design of sustainable, resilient infrastructure systems...design of sustainable, resilient...
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Design of Sustainable, Resilient Infrastructure Systems
Julie Beth Zimmerman, PhD Assistant Professor of Green Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Acting Director, Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Yale University
Doing the right things wrong
• Can we appropriately and successfully address sustainability challenges if our designs are not in themselves sustainable?
Doing the right things wrong
Biofuels from agricultural crops
Doing the right things wrong
Purifying water with acutely lethal substances
Doing the right things wrong
Precious, rare, toxic metals in
photovoltaics
Doing the right things wrong
Agricultural crop efficiency from
persistent pesticides
Doing the right things wrong
Energy saving compact fluorescent light bulbs reliant on
toxic metals
Net mercury emission reductions from CFL implementation
Eckelman, Zimmerman, Anastas, ES&T, 2008, 42, 8564-8570
Eckelman, Zimmerman, Anastas, ES&T, 2008, 42, 8564-8570
Net mercury emission reductions from CFL implementation
How did we get there?
• Urgent and necessary challenges • Noble goals • Exciting science and technology • Best of intentions
water
toxics climate energy
biodiversity
The necessary transformational change of engineering design
Principles of Green Engineering 1. Inherent rather than circumstantial. Green Chemistry
2. Prevention rather than treatment. 3. Design for separation. 4. Maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency. 5. “Out-pulled” rather than “input-pushed”. 6. View complexity as an investment. 7. Durability rather than immortality. 8. Need rather than excess. 9. Minimize material diversity. 10. Integrate local material and energy flows. 11. Design for commercial “afterlife”. 12. Renewable and readily available.
Anastas and Zimmerman, Environmental Science and Technology, March 1, 2003
Design criteria for sustainable solutions
“Performance” must evolve from
function, cost, quality, safety to include
environment, human health, social wellbeing
Starting from design
• Typically, 70% of total cost is determined at design phase
• Analogous for environmental impacts
Service oriented design
• What function or service are we providing?
rather than
• What is the greenest design for this product or process?
Towards sustainability
• Design for a Dynamic World
• Design for a Systems Context
• Design for Inherency
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Crutzen, P. J. The Anthropocene: The Current Human-Dominated Geological Era—Human Impacts on Climate and the Environment. In Climate Change and Its Effect on Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Global Environmental Action International Conference, Tokyo, Oct 14–16, 2005; GEA: Tokyo, 2005.
Performance over time: Engineered systems
Performance over time: Engineered systems
F(t) = 1 – R(t)
Time-dependent cumulative probabilities of failure for increase in traffic loads [2.3% annual increase in traffic volume, traffic load (mass) increases by 0.5% per annum].
Vu, K. A. T.; Stewart, M.G. Structural Safety, 22, 2000, 313-333
MG Ryan, D Binkley, JH Fownes - Advances in Ecological Research, 27:213–262, 1997
Performance over time: Tree stand
Performance over time: Palm oil production
Performance over time: Worker productivity
performan
ce‐‐‐‐‐>
-me‐‐‐‐‐>
current engineered system innovative engineered system 1 innovative engineered system 2 innovative engineered system 3
€
to performance(t)dt0
t∫
Shift design criteria
from maximum performance at t=0
Design for a Dynamic World
• The stressors and impacts of the “hockey-stick world” come to suggest that we need to expand our design considerations, particularly in infrastructure systems that typically have useful lifetimes meant to last for decades (and often function beyond their designed lifetime).
Zimmerman, Mihelcic, Smith, ES&T, 42 (12), 2008, 4247-4254
Water and Nonwater-related Challenges of Achieving Global Sanitation Coverage Lauren M. Fry, James R. Mihelcic, and David W. Watkins Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42 (12), 4298-4304
Freshwater stress by country (L) in 1995 and (R) projected for 2025 (13). UN Environment Programme. Global Environmental Outlook: Environment for Development; Report GEO-4; Progress Press: Valletta, Malta, 2007.
Enhancing performance over time
• Adaption • Resilience • Emergence • Evolution
Enhancing performance over time
• This is not about each component necessarily performing better over the lifetime, this is about enhancing the performance of the system.
Towards sustainability
• Design for a Dynamic World
• Design for a Systems Context
• Design for Inherency
Design for a Systems Context
Systems thinking
• Reductionist approach – Hold everything constant and fully understand
each individual parameter individually
• Synergies? • Antagonism? • Feedback mechanisms?
Peerenboom, Fisher, Whitfield, 2001, Presentation to the workshop on Mitigating Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure to Catastrophic Failures, Alexandria, VA.
Resiliency
• Traditional systems engineering try to anticipate and resist disruptions but may be vulnerable to unforeseen factors
Resilient systems
• Resilience tends to increase if a system has diversity, redundancy, efficiency, autonomy, awareness, adaptability, cohesion, and strength in its critical components.
Resiliency
Fiskel, Designing Resilient, Sustainable Systems, Environmental Science and Technology, 37 (23), 5330-5339, 2003
Towards sustainability
• Design for a Dynamic World
• Design for a Systems Context
• Design for Inherency
Design for Inherency
• “The term ‘intrinsic nature’ does not indicate a factor’s temporal status, but rather refers to its underlying and defining nature.”
--Buddhist scholar
Circumstantial vs. Intrinsic
• Circumstantial – Use – Exposure – Handling – Treatment – Protection – Costly
• Intrinsic – Molecular design
for reduced toxicity – Reduced ability to
manifest hazard – Inherent safety
from accidents or terrorism
Inherency
• What if we found a value-added use for Cl- in concrete systems rather than spending enormous resources to control the circumstances surrounding Cl- exposure and subsequent concrete deterioration?
Towards sustainability
• Design for a Dynamic World
• Design for a Systems Context
• Design for Inherency
Potential design strategies to get us closer to doing the right things right.