design for construction safety (dfcs) 2 to 4 hour course design for construction safety (dfcs) 2 to...

Design for Design for Construction Safety (DfCS)Construction Safety (DfCS)

2 to 4 Hour Course 2 to 4 Hour Course

WHAT IS DESIGNING FOR WHAT IS DESIGNING FOR CONSTRUCTION SAFETY? CONSTRUCTION SAFETY?

The process of addressing The process of addressing construction site safety and construction site safety and

health, and planning for health, and planning for future maintenance in the future maintenance in the design phase of a project.design phase of a project.

WHY IS IT NECESSARY?WHY IS IT NECESSARY?

Currently there are no requirements for Currently there are no requirements for construction safety in building codes construction safety in building codes

IBC Chapter 33 Safeguards During IBC Chapter 33 Safeguards During Construction-Pedestrian SafetyConstruction-Pedestrian Safety

OSHA 1926-Engineering ControlsOSHA 1926-Engineering Controls

1926.452 Scaffolds1926.452 Scaffolds 1926.502 Fall Protection Anchorages1926.502 Fall Protection Anchorages 1926.552 Hoists1926.552 Hoists 1926.652 Excavations1926.652 Excavations 1926.703 Shoring1926.703 Shoring 1926.705 Lift Slabs1926.705 Lift Slabs

DfCS ProcessDfCS Process11-It’s a Team Concept-It’s a Team Concept

Design Kickoff Design

Internal Review

Issue for Construction

External Review

Trade contractor involvement

• Establish design for safety expectations

• Include construction and operation perspective

• Identify design for safety process and tools

• QA/QC

• Cross-discipline review

• Focused safety review

• Owner review

1 Gambatese

U.S. Construction Accident StatisticsU.S. Construction Accident Statistics11

Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,226 Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,226 deaths each yeardeaths each year

5.5% of workforce but 21.5% of fatalities5.5% of workforce but 21.5% of fatalities

Construction has one of the highest fatality Construction has one of the highest fatality rates of any industry sectorrates of any industry sector

11 Bureau of Labor Statistics-2006Bureau of Labor Statistics-2006

CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS IN CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS IN U.S.U.S.11

11 Photos courtesy of Washington Group International Photos courtesy of Washington Group International

CONSTRUCTION FATALITIES BY CONSTRUCTION FATALITIES BY OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION11

Total fatalities 1,226Total fatalities 1,226 Construction laborers 360Construction laborers 360 Electricians 117Electricians 117 Carpenters 114Carpenters 114 First Line supervisors 113First Line supervisors 113 Roofers 82Roofers 82 Painters and paper hangers 54Painters and paper hangers 54 Structural steel 36Structural steel 3611 BLS,2006 BLS,2006

MOST FREQUENTLY CITED/HIGHEST MOST FREQUENTLY CITED/HIGHEST PENALTY OSHA VIOLATIONS IN PENALTY OSHA VIOLATIONS IN

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION11

Scaffolding 29 CFR 1926.451Scaffolding 29 CFR 1926.451 Fall Protection 29 CFR 1926.501Fall Protection 29 CFR 1926.501 Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053 Excavations 29 CFR 1926.651Excavations 29 CFR 1926.651 Aerial Lifts 29 CFR 1926.453Aerial Lifts 29 CFR 1926.453

11Most Frequently Cited Standards 2005 www.osha.govMost Frequently Cited Standards 2005 www.osha.gov

Considering Safety During Design Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most PayoffOffers the Most Payoff11

Conceptual Design

Detailed Engineering

Procurement

Construction

Start-up

High

Low

Ability to Influence

Safety

Project Schedule

1 Szymberski 1987

DESIGN CAN INFLUENCE DESIGN CAN INFLUENCE CONSTRUCTION SAFETY1CONSTRUCTION SAFETY11,21,2

22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA and CA linked to designWA and CA linked to design

42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 linked to design42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 linked to design

In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents resulted from decisions made before site work beganresulted from decisions made before site work began

11 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005

2 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working ConditionsEuropean Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

What Types of Design Decisions?What Types of Design Decisions? IBC paragraph 704.11.1 IBC paragraph 704.11.1

requires that a parapet wall requires that a parapet wall be at least 30 inches highbe at least 30 inches high

OSHA 1926 Subpart M OSHA 1926 Subpart M requires a 39-45 inch requires a 39-45 inch guardrail or other fall guardrail or other fall protectionprotection

