designing in context

Human Computer Interaction & Usability Unit http://icts.sbg.ac.at

Thomas Grillmailto:[email protected]

10.11.2011

Designing in Context

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● - ICT&S - Context - Contextual Design / 43

Overview

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• ICT&S Center - University of Salzburg• Context• Contextual Design

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ICT&S Center

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ICT&S Center

3Context ...

Mattias SahlénThe Context Is Everythinghttp://www.behance.net/mattiassahlen

"For me context is the key from that comes the understanding of everything."

http://www.kennethnoland.com

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Context what?

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Origin: 1375–1425; late Middle English < Latin contextus a joining together, scheme, structure, equivalent to contex(ere) to join by weaving (con- con- + texere to plait, weave) + -tus suffix of v.action; compare text

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/context

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Context definition

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Context is any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity. An entity is a person, place or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including the user and application themselves.

Anind!K. Dey, Gregory!D. Abowd, Peter!J. Brown, Nigel Davies, Mark Smith, and Pete Steggles. Towards a better understanding of context and context-awareness. In HUC ’99: Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, pages 304–307, London, UK, 1999. Springer-Verlag.

What is it when we are talking about context ...

Mobile Context

Virtual Reality Context

Work Context

Leisure Context

Learning Context

Task Context

Environ-mental Context

Social Context

Design Context

Situational Context

Behavioral Context

Cultural Context

Historical Context

Literary Context

Author’s Context

Device Context

Emotional Context

Application Context

User Context

Information Context

Rachel Hinman - The mobile frontier (to appear in 2012)http://rosenfeldmedia.com/books/mobile-design/

Mobile Context - The Chapter that Nearly Killed Me

Mobile Context


Work Context

Leisure Context

Learning Context

Task Context


Social Context

Design Context

Situational Context

Behavioral Context

Cultural Context

Historical Context

Literary Context

Author’s Context

Device Context

Emotional Context

Application Context

User Context

Information Context

Mobile Context


Work Context

Leisure Context

Learning Context

Task Context


Social Context

Design Context

Situational Context

Behavioral Context

Cultural Context

Historical Context

Literary Context

Author’s Context

Emotional Context

Application Context

User Context

Information ContextDevice

Context

Task Context


Application Context

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Modelling context

• A traditional way to “describe” context• Usually focus on “interactive systems”

• The most of the models model such an interactive system where relevant context are regarded

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Schmidt et al. 1999

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Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl, and Hans-Werner Gellersen. There is more to context than location. Computers and Graphics, 23(6):893–901, 1999.

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Schmidt et al. 1999

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Abowd & Mynatt 2000

• The 5 Ws of Context

• Who – the user and other people in the environment • What – human activity perception and interpretation • Where – location and the perceived path of the user • When – time as an index and elapsed time• Why – reason a person is doing something

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Gregory!D. Abowd and Elizabeth!D. Mynatt. Charting past, present, and future research in ubiquitous computing. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., 7(1):29–58, 2000.

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Tarasevich 2003

16Peter Tarasewich. Towards a comprehensive model of context for mobile and wireless computing. In Proc. of AMCIS 2003, pages 114–124, 2003.

Tasks & GoalsEvents in the environment

Location, Orientation Personal propertiesMental statePhysical health Expectations

Location, Orientation (of objects) Physical properties Brightness and noise levels Availability and quality (of devices and communications)

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Bradley & Dunlop 2005

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Nicholas A. Bradley and Mark D. Dunlop. Toward a multidisciplinary model of context to support context-aware computing. Hum.-Comput. Interact., 20(4):403–446, 2005.

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Grill & Tscheligi 2011

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Situational Context

tn

tn+1

Temporal Context

past

future

Situational Context

User Context/Personal Context

interacts with

User Interface

Application Context

System

webservice GUI ubicomp devicemobile

social contextfunctionality / features

environmental,physical context

WWW

Data-base

sens

e

environmental, physical context

social contextcognitiveprocess

ExtrinsicFactors

ExtrinsicFactors

IntentionGoals

KnowledgeExperiences

UXEmotions

Intrinsic Factors

information context

sens

e &

perc

eive sense & perceive

information context

sense

user

person

part of

implements

interpret interpret

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Designing the mobile context ...

NFL Mobile Commercial

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Contextual Design

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Design is a specification of an object, manifested by an agent, intended to accomplish goals, in a particular environment, using a set of primitive components, satisfying a set of requirements, subject to constraints

Ralph, P. and Wand, Y. (2009). A proposal for a formal definition of the design concept. In Lyytinen, K., Loucopoulos, P., Mylopoulos, J., and Robinson, W., editors, Design Requirements Workshop (LNBIP 14), pp. 103-136. Springer-Verlag, p. 109.

Applied Arts

Fashion Design

Game Design

Graphic Design

Industrial Design

Interaction Design

Interior Design

Product Design

Process Design

Engineering Design

Instructional Design

Web Design

Service Design

Universal Design

Archi-tectureArchi-tecture

Applied Arts

UI Design

Product Design

Experience Design

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Design & Context

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Design

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Context

Ralph, P. and Wand, Y. (2009). A proposal for a formal definition of the design concept. In Lyytinen, K., Loucopoulos, P., Mylopoulos, J., and Robinson, W., editors, Design Requirements Workshop (LNBIP 14), pp. 103-136. Springer-Verlag, p. 109.

