Designed bySEPTI RIYANI &

UMI KHUMAIROH

Presented as a requirement of TEFL 2

Task-Based Instruction (TBI)

Session Outline Defining “Tasks”

Task Types

The Framework of TBI

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Teaching Principles of TBI5

Introduction

Teachers’ and Students’ roles

67 Advantages &

Disadvantages 2

IntroductionTask-based learning is an alternativeapproach to communicate language teaching because a task involves a primary focus on meaning, real-world processes of language use and any of the four language skills.

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“A task is an activity where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose (goal) in order to achieve an outcome” (Willis, 1996)

Defining “Task”

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Teacher role

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1. Facilitator and chairperson2. Sets up tasks and helps students to complete them.3. Supervises the process of completing a task4. Provides vocabulary needed. 5. Gives feedback

Student role1. ACTIVE participants2. Has to work with other and be collaborative3. Needs negotiating meaning

Listing

Ordering & Sorting

Comparing

Problem solving

Sharing personal experiences

Projects and creative tasks

Six Task Types by Willis

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Examples for Task Types

Listing & Discussion7

The Framework of TBIPRE-TASK

Introduction to topic and task

TASK CYCLETask, Planning, Report

LANGUAGE FOCUS Analysis, Practice

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Pre-task1The teacher- introduces and defines the topic- uses activities to help students recall/ learn useful words and phrases- ensure students understand task instructions- may play a recording of others doing the same or a similar task

The students- note down useful words and phrases from the pre-task activities and/ or the recording- may spend a few minutes preparing for the task individually

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Task cycle2

Task ReportPlanning

Students do the task, in pairs or small groups. Teacher monitors from a distance.

Students prepare to report to the whole class (orally or in writing) how they did the task, what they decided or discovered.

Some groups present their reports to the class, or exchange written reports, and compare results.

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.3 Language Focus

PracticeTeacher conducts practice of new words, phrases and pattern occurring in the data, either during or after the analysis.

AnalysisStudents examine and discuss specific features of the text or transcript of the recording

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Advantages1. TBL is applicable and suitable for students of all ages and

background.2. Students will have a much more varied exposure to language

with TBL.3. Students are free to use whatever vocabulary and grammar

they know, rather than just the task language of the lesson.4. Allows meaningful communication.5. Students will be exposed to a whole range of lexical phrases,

collocations and patterns as well as language forms.6. Encourages students to be more ambitious in the language.

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Disadvantages1. TBI requires a high level of creativity and initiative on

the part of the task.2. TBI requires resources beyond the textbooks and

related materials usually found in language classrooms.

3. TBI is not teacher-centered and it requires individual and group responsibility and commit mention the part of students.

4. There is a risk for learners to achieve fluency at the expense of accuracy.

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Conclusion1. Task-based teaching offers the opportunity for

‘natural’ learning inside the classroom.2. It encourages child-centered learning.3. It helps learners develop individual

differences and support learning autonomy.4. It helps learners use language in a

communicative process through authentic experience while engaging the target language.

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