If the design professional If the design professional specifies a 39-45 inch high specifies a 39-45 inch high parapet wall, fall protection parapet wall, fall protection would not be required would not be required

DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples:RoofsRoofs

Skylights Upper story windows and roof parapets

COURSE OBJECTIVESCOURSE OBJECTIVES

To provide design and construction To provide design and construction professionals with skills to identify professionals with skills to identify construction safety hazardsconstruction safety hazards

To provide design and constructionTo provide design and construction

professionals with skills to eliminate or professionals with skills to eliminate or reduce the risk of a serious injury in the reduce the risk of a serious injury in the design phasedesign phase

COURSE OBJECTIVESCOURSE OBJECTIVES

Safety Engineering-skills to recognize Safety Engineering-skills to recognize hazards and uncover “hidden” hazardshazards and uncover “hidden” hazards

Design features to eliminate or reduce Design features to eliminate or reduce the risk of an injury due to a hazardthe risk of an injury due to a hazard

OSHA resources for DfCSOSHA resources for DfCS

Crash Course in Safety EngineeringCrash Course in Safety Engineering

Safety Engineering is a specialty within the Safety Engineering is a specialty within the engineering field that deals with the engineering field that deals with the identification and elimination of hazards.identification and elimination of hazards.

Safety Engineering cuts across all Safety Engineering cuts across all engineering disciplines: Civil, Mechanical, engineering disciplines: Civil, Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, as well as many Chemical, Electrical, as well as many branches of science.branches of science.

What is a Hazard?What is a Hazard?

A A HAZARDHAZARD is the potential to do is the potential to do harm or damageharm or damage

RISKRISK is a measure of the probability is a measure of the probability of a hazard-related incident occurring of a hazard-related incident occurring and the severity of harm or damageand the severity of harm or damage

Recognized HazardsRecognized Hazards

Gravity-Falls from elevationGravity-Falls from elevation

Falling objectsFalling objects Slopes-UpsetSlopes-Upset

RolloverRollover

Unstable surfacesUnstable surfaces Water- Drowning Water- Drowning


Walking/working surfaces- Walking/working surfaces- tripping, slippingtripping, slipping

Mechanical hazards-Mechanical hazards- Rotation, reciprocation, shearing,Rotation, reciprocation, shearing, vibration, pinch points, hydraulics,vibration, pinch points, hydraulics, pneumatics, entanglementpneumatics, entanglement


Stored energy- springs, pneumaticsStored energy- springs, pneumatics

hydraulics, capacitorshydraulics, capacitors Electrical-electrostatic, current, Electrical-electrostatic, current,

voltage, sparks, arcsvoltage, sparks, arcs Chemical-corrosive, combustion, Chemical-corrosive, combustion,

toxictoxic


Biological-allergens, carcinogensBiological-allergens, carcinogens

Radiant Energy-sound, nuclear,Radiant Energy-sound, nuclear,

X-rays, light, lasersX-rays, light, lasers

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesANSI StandardsANSI Standards

ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and CuttingANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting ANSI Z117.1 Safety Requirements for ANSI Z117.1 Safety Requirements for

Confined SpacesConfined Spaces ANSI D6.1 Manual on Uniform Traffic ANSI D6.1 Manual on Uniform Traffic

Control DevicesControl Devices ANSI 10.8 Safety Requirements for ANSI 10.8 Safety Requirements for

ScaffoldingScaffolding ANSI 14.2 Safety Requirements forANSI 14.2 Safety Requirements for

Portable LaddersPortable Ladders


ANSI Z93.1 Fire Hazards in OxygenANSI Z93.1 Fire Hazards in Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresEnriched Atmospheres ANSI A14.4 Job Made Wooden ANSI A14.4 Job Made Wooden

LaddersLadders ANSI A10.6-Safety Requirements for ANSI A10.6-Safety Requirements for

Demolition OperationsDemolition Operations ANSI A1264.1-Safety Requirements ANSI A1264.1-Safety Requirements

for Workplace Floor and Wall for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs & Railing SystemsOpenings, Stairs & Railing Systems


ANSI A10.13 Safety Requirements for ANSI A10.13 Safety Requirements for Steel erectionSteel erection

ANSI A145.1 Recommended Practice ANSI A145.1 Recommended Practice for Concrete Formworkfor Concrete Formwork

