designing for pedestrian safetyfor pedestrian safety –sidewalk design 2 ‐ 46. options for ada...
TRANSCRIPT
Designing for Pedestrian Safety
Sidewalk DesignPresented by:
Peter EunFHWA RC Safety Engineer
Assisted by
Fred Ranck, PTOE, P.E.FHWA RC Safety Engineer
August 3, 2010
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Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
Describe the operational and safety benefits of shoulders and sidewalks
Select the appropriate design requirements for sidewalks
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Walking along the road accounts for 10-15% of pedestrian crashes:
Fewer in urban areas
More in rural areas
They’re easily preventable
Crash Reduction Factor (CRF):
Paved shoulders reduce pedestrian crashes 70%
Sidewalks reduce pedestrian crashes 88% (most sidewalk crashes occur at driveways)
CRF: % fewer crashes experienced on a road with a given treatment than on similar road without treatment
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Shoulders improve safety for all users
For motorists: room to avoid crashes
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Shoulders improve safety for all users
For bicyclists: a place to ride
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6’ width preferred
CRF = 70%
Shoulders improve safety for all users
For pedestrians: a place to walk
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At a certain point, sidewalks are needed
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“Goat trail” indicates sidewalks are needed
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The AASHTO “Green Book” states:“Sidewalks are integral parts of city streets”
Sidewalks are not added to streets, they are part of the street
6.0 ft6.0 ft 5 ft 5 ft6.0 ft 6.0 ft12.0 ft 12.0 ft
4 inches4 inches 8 inches
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Sidewalks reduce pedestrian crash risk by 88%
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Curbs & sidewalks slow traffic more than speed sign
Sidewalks define an urban street
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Discussion: Why are sidewalks discontinuous?
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Discussion: Why are sidewalks discontinuous?
Because they’re built by developers
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A sidewalk on 1 side only is not OK
Discussion: Why are sidewalks on one side not OK?
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A sidewalk on 1 side only is not OK
Discussion: Why are sidewalks on one side not OK?
Answer: Pedestrians walk in street, or cross twice
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Sample Implementation Strategy
Sample Implementation Strategy to retrofit existing streets with sidewalks
how to develop a program to fill in missing sidewalks over 20 years
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How do you make such a daunting task manageable?
Seattle example: divide it into bite‐size chunks, with overlapping priorities
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Urban village
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Schools
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Serviceproviders BINGO!
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Discussion:
What are your requirements for sidewalks:
1. What are the triggers?
2. Who pays for them?
3. Who maintains them?
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Sidewalk Corridors – The Zone System
The sidewalk corridor extends from the edge of roadway to the right‐of‐way and is divided into 4 zones
Curb zone
Furniture zone
Pedestrian zone
Frontage zone
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Curb zone
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Why the curb zone matters:
Mountable curbs are inappropriate on local streets
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Why the curb zone matters:
It’s where pedestrians transition from/to the street
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Curbs & drainage are the greatest sidewalk cost
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This sidewalk cost little to install without the curb
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Furniture zone
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All these things go here!
All the “stuff” goes in the furniture zone
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The furniture zone keeps the sidewalk clear
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Sidewalk with furniture zone is pleasant to walk on
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Planter strip helps define driveways
It’s easier for drivers to find driveways
Drivers are more likely to yield to pedestrians
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Pedestrian zone
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Sidewalk width
5‐feet width is necessary for two people to walk comfortably side by side or to pass each other
6‐feet width is preferred
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Sidewalk width
A sidewalk should be as wide as needed to serve anticipated pedestrian use (use HCM ped LOS)
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Frontage zone
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Shy Distance
Shy distance concept applies to pedestrians, who will shy away from a vertical face; extra width is needed
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An interesting façade makes narrow sidewalks feel wider
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The type of fence material impacts pedestrian comfort
The sidewalk on the left is wider, but feels constrained because of high chain link fence
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Street
Parking Curb Zone
Furniture ZonePedestrian
Zone
Frontage Zone
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The Zone System – Summary
Residential street
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Street
ParkingCurb Zon
e
FurnitureZone
PedestrianZone
Frontage Zone
The Zone System – Summary
Commercial street
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With Zone System
Street furniture arranged in zones leaves sidewalk clear
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Without Zone System
Randomly placed street furniture clutters sidewalk
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Without Zone System
No buffer between pedestrians and traffic
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ADA requirements for sidewalks
Well‐designed sidewalks meet ADA:
Sidewalks should be clear of obstructions:
3’ min clearance, 4’ proposed
Sidewalk should have smooth surface
Sidewalk should be at 2% max cross‐slope including at driveways
The zone system creates a safer and more pleasant place to walk, andmakes it easier to meet ADA requirements.
Note: many slides include older photos that show non‐compliant sidewalk features, especially ramps without the truncated domes
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Options for ADA training
Designing Pedestrian Facilities for Accessibility (DPFA) Web Based Course from FHWA
To request a course or learn more contact
• Jodi Petersen at [email protected]
• Peter Eun at [email protected]
Designing Pedestrian Facilities for Accessibility training course from APBP (in person):
To request a course see link below
• http://www.apbp.org/?Access_Course
• Agenda: http://www.apbp.org/resource/resmgr/dpfa/dpfa_one‐
page_flyer.pdf
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Agenda for DPFA Web Based Course
1. Introduction ‐ Live web conference
a) ADA Statistics
b) Policies / Legal Background
c) Walking Environment
2. Pedestrian Access Route – self paced
3. Curb Ramps and Blended Transitions – self paced
4. Detectable Warning Services – self paced
5. Pedestrian Crossings – self paced
6. Accessible Pedestrian Signals – self paced
7. Street Furniture and Parking – self paced
8. Work Zones – self paced
9. Wrap Up ‐ Live web conference
a) Q & A
b) Knowledge Test
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Utilities & poles should not obstruct sidewalk
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Mitigate around obstacles on narrow curbside sidewalk
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Driveways
Driveways are the source of most conflicts with motor vehicles on sidewalks
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Driveways built like intersections encourage high-speed turns
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Driveways built like driveways encourage slow-speed turns
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This driveway was built like an intersection
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Driver exits at high speed, not looking at pedestrians
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3’
ADA requirements for driveways:
Minimum passage of 3’ (soon to be 4’) at 2% max cross‐slope
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6’
Easier to maintain level passage with separated sidewalks
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Cross‐slopeexceeds 2%
Without zone system (curbside sidewalk) hard to meet ADA
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For narrow curbside sidewalks, wrap sidewalk around apron
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Walking Along the Road – Let’s Recap
1. Crash Reduction Factors:
Rural environments:
Paved shoulders reduce ped crashes up to 70%
Urban environments:
Sidewalks reduce ped crashes up to 88%
(most sidewalk crashes occur at driveways)
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Walking Along the Road – Let’s Recap
2. Sidewalk Design: The zone system
What are the 4 zones?
1. The curb zone
2. The furniture/planter/buffer zone
3. The pedestrian/walking zone
4. The frontage zone
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Walking Along the Road – Let’s Recap
3. Sidewalk Design: Key characteristics
How should the walking zone be designed?
Smooth
Separated from traffic
Clear of obstructions
Level cross‐slope (max 2%)
Wide enough to accommodate expected pedestrian volumes
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Walking Along the Road – Learning Outcomes:
You should now be able to:
Describe the operational and safety benefits of shoulders and sidewalks
Select the appropriate design requirements for sidewalks
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Questions?