Designations for the 2006 PM2.5 Standards:

Evaluating the Nine Factors in Setting Nonattainment Area Boundaries

Part 1 – Overview

Rich Damberg, Tom Rosendahl

EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards

June 21, 2007

2

Statutory Requirement

• “Nonattainment area” is defined in section 107 of the Clean Air Act as:

“…any area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet) the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant.”

Analytical Challenge in the Designations Process:

- Identifying the nearby areas and sources thatcontribute to PM2.5 violations

Fine Particle Concentrations are Affected by Nearby Sources and Transported Emissions

4

The 9 Designation Factors To Help Determine Nearby Area of Influence

for 24-hr NAAQS Violations

Emissions

Air Quality

Meteorology

TopographyPolitical

and OtherBoundaries

Current EmissionControls

Growth

Traffic &Commuting

Population and

Urbanization

NonAttainment Boundaries

5

Overall Approach• All factors are taken into consideration in making

nonattainment decisions– Decisions based on the weight of evidence of the nine

technical factors.

• No bright lines are used for evaluating factors across all areas. Counties in a metro area are evaluated in relative terms, on a case-specific basis.

• Designations are to be based on best available current data for air quality, emissions, other factors

• In general, if a county in a metro area has a violating monitor, designate the full county.– Possible exceptions due to topography, size of county

6

Overall Approach (cont.)• Nonattainment problems are caused by a

combination of regional and local emissions– For purpose of designations, focus evaluation on

counties within the metro area and counties adjacent to the metro area.

• Emissions: direct PM2.5 (carbon and crustal material), SO2, NOx, VOC, ammonia

• “Speciation monitoring” techniques can be used to help identify chemical components of PM2.5 mass as well as sources of emissions

• Goal is to maintain national consistency and fairness in decision making.

7

Sources of Information• EPA Air Quality System - national PM2.5 monitoring network

- Federal Reference Method monitors- Speciation Trends Network, IMPROVE

• 2002 National Emissions Inventory (version 3)- Direct carbon and crustal emissions are estimated from total PM2.5 emissions with the SMOKE emissions processor

• 2000 US Census population data and population growth data • 2000 US Census, Journey to Work database• Vehicle miles traveled

– Estimates obtained from FHWA Highway Performance Modeling System

• NOAA weather and meteorological data• NOAA HYSPLIT back trajectory model• OMB 2003 metro area definitions• USGS topographic information• Satellite imagery – Google Earth

NAA or site outside NAA violates the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 and 2004-2006 (28 NAA, 38 sites outside NAA) NAA or site outside NAA meets the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 but violates in 2004-2006 (1 NAA, 9 sites outside NAA) NAA or site outside NAA violates the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 but meets in 2004-2006 (4 areas, 21 sites outside NAA) NAA meets the 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 and 2004-2006 (6 NAA)

2003-2005 versus Preliminary 2004-2006 PM2.5 24-hour NAAQS Status: PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas (NAA) and Additional Violating Sites

Data from AQS 4/7/2007

4 NAA (yellow) and 21 sites (yellow) outside of NAA violated the revised 24-hr NAAQS in 2003-2005 but did not violate it with 2004-2006 data. In some cases this is because the 2004-2006 data is incomplete for the previously violating sites. Several of these incomplete sites have been closed.

9

Population / Degree of Urbanization• What type of area is it?

– Large metro area – Moderate-sized city– Small town / township

• How many counties make up the metro area?– Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) and

Consolidated Statistical Area (CSA)

• How do the counties in the area compare in terms of population density?

• Is the area affected by urban sprawl?

Emissions

Air Quality

Meteorology

TopographyPolitical

and OtherBoundaries

Current EmissionControls

Growth

Traffic &Commuting

Population and

Urbanization

NonAttainment Boundaries

10

11

San Jose – Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metro AreaPopulation 1.7 million

Shoshone County, Idaho – City of PinehurstPopulation 13,000

Milwaukee, WisconsinPopulation 1.5 million39 ug/m3

Satellite imagery can help illustrate the degree of urbanization and can help identify important emissionssources in the vicinity of theviolating monitor(s)