ANSI Z244.1 Lockout/Tagout of ANSI Z244.1 Lockout/Tagout of Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesASTM StandardsASTM Standards

ASTM F802 Guide for Selection of ASTM F802 Guide for Selection of Certain Walkway Surfaces When Certain Walkway Surfaces When Considering Footwear TrafficConsidering Footwear Traffic

ASTM 04.09 Wood ConstructionASTM 04.09 Wood Construction ASTM D4532 Respirable Dust in ASTM D4532 Respirable Dust in

Workplace AtmospheresWorkplace Atmospheres ASTM STP 1150 Fire Hazard and Fire ASTM STP 1150 Fire Hazard and Fire

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesASTM StandardsASTM Standards

ASTM O 4.07 Building Seals and ASTM O 4.07 Building Seals and SealantsSealants

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesNFPA StandardsNFPA Standards

NFPA Volume 13, 53M Fire Hazards in NFPA Volume 13, 53M Fire Hazards in Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresOxygen Enriched Atmospheres

NFPA 654 Prevention of Fire and Dust NFPA 654 Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions in the Chemical, Dye, Explosions in the Chemical, Dye, Pharmaceutical, and Plastics Pharmaceutical, and Plastics IndustriesIndustries

NFPA 241 Safeguarding Construction, NFPA 241 Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Alteration, and Demolition OperationsOperations

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesGovernment RegulationsGovernment Regulations

OSHA 1926.550 Cranes and derricksOSHA 1926.550 Cranes and derricks OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Material for OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Material for

Material HandlingMaterial Handling OSHA 1926.452 ScaffoldsOSHA 1926.452 Scaffolds OSHA 1926.800 Underground OSHA 1926.800 Underground

ConstructionConstruction OSHA 1926.52 Occupational Noise OSHA 1926.52 Occupational Noise

ExposureExposure

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesNFPA StandardsNFPA Standards

NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible LiquidsLiquids

NFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties of NFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases & Volatile Flammable Liquids, Gases & Volatile Solids Solids

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesGovernment RegulationsGovernment Regulations

OSHA 1918.95 Longshoring OSHA 1918.95 Longshoring Operations in the Vicinity of Repair Operations in the Vicinity of Repair and Maintenance Workand Maintenance Work

OSHA 1926.1050-1053 Stairways and OSHA 1926.1050-1053 Stairways and LaddersLadders

OSHA 1926.650 ExcavationsOSHA 1926.650 Excavations Federal Motor Carrier Safety Federal Motor Carrier Safety

RegulationsRegulations

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-SourcesOther SourcesOther Sources

National Safety CouncilNational Safety Council MSHAMSHA SAESAE NIOSHNIOSH US Army Corps of EngineersUS Army Corps of Engineers ACIACI

Recognized Hazards-ExamplesRecognized Hazards-ExamplesFall Hazards 6 Feet or MoreFall Hazards 6 Feet or More11

11Photos courtesy of Washington Group InternationalPhotos courtesy of Washington Group International

Unprotected edges

Recognized Hazards-ExamplesRecognized Hazards-ExamplesConfined SpaceConfined Space

Recognized Hazards-ExamplesRecognized Hazards-ExamplesPower LinesPower Lines

Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines.

Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines.

Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines and/or better informed the employer of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.

Hidden Hazards-ExamplesHidden Hazards-Examples

Underground utilitiesUnderground utilities Electrical wire buried in a wallElectrical wire buried in a wall AsbestosAsbestos Rot/Decay of structural membersRot/Decay of structural members Gas linesGas lines Any hazard uncovered during project Any hazard uncovered during project

executionexecution

Hidden Hazards-”What If” AnalysisHidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis

A “What If” analysis is a structured A “What If” analysis is a structured brainstorming methods of uncovering brainstorming methods of uncovering hidden hazardshidden hazards

Select the boundaries of the reviewSelect the boundaries of the review

and assemble an experienced teamand assemble an experienced team Gather information-video tapes of Gather information-video tapes of

operation, design documents, operation, design documents, maintenance procedures, etc.maintenance procedures, etc.