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Context(ual) Design?• Designing for Context

! Designer investigates context from outside

• Designing in Context! Designer residing in Context! Ethnographic approach

• Designing Context! Context is the design artifact

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Context of use

Design Context

Context of use

Design Context

User Research

Interpretation

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Contextual Design

• The Concextual Design Process

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Contextual inquiry

Interpretation session

Data consolidation

Visioning & Storyboarding

Product and System Requirements

Paper Mockup Interviews

Interaction, Visual, Industrial Design

here starts the user interface design

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User research methodologies

• Getting to know the user• Who interacts• In his particular, relevant environment

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The goal of user research is to generate an understanding of the people who use our products!

Usually done by p

sychologists

or socio

logists

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When to Use Which User Experience Research Methods

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Christian Rohrer - http://www.useit.com/alertbox/user-research-methods.html

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User research methodologies• Common user research methodologies

! Interviews, Focus Groups, Workshops! Card Sorting! Contextual inquiry! Shadowing (similar to contextual inquiry but evaluator

only observes)! Visual Anthropology (Foto Diary)! Cultural Probing! Questionnaires, Surveys, Panels (Similar to an online

survey that is given to a specific set of people, who have been recruited for the purposes of research)

! Analytics (Measuring key metrics about what users are doing)

! Diary Methods! Experience Sampling Method! ...

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• Ethnographies! Participants are observed in their natural

environment (most typically in their homes, offices, or where ever they use the product)

! Provides a deep understanding of their lifestyles, cultures, process, and work‐arounds as a basis for better understanding their needs and problems

! Best if done early in the development process to help

! inform features and functionality

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going into the field

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• Ethnography! Moving into the context! Get to know the end-users! Getting first-hand information!Ethnography is the practice of immersing oneself

in the world or culture that one is studying. This means you go into the field to observe their rituals and behaviour in their “natural setting”.

• Vs. “armchair anthropologists”! Doing literature research only

• Too general! Interrogating mostly unspecific user-groups

• Not necessarily representative• e.g. colleagues

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going into the field

residing in the office

http://www.clipartoday.com/_thumbs/018/people/business/mandesk8-07_tnb.png

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Contextual Inquiry

• A contextual inquiry interview is usually structured as an approximately two-hour, one-on-one interaction in which the researcher watches the user do their normal activities and discusses what they see with the user.

• Contextual inquiry defines four principles to guide the interaction:■ Context—Interviews are conducted in the userʼs actual workplace. The researcher watches

users do their own work tasks and discusses any artifacts they generate or use with them. In addition, the researcher gathers detailed re-tellings of specific past events when they are relevant to the project focus.

■ Partnership—User and researcher collaborate to understand the userʼs work. The interview alternates between observing the user as they work and discussing what the user did and why.

■ Interpretation—The researcher shares their interpretations and insights with the user during the interview. The user may expand or correct the researcherʼs understanding.

■ Focus—The researcher steers the interaction towards topics which are relevant to the teamʼs scope.

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When to use which User Experience Research Methods

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Christian Rohrer - http://www.useit.com/alertbox/user-research-methods.html

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Usability vs. User Experience

• Usability! The ease of use of a particular tool or designed object to achieve a

particular goal

• User Experience! The experience a person has when interacting with an interactive

system (i.e. a product or a service)

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Usability vs. User Experience

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http://userexperienceproject.blogspot.com/2007/04/user-experience-wheel.html

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User Experience

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• Different facets of UX! Values are what we want to achieve! Usability is a prerequisite! Utility / usefulness reflects the

matching with the user’s goals! Findability of your product! Accessibility! Desirability reflects the user’s

emotions, feelings when interactingwith the interactive system

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- Information Architecture- Interaction Design- Ethnography- Branding- Library Science- Usability

User Experience is…a multi-disciplinary process of design

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In practice ...

• When to analyse context?• What does the context information contain?• (Why) is the context information relevant to my design?• Who will be participating in the action?• How do I use the context information in my design

! Influences the functionality! Influences the interaction design! Influences a user’s context relevant to the design object

• Social Context• Behavioral Context• User attitudes, experiences

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Design

PreDesignPhase

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Designing the product

• De-contextualized design! Only refers to the functionality! Is based on functional requirements

! Goal: Design and develop a functional product that works• Contextualized design

! Refers to the complete usage scenario! Requires in-depth knowledge of the context-of-use! Requirements elaborated on contextual

• Affordances• Specific user properties (needs, behavior, attitudes, etc.)

! Goal: Design and develop a product that meets the needs of the users and is designed for a positive user experience

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2


Functionality

• Meeting the user’s needs• Defines the “utility” of a product• Needs to meet the user’s needs

! Question: Is it exactly this what I need?

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2


Attachment

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbttOR-SrRQ

• Describes how the user! Addresses a product! Is attached to a product! Is satisfied with a product

• Basic Emotion Scale! Anger: frustration, irritation, aggression,

jealousy, resentful. ! Sadness: despair, misery, defeated

gloominess, mournful. ! Disgust: shame, guilt, repulsion,

humiliated, blameworthy. ! Fear: anxiety, nervousness, tense,

worried, shy.! Happiness: joy, elation, pride, loving,

cheerful.

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Emotions

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Characters of Premo (Desmet 2003a)Geneva Emotion Wheel

Noldus FaceReader

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How to regard this?

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http://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/ucd_process.asp

Plan – Planning is critical to the success of all projects, and this is also true of projects using UCD. In the Plan phase, the team determines all of the UCD activities and ensures that the necessary resources are available.Research – Before you can design a product, it is imperative that you have a clear understanding of the users' goals and tasks, the market needs, and related work.Design – In the design phase, you define your system from the users' perspective. Initially, this phase takes the form of use cases and an object action model, which describes the tasks that the system will support. From these tasks you create UI designs, beginning with rough