Population DensityWashington, DC

Kent

New Castle

District of Columbia

Anne Arundel

Baltimore

Calvert

Caroline

Carroll

Cecil

Charles

Dorchester

Frederick

Harford

Howard

Kent

Montgomery

Prince George's

Queen Anne's

St. Mary'sSomerset

Talbot

Washington

Wicomico

Baltimore City

AdamsFranklin

York

Albemarle

Arlington

Caroline

Clarke

Culpeper

Fairfax

Fauquier

Frederick

King George

Loudoun

Madison

Orange

Prince William

Rappahannock

Spotsylvania

Stafford

Warren

Westmoreland

Alexandria CityFairfax City

Falls Church City

Fredericksburg City

Manassas CityManassas Park City

Winchester City

Berkeley

Jefferson

Morgan

25 People Per Dot

Population DensityAtlanta, GA

County Pop. DensityK-persons per Sq. Mile

0.12 to 2.46 (58)0.08 to 0.12 (23)0.06 to 0.08 (16)0.05 to 0.06 (23)0.01 to 0.05 (49)

16

Growth Rates

• What has been the population growth rate in the area in recent years?

• Which counties have the highest rates?– The counties with highest population density

may differ from those with the highest growth rates.

• Is growth expected to continue?

Population Growth Rates

Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WICBSA

15 K

OzaukeeWashingtonDodge

MilwaukeeWaukesha

Kenosha

Jefferson

Racine

Walworth

Rockford-Freeport-Rochelle, IL

Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, IL-IN-WI

Sheboygan, WI

Janesville, WI

1 K

1 K

6 K

7 K

7 K

3 K

Milwaukee-Racine-

Waukesha, WI CBSA

Percentage of workers who commute to other counties in the metro area

Source: 2000 US Census, Journey to Work data

Traffic and Commuting Patterns

- Is there a high degree of commuting in the metro area?- Consider inclusion of counties with significant level of commuting to counties within the city or metro area

19

Jurisdictional and Other Boundaries

• County and metropolitan area boundaries

• Including multi-state areas

• Metropolitan planning organizations

• Existing nonattainment area

boundaries

• Air pollution control districts

• Tribal lands

20

Salt Lake C ity-O gden-Clearfield CSA

Missoula Metro

Logan Metro

Blackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...

Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...

Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...

Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...

Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...

Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...

Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...

Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...

E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...

F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...

Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...

Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...

Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...

Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...

Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...

Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...

Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...

P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...

Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...

Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...

S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...

Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...

Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...

U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...

Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...

W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...

W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...

W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...

Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...

Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Consideration of Indian Lands

Salt Lake C ity-O gden-Clearfield CSA

Missoula Metro

Logan Metro

Blackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...B lackfeet Rese...

Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...Burns Paiute R...

Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...

Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...Cheyenne River...

Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...Coeur D 'A lene ...

Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...Colv ille Reser...

Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...Crow Reservati...

Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...Duck Valley Re...

E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...E lko Band...

F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...F lathead Reser...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...Fort Belknap R...

Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...Fort Berthold ...

Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort Hall Rese...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...Fort M cDerm itt...

Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...Fort Peck Rese...

Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...Kalispel Reser...

Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...Kootenai Reser...

Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...Nez Perce Rese...

Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...Northwestern S ...

P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...P ine Ridge Res...

Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...Rocky Boy 's Re...

Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...Spokane Reserv...

S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...S tanding Rock ...

Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...Sum m it Lake Re...

Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...Turtle M ountai...

U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...U intah and Our...

Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...Um atilla Reser...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...W arm Springs R...

W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...W ells Colony...

W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...W ind River Res...

W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...W innem ucca Col...

Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...Yakam a Reserva...

Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Northern Cheye...Consideration of Indian LandsConsideration of Tribal Lands

MadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadisonMadison

PleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasantsPleasants

RobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertsonRobertson

MontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomeryMontgomery

RockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastleRockcastle

JohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnsonJohnson

JacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJacksonJackson

Pike

Lewis

Carter

Mason

Fleming

Greenup

RowanBath

Clark

Wolfe

Estill

Powell

Clay

Perry

Breathitt

Martin

Mercer

Logan

Mingo

Lincoln

Raleigh

Fayette

ClayKanawha

Putnam

BoydCabell

Scioto

Campbell

Warren

Brown

Pike

Ross

Jackson

Vinton

Meigs

Athens

Hocking

Roane

Calhoun

RitchieWood

Washington

KENTUCKY

OHIO

WESTVIRGINIA

15.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.0

12.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.5

17.117.117.117.117.117.117.117.117.1

17.217.217.217.217.217.217.217.217.2

Bourbon

Bracken

Elliott

Fayette

Floyd

Garrard

Harrison

Jackson

Kenton

Knott

Laurel

Lawrence

Lee

Leslie Letcher

Magoffin

Menifee Morgan

Nicholas

Owsley

Pendleton

Pulaski

Scott

Adams

Butler

Clermont

Clinton

Fairfield

Fayette

Gallia

Greene

HamiltonHighland

Lawrence

MonroeMontgomery

Morgan

NoblePerry

Pickaway

Bland

Buchanan

Dickenson

Giles

Russell

Tazewell

Wise

Boone

Braxton

Gilmer

McDowell

Mason

Nicholas

Summers

Tyler

Wayne

Wirt

Wyoming

12.212.212.212.212.212.212.212.212.2

13.513.513.513.513.513.513.513.513.5

13.613.613.613.613.613.613.613.613.6

13.813.813.813.813.813.813.813.813.8

12.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.5

13.113.113.113.113.113.113.113.113.1

16.216.216.216.216.216.216.216.216.2

15.815.815.815.815.815.815.815.815.8

16.616.616.616.616.616.616.616.616.6

16.016.016.016.016.016.016.016.016.0

Huntington-Ashland Multi-State Area

24

Topography / Geography

• Are there topographic features that defines or affects the contributing source region?– Examples: high mountains, narrow valley

• Primarily a western issue

Elkhart, IndianaPopulation 183,00036 ug/m3

Kinda flat …Topography is notmuch of an issue here.

Topography / GeographyTopography / Geography

- Example: Libby, Montana- Example: Libby, Montana

Montana

Washington

Idaho

Lincoln, County

Shoshone County, Idaho – City of Pinehurst

Small town in large county

Shoshone County, Idaho – City of Pinehurst

Logan, UtahPopulation 103,00065 ug/m3

MeteorologyMeteorology

Possible tools:Possible tools:- Pollution roses Pollution roses based on based on hourly wind hourly wind direction datadirection dataand 24-hourand 24-hourPM2.5 dataPM2.5 data- Back trajectories- Back trajectoriesfor analysisfor analysisof high daysof high days

31

Emissions Data

• Where are important nearby emissions sources located?

• What are emissions of PM2.5 and precursors by county?

• Are certain sources key contributors during specific seasons? – Speciation data provides important information– High nitrate and carbon in winter, sulfate in summer

0 3 6

m iles

M C W ANE C AS T IR O N PIPE C O .491, 31, 100, 439

BE R M AN BR O T HE R S IR O N & M E T AL C O ., INC .132, 26, 37, 7

S M I S T E E L, INC .142, 35, 161, 40

U. S . PIPE & FO UNDR Y C O M PANY INC .(NO . B 'HAM PLANT )389, 16, 99, 533

AM E R IC AN C AS T IR O N PIPE C O M PANY1274, 249, 276, 898

DR UM M O ND C O M PANY , INC .1068, 2659, 863, 642

BIR M ING HAM S T E E L C O R PO R AT IO N127, 17, 243, 187

S LO S S INDUS T R IE S C O R PO R AT IO N - M INE R AL W O O L PLANT276, 473, 23, 60

S LO S S INDUS T R IE S C O R PO R AT IO N - C O K E /UT IL IT IE S /BT F371, 2093, 662, 99

S O . DUC T ILE C AS T ING C O . D IV -C AR O LINA C IT AT IO N C O R P119, 0, 4 , 19

G R IFF IN W HE E L C O M PANY180, 4, 54, 16

U. S . PIPE & FO UNDR Y C O M PANY ,INC .(BE S S E M E R PLANT )376, 18, 109, 312

ALABAM A M E T AL INDUS T R IE S C O R PO R AT IO N (AM IC O )0, 0 , 1 , 141

ALABAM A PO W E R C O M PANY (PO W E LL AV E NUE S T E AM PLANT )3, 339, 219, 2

ALABAM A PO W E R C O M PANY (M ILLE R PO W E R PLANT )1806, 47619, 29997, 328

S ILG AN C O NT AINE R S M ANUFAC T UR ING C O R P.0, 0 , 3 , 139

S O UT HE R N NAT UR AL G AS C O R P.0, 0 , 585, 34

U.S . S T E E L - FAIR FIE LD1213, 729, 974, 957

U.S . S T E E L - FAIR FIE LD W O R K S PIPE M ILL154, 0, 100, 143

18

16.7

Numbers represent tons of emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOx, VOC

Birmingham, AL Local Emissions Sources

Birmingham, AL – 2001 Emissions

34

Topics to come:

- Conceptual model for PM2.5 24-hour concentrations

-Analyses of PM2.5 Mass and Speciation Data for high days

-Analyses combining air quality, meteorology, and emissions