Hidden Hazards-”What If” AnalysisHidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis“What If” Situation Questions“What If” Situation Questions

Failure to follow proceduresFailure to follow procedures Procedures are followed, but are Procedures are followed, but are

incorrectincorrect Equipment failureEquipment failure Utility failureUtility failure WeatherWeather Operator not trainedOperator not trained

Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis ExampleExample

Highway Construction Project-Highway Construction Project- What if workers have to access drains? Are drains What if workers have to access drains? Are drains

a possible confined space?a possible confined space? What about the power lines? Will equipment be What about the power lines? Will equipment be

operating near power lines?operating near power lines? What about worker/public injury from traffic What about worker/public injury from traffic

accidents? Do trucks have enough turning space? accidents? Do trucks have enough turning space? Is there signage/barriers to re-direct pedestrians?Is there signage/barriers to re-direct pedestrians?

Will construction vehicles have enough shoulder Will construction vehicles have enough shoulder space to stop on roadspace to stop on road

What if worker attempts to manually pick up What if worker attempts to manually pick up drain covers? Are they lightweight? Do they have drain covers? Are they lightweight? Do they have handles? handles?

Hidden Hazards-Other MethodsHidden Hazards-Other Methods

Fault Tree AnalysisFault Tree Analysis Design Check ListsDesign Check Lists Plan review, if your gut feeling tells Plan review, if your gut feeling tells

you that something is unsafe, it you that something is unsafe, it probably is.probably is.

Read case studies on construction Read case studies on construction accidentsaccidents

““Fatal Facts”Fatal Facts”

Fatal FactsFatal Facts

Design for Safety (DFS)Design for Safety (DFS)

Identify the hazard(s)Identify the hazard(s)

Assess the RiskAssess the Risk

Propose design features to eliminate Propose design features to eliminate the risk or reduce it to an acceptable the risk or reduce it to an acceptable levellevel

DFS- Risk AssessmentDFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Injury SeverityEstimate Injury Severity

SevereSevere-Death or serious debilitating -Death or serious debilitating long-term injury such as amputation long-term injury such as amputation or comaor coma

SeriousSerious-Permanent or nonreversible -Permanent or nonreversible injury that severely impact injury that severely impact enjoyment of life and may require enjoyment of life and may require continued treatmentcontinued treatment

DFS- Risk AssessmentDFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Injury SeverityEstimate Injury Severity

ModerateModerate-Permanent or reversible -Permanent or reversible minor injury that does not minor injury that does not significantly impact enjoyment of life, significantly impact enjoyment of life, but requires medical treatment.but requires medical treatment.

SlightSlight-Reversible injury requiring -Reversible injury requiring simple medical treatment with no simple medical treatment with no confinementconfinement

DFS- Risk AssessmentDFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Probability of Hazardous Estimate Probability of Hazardous

EventEvent

HighHigh- Very likely to occur, protective - Very likely to occur, protective measures are nearly worthlessmeasures are nearly worthless

MediumMedium-Occurrence is likely. The -Occurrence is likely. The frequency of control measures is frequency of control measures is significant or control measures are significant or control measures are inadequateinadequate

DFS- Risk AssessmentDFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Probability of Hazardous Estimate Probability of Hazardous

EventEvent

ModerateModerate-Occurrence is possible, but -Occurrence is possible, but not likelynot likely

LowLow- Occurrence is so unlikely as to - Occurrence is so unlikely as to be considered nearly zero. be considered nearly zero.

DFS-Risk Assessment MatrixDFS-Risk Assessment Matrix

SeveritySeverityProbabilityProbability SevereSevere SeriousSerious ModerateModerate SlightSlight

HighHigh High High Medium Low High High Medium Low

Medium Medium High Medium Low Low High Medium Low Low

ModerateModerate Medium Low Low Negligible Medium Low Low Negligible

LowLow Low Low Negligible Negligible Low Low Negligible Negligible

Other Forms of Hazard Other Forms of Hazard Identification/Prevention MatrixIdentification/Prevention Matrix11

1Hazard Information Foundation, Inc.1Hazard Information Foundation, Inc.

