-equal current charging and discharging.



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C. Voltage Characteristics of Battery under DifferentCharge and Discharge Rate

In order to obtain the accurate battery model, the voltagecharacteristics of the battery under the different dischargerates need be studied. An important factor of the SOCestimation algorithm is the charge discharge rate. Theexperiment method under the different charging rate in thisexperiment is the constant current and constant voltagecharging, where 4 different charging currents (6.5A (0.1C),9.75A (0.15C), 13A (0.2C) and 16.25A (0.25C)) are used forcharging. After the charging to the cut-off voltage, the floatcharging process is carried out for 1 hour so as to ensure thatthe battery is in full state. The procedure of this experiment isshown in Figure 13. The discharge rate experiment is similarto the charging experiment. In the discharging experimentprocess, 4 different discharging currents (6.5A (0.1C), 9.75A(0.15C), 13A (0.2C) and 16.25A (0.25C)) are used fordischarging. After the discharging to the cut-off voltage, thedischarging process is over so as to prevent the battery formover-discharge and ensure to vent the battery power. Theprocedure of this experiment is shown in Figure 14.

Tables 2 and Table 3 show the estimation of the batterycharging and discharging efficiency. Because the limitedconditions of the adopted experimental platform, only 4 kindsof charging and discharging currents are used. Then the eachcurrent charging electricity and releasing electricity can becalculated by using the current integration method. It can be

seen form Table 2 and Table 3 that the current 13A in thebattery charging and discharging process is maximum power.At this point, the charging and discharging efficiency underother currents relative to the current 13A can be calculated.At the same time, the least square method can be used tosimulate the relationship between the charging anddischarging efficiency and the current. The calculation on thecharging and discharging efficiency can provideparameters for the adopted prediction model on the batteryresidual electricity.

It can be seen from Table 2 and Table 3 that there is adirect relationship between the battery charge-dischargeefficiency and the charge-discharge current. So the relationbetween on the charge-discharge efficiency and thecharge-discharge current is fitted by adopting the leastsquares method. So the relationship between chargingefficiency and current is described as:

21 2 3p i p i p (1)

where 1p =-0.0055, 2p =0.1362, and 3p =0.0757.

The relationship between discharging efficiency andcurrent is described as:

21 2 3p i p i p (2)

where 1p =-0.004899, 2p =0.1189, and 3p =0.1874.

Fig. 13 The charging experimental procedure.

Fig. 14 The discharging experimental procedure.



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TAB. 2 CHARGING EFFICIENCY UNDER DIFFERENT MAGNIFICATIONS

Current (A) Charging capacity (Ah) Charging efficiency

6.5 30.07 0.776

9.75 30.28 0.781

13 38.75 1

16.25 30.75 0.794

TAB. 3 CHARGING EFFICIENCY UNDER DIFFERENT MAGNIFICATIONS

Current (A) Discharge capacity (Ah) Discharge efficiency

6.5 30.3 0.785

9.75 30.38 0.787

13 38.6 1

16.25 30.69 0.795

D. Relationship between Battery Voltage Characteristicsand SOC

A lot of literatures show that the open circuit voltage of

lead-acid battery can reflect the actual remaining capacity ofthe battery. So the open circuit voltage is an important featureof the battery. In order to find the relationship between theopen circuit voltage and the residual capacity of the battery,the charging and discharging experiments under the intervalpulse are carried out to obtain the relationship between theopen circuit voltage and SOC under the different SOCconditions.

The process of the pulse charging experiments is describedas follows. Firstly, the battery electricity is vented, where thedefault remaining battery power is 0%. Then the constantcurrent charging on the battery is carried out under 10 certaininterval pulses, with the 13A (0.2C) charging current, whereeach charging time is 15 minutes for obtaining the remainingpower with the 10% interval. The batter after each pulsecharging is remained fully static for half an hour. Theprocedure of the pulse charging experiment is shown inFigure 15. Similarly, the process of the pulse dischargeexperiment is described as follows. Firstly, the battery is fullof electricity, where the battery residual capacity is 100%.Then the battery is carried out the constant current dischargeunder 10 certain interval pulses, where the discharge currentwas 13A (0.2C) and each discharge time is 15 minutes. Thebatter after each pulse discharging is remained fully static forhalf an hour. The procedure of the pulse dischargingexperiment is shown in Figure 16. The relationship betweenthe SOC under the charge-discharge state and the open circuitvoltage are shown in Figure 17 and Figure 18.

Fig. 15 Pulse charging experimental procedure.

Fig. 16 Pulse discharging experimental procedure.



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Fig. 17 The relationship between the SOC and the open circuit voltage under charging.

Fig. 18 The relationship between the SOC and the open circuit voltage under discharging.

It can be seen form Figure 17 that the current after 3 pulsesgradually decreases in that the battery is mainly in the floatcharge stage under the constant voltage charge. Seem fromthe voltage response under pulse current shown in Figure 17and Figure 18, the voltage response is similar to thefirst-order circuit voltage response. In this case, the outputterminal voltage is regarded as the open circuit voltage ofbattery. That is to say that the relationship between the opencircuit voltage of lead-acid battery and SOC is a one-to-onecorresponding, which can be used to predict the residualcapacity of battery.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the established lead-acid storage battery testingplatform in power plant, a various properties are testedthrough a series of experiments so as to study theperformance of the battery pack so as to accumulate theexperimental data and provide a basis for predicting the

remained power after setting up the cell model in the energystorage power station. Firstly, the basic characteristics ofcharge and discharge are obtained by carrying out theconstant current charge and discharge experiments tounderstand the characteristics of the battery. Then, on thebasis of the characteristics of the micro grid energy storagepower station, the charge and discharge characteristics ofbattery under the complicated working conditions aresimulated to obtain that the battery has the resistancecapacitance characteristics. The voltage characteristics ofbattery under the different charge and dischargemagnification are analyzed so as to estimate the relationshipbetween efficiency of the charge and discharge with thecurrent. The relationship between SOC and the terminalvoltage is analyzed in details to provide the basis for thedetermination and identification of model parameters andinitial SOC value.



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Wen-Hua Cui is with the School of Electronic and Information Engineering,University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China;National Financial Security and System Equipment Engineering ResearchCenter, University of Science and Technology Liaoning. (e-mail:[email protected]).

Jie-Sheng Wang received his B. Sc. And M. Sc. degrees in control sciencefrom University of Science and Technology Liaoning, China in 1999 and2002, respectively, and his Ph. D. degree in control science from DalianUniversity of Technology, China in 2006. He is currently a professor andMaster's Supervisor in School of Electronic and Information Engineering,University of Science and Technology Liaoning. His main research interestis modeling of complex industry process, intelligent control and Computerintegrated manufacturing.

Yuan-Yuan Chen is a postgraduate student in the School of Electronic andInformation Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan, 114051, PR China (e-mail: [email protected]).



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design andperformancetesting oflead-acid

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