Eliminate the Hazard

Guard the Hazard

Provide a Safety Factor

Provide Redundancy

Provide Reliability

Hazard Safety Hazard Safety Hazard Safety Hazard Safety

Natural

Structural/Mechanical

Electrical

Chemical

Radiant Energy

Biological

Artificial Intelligence

DFS-Design HierarchyDFS-Design Hierarchy

First-Design out the hazardFirst-Design out the hazard Second-Provide safety devicesSecond-Provide safety devices Third-Provide warning devicesThird-Provide warning devices Fourth- Implement operating Fourth- Implement operating

procedures and training programsprocedures and training programs Fifth-Use personal protective Fifth-Use personal protective

equipmentequipment

END OF CRASH COURSEEND OF CRASH COURSE

IN SAFETY IN SAFETY

ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

Typical Construction Project Typical Construction Project ArrangementArrangement

Project owner separately contracts with a Project owner separately contracts with a Architect/Engineer and with a general Architect/Engineer and with a general contractor, prime contractor, construction contractor, prime contractor, construction manager, program manager or owner’s agentmanager, program manager or owner’s agent

Above entities may subcontract out some or Above entities may subcontract out some or all of the work to specialty trade contractorsall of the work to specialty trade contractors

Project owners occasionally contract with a Project owners occasionally contract with a design-build firm to perform both design and design-build firm to perform both design and constructionconstruction

Root Causes for Construction Root Causes for Construction AccidentsAccidents11

Inadequate construction planningInadequate construction planning Lack of proper trainingLack of proper training Deficient enforcement of trainingDeficient enforcement of training Unsafe equipmentUnsafe equipment Unsafe methods or sequencingUnsafe methods or sequencing Unsafe site conditionsUnsafe site conditions Not using safety equipment that was provided Not using safety equipment that was provided

11 Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002 Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002

Potential Areas of Concern in Potential Areas of Concern in Construction SafetyConstruction Safety

FallsFalls Hazardous materialsHazardous materials Fire ProtectionFire Protection ElectricalElectrical ScaffoldingScaffolding Floor and wall openings, stairways, Floor and wall openings, stairways,

laddersladders


Cranes, derricks, hoistsCranes, derricks, hoists Material handling and storageMaterial handling and storage Excavating and trenchingExcavating and trenching Confined SpaceConfined Space Work ZoneWork Zone


Trade specificTrade specific

Steel workersSteel workers

ElectricalElectrical

HVACHVAC

PlumbingPlumbing

ExcavatorsExcavators

ConcreteConcrete

Designing for Construction Safety Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS) – What is it?(DfCS) – What is it?

An extension of DfS to coverAn extension of DfS to cover construction projectsconstruction projects

Recognizes construction site safety Recognizes construction site safety as a design criterionas a design criterion

The process of addressing The process of addressing construction site safety and health in construction site safety and health in the design of a projectthe design of a project

Designing for Construction Safety Designing for Construction Safety ProcessProcess11

11GambateseGambatese

Planning Preliminarydesign/

Schematics

Design Construction Operationand

Maintenance

PlanningReview

Prelim. Design Review

30% Review

90% Review

60% Review

DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Prefabrication

Steel stairs

Concrete Wall Panels

Concrete Segmented Bridge

DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points

DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples:RoofsRoofs

Skylights Upper story windows and roof parapets

DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Steel l Design Avoid hanging connections; Avoid hanging connections;

design to bear on columns design to bear on columns instead using safety seatsinstead using safety seats

Require holes in columns for Require holes in columns for tie lines 21” and 42” above tie lines 21” and 42” above each floor slabeach floor slab

Specify shop welded Specify shop welded connections instead of bolts connections instead of bolts or field welds to avoid or field welds to avoid dangerous positions during dangerous positions during erectionerection

Consider approximate Consider approximate dimensions of connection dimensions of connection tools to prevent pinches or tools to prevent pinches or awkward assembliesawkward assembliesNational Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel National Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel

Erectors Association of America. Erectors Association of America. Detailing Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. 20012001

DfCS Examples: Residential Fall DfCS Examples: Residential Fall ProtectionProtection

Other DfCS Design ExamplesOther DfCS Design Examples Design underground utilities to be placed Design underground utilities to be placed

using trenchless technologyusing trenchless technology11

Specify primers, sealers and other Specify primers, sealers and other coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or contain carcinogenic productscontain carcinogenic products22

Design cable type lifeline system for Design cable type lifeline system for storage towersstorage towers33

11 Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 2005Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 200522 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 2005 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 200533 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety

Concept”, 2005Concept”, 2005

CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR PUMPSPUMPS


Replacing circulator pumps requires Replacing circulator pumps requires a ladder,pumps are located in a tight a ladder,pumps are located in a tight space.space.

Maintenance worker could fall off Maintenance worker could fall off ladder, drop pump, or suffer hand ladder, drop pump, or suffer hand injury from hitting adjacent pipinginjury from hitting adjacent piping


Design review questions-Design review questions- Is there enough room to replace the Is there enough room to replace the

pumps?pumps? How high off the ground are the pumps?How high off the ground are the pumps?

What if a maintenance worker has to shut What if a maintenance worker has to shut off a valve an emergency? off a valve an emergency?


Identify Hazard-Identify Hazard-

Fall and mechanical Fall and mechanical


Assess Risk-Assess Risk- severity- slight (knuckles) to serious severity- slight (knuckles) to serious (head injury)(head injury) probability-medium (likely)probability-medium (likely) risk- low to mediumrisk- low to medium

Additional consideration- solution is Additional consideration- solution is simple and inexpensivesimple and inexpensive




Medium Medium High High Medium Low LowMedium Low Low




DfCS solution: design pumps close to ground DfCS solution: design pumps close to ground level so that a ladder is not required, level so that a ladder is not required, provide adequate space around pumps, provide adequate space around pumps, provide a metal identification tag for each provide a metal identification tag for each valve and provide a permanent valve and provide a permanent identification board in the mechanical identification board in the mechanical room that identifies each valve and it’s room that identifies each valve and it’s purpose.purpose.

CASE STUDY #2-INSTALLATION\CASE STUDY #2-INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF HVAC SYSTEM MAINTENANCE OF HVAC SYSTEM

(ATTIC)(ATTIC)

HVAC System installed in the attic of HVAC System installed in the attic of a commercial office buildinga commercial office building

No floor or platform/walkways were No floor or platform/walkways were designed or installeddesigned or installed

HVAC technicians had to walk on HVAC technicians had to walk on joists/trussesjoists/trusses


(ATTIC)(ATTIC)

Design review questionsDesign review questions

What will workers stand on when installing What will workers stand on when installing HVAC system?HVAC system?

Will regular maintenance be required?Will regular maintenance be required?

What will the maintenance workers stand What will the maintenance workers stand on?on?

What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?

CASE STUDY #2-INSTALLATION\CASE STUDY #2-INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF HVAC MAINTENANCE OF HVAC

SYSTEM (ATTIC)SYSTEM (ATTIC)


(ATTIC)(ATTIC)


What will workers stand on when installing What will workers stand on when installing HVAC system?HVAC system?


What will the maintenance workers stand What will the maintenance workers stand on?on?



(ATTIC)(ATTIC)

Identify hazardIdentify hazard

FALLFALL


(ATTIC)(ATTIC)

Assess Risk-Assess Risk-

severity- serious (knee) to severe severity- serious (knee) to severe

(death)(death)

probability-medium (likely)probability-medium (likely)

risk- medium to highrisk- medium to high

CASE STUDY #2-INSTALLATION\CASE STUDY #2-INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)MAINTENANCE OF HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)



Medium Medium High Medium High Medium Low Low Low Low




(ATTIC)(ATTIC)

DfCS solution: design permanent DfCS solution: design permanent platforms and walkways with platforms and walkways with guardrailsguardrails

CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL RECLAIM FACILITYRECLAIM FACILITY11

Plant utility worker was fatally Plant utility worker was fatally injured while performing clean-up injured while performing clean-up duties at a raw coal reclaim areaduties at a raw coal reclaim area

Victim either fell through a 56” x 80” Victim either fell through a 56” x 80” opening in a platform or entered opening in a platform or entered through a coal feeder openingthrough a coal feeder opening

11Case study courtesy of Washington Group InternationalCase study courtesy of Washington Group International

CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL RECLAIM FACILITYRECLAIM FACILITY

Design review questions-Design review questions- Will workers need to have access to Will workers need to have access to

conveyors?conveyors? Are covers and/or guardrails provided Are covers and/or guardrails provided

for all openings near or over for all openings near or over conveyors?conveyors?

Are covers and/or guardrail gates Are covers and/or guardrail gates interlocked?interlocked?



MechanicalMechanical



severity- severe (death)severity- severe (death)

probability-medium to highprobability-medium to high

risk- highrisk- high



HighHigh High High High Medium Low High Medium Low

Medium Medium High High Medium Low Low Medium Low Low




DfCS solution: design covers and/or DfCS solution: design covers and/or guardrails over conveyor belts and guardrails over conveyor belts and opening to conveyor belts. Design opening to conveyor belts. Design interlocks for covers and gates. interlocks for covers and gates.

CASE STUDY #4-BLIND CASE STUDY #4-BLIND PENETRATION INTO CONCRETEPENETRATION INTO CONCRETE11

A construction worker penetrated an A construction worker penetrated an embedded electrical conduit embedded electrical conduit containing an energized 120-volt line containing an energized 120-volt line while hand drilling into a concrete while hand drilling into a concrete bean to install pipe hanger inserts. bean to install pipe hanger inserts. The conduit was 1 inch from the The conduit was 1 inch from the surface.surface.

11 Dept. of Energy Blind Penetration Incidents Dept. of Energy Blind Penetration Incidents

CASE STUDY #4-BLIND CASE STUDY #4-BLIND PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE


How will the worker install the pipe How will the worker install the pipe hangers?hangers?

Are there any electrical lines in the Are there any electrical lines in the concrete beam?concrete beam?

Are there any pipe hangers that will be Are there any pipe hangers that will be near an electrical line?near an electrical line?




probability- moderate to mediumprobability- moderate to medium

risk- medium to highrisk- medium to high

CASE STUDY #4-BLIND CASE STUDY #4-BLIND PENETRATION INTO CONCRETEPENETRATION INTO CONCRETE




ModerateModerate Medium Medium Low Low Negligible Low Low Negligible



DfCS Solution: Design embedded DfCS Solution: Design embedded electrical lines deeper than the electrical lines deeper than the maximum depth of the pipe hanger maximum depth of the pipe hanger bolts, clearly mark locations of bolts, clearly mark locations of electrical lines on contract drawingselectrical lines on contract drawings

CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR CLEANOUTCLEANOUT11

An incinerator located adjacent to a main catwalk on 4An incinerator located adjacent to a main catwalk on 4thth floorfloor

There was no catwalk from the main catwalk to the There was no catwalk from the main catwalk to the incineratorincinerator

Workers periodically had to go into incinerator to clean Workers periodically had to go into incinerator to clean

Workers used make shift planking to from main catwalk to Workers used make shift planking to from main catwalk to incineratorincinerator

11Note the catwalk from the main catwalk to the incinerator with the yellow guardrails was Note the catwalk from the main catwalk to the incinerator with the yellow guardrails was not in place at the time the worker fell.not in place at the time the worker fell.

CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR CLEANOUTCLEANOUT


Design review questions..Design review questions..


How will the workers gain access to the How will the workers gain access to the incineratorincinerator




FALLFALL




probability-medium (likely) to high probability-medium (likely) to high (very likely)(very likely)

risk- highrisk- high

CASE STUDY #-INCINERATOR CLEANOUTCASE STUDY #-INCINERATOR CLEANOUT


HighHigh High High High Medium Low High Medium Low





DfCS solution: design catwalk with DfCS solution: design catwalk with guardrail and toeboards from main guardrail and toeboards from main catwalk to incinerator.catwalk to incinerator.

IDEAS FOR DESIGNERS IDEAS FOR DESIGNERS www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

Case StudiesCase Studies Trimming tops of Concrete PilesTrimming tops of Concrete Piles Modular Construction and Installation of Modular Construction and Installation of

Services Services Temporary Support Steelwork for High Temporary Support Steelwork for High

Level Work PlatformLevel Work Platform Atrium LightingAtrium Lighting Integrated Service Column / Panel DesignIntegrated Service Column / Panel Design Prefabrication of SteelworkPrefabrication of Steelwork Modular Construction of Stone PanelsModular Construction of Stone Panels

TRAILER ACCESS PLATFORMSTRAILER ACCESS PLATFORMS11

11 www.safetyindesign.org www.safetyindesign.org

CAST-IN SOCKETS FOR CAST-IN SOCKETS FOR RAILINGSRAILINGS11


COLOR CODED BOLT BAGSCOLOR CODED BOLT BAGS11


SAFETY BARRIER TO LOAD SAFETY BARRIER TO LOAD PALLETS ONTO MEZZANINEPALLETS ONTO MEZZANINE11


PREFABRICATION OF PREFABRICATION OF STEELWORKSTEELWORK11


MAINTENANCE LIFT TO ACCESS MAINTENANCE LIFT TO ACCESS ATRIUM LIGHTINGATRIUM LIGHTING11


MODULAR SERVICE RISERSMODULAR SERVICE RISERS11


GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERSGUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERSwww.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

Hazardous materialsHazardous materials AsbestosAsbestos Musculo-SkeletalMusculo-Skeletal NoiseNoise ExcavationsExcavations Erection of StructuresErection of Structures SteelworkSteelwork

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

RefurbishmentRefurbishment Temporary work equipmentTemporary work equipment Work at heightWork at height RoofsRoofs Spatial DesignsSpatial Designs Suspended Access EquipmentSuspended Access Equipment BlockworkBlockwork

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

DemolitionDemolition Manual HandlingManual Handling Lifting-cranesLifting-cranes

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS T 20.008 Work at HeightT 20.008 Work at Height11

Design service runs for so that they can be Design service runs for so that they can be maintained from floor abovemaintained from floor above

Pre-assembly and fitting of trussesPre-assembly and fitting of trusses Position splices for steel columns so the Position splices for steel columns so the

splices can be done from a finished floorsplices can be done from a finished floor Install stairways early to avoid the need Install stairways early to avoid the need

for temporary accessfor temporary access Locate service equipment on ground if Locate service equipment on ground if

possiblepossible1 1 www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS T 20.002 Erecting SteelworkT 20.002 Erecting Steelwork11

Check all steel members for erection loadsCheck all steel members for erection loads Ensure that all slender members can resist Ensure that all slender members can resist

compression imposed by lifting slingscompression imposed by lifting slings Maximize pre-fabricationMaximize pre-fabrication Ensure the spacing of purlins allows for the Ensure the spacing of purlins allows for the

largest component to lowered down largest component to lowered down throughthrough

1 1 www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS T 20.009 RoofsT 20.009 Roofs11

Provide anchors points for fall Provide anchors points for fall protectionprotection

Ensure roof structure can handle Ensure roof structure can handle stacks of materialsstacks of materials

Position gutters so that cleaning can Position gutters so that cleaning can be done from cherry pickers or from be done from cherry pickers or from safe access routessafe access routes

Consider parapetsConsider parapets1 1 www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS H 20.002 NOISEH 20.002 NOISE11

Cast in crack inducers rather than Cast in crack inducers rather than saw cuttingsaw cutting

Cast in anchors rather than site Cast in anchors rather than site drillingdrilling

Avoid vibro-compaction of groundAvoid vibro-compaction of ground Keep site grinding, cutting, etc. to a Keep site grinding, cutting, etc. to a

minimumminimum1 1 www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS H 20.001Musculo-skeletalH 20.001Musculo-skeletal11

Provide adequate space for lifting Provide adequate space for lifting machinesmachines

Design for machine laying of paversDesign for machine laying of pavers Design brick laying to reduce long Design brick laying to reduce long

duration repetitionduration repetition


GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS H 10.001 Hazardous MaterialsH 10.001 Hazardous Materials11

Cast in chases for services rather Cast in chases for services rather than cut to reduce dustthan cut to reduce dust

Specify water base or solvent free Specify water base or solvent free paintspaints

Check to see if there any existing Check to see if there any existing contaminants on the site, alert contaminants on the site, alert workersworkers


Summary/ClosingSummary/Closing

Introduce the DfCS ProcessIntroduce the DfCS Process Basic Safety EngineeringBasic Safety Engineering Design FeaturesDesign Features Case Studies to Illustrate ProcessCase Studies to Illustrate Process

Summary/ClosingSummary/Closing

DESIGNERS CAN HAVE A DESIGNERS CAN HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON POSITIVE IMPACT ON REDUCING CONSTRUCTION REDUCING CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

DfCS Tools/ResourcesDfCS Tools/Resources Construction Industry Institute databaseConstruction Industry Institute database

• www.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/more/rr101_11_more.cfm

United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive designer guidesdesigner guides• www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htmwww.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htm

CHAIRCHAIR• www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/

SafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htmSafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htm OSHA WebsiteOSHA Website

• www.osha.govwww.osha.gov

DfCS Tools/ResourcesDfCS Tools/Resources

Inherently Safer Design Principles for Inherently Safer Design Principles for Construction, The Hazard Information Construction, The Hazard Information Foundation, Inc.Foundation, Inc. [email protected]

www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

design for construction safety (dfcs) 2 to 4 hour course design for construction safety (dfcs) 2 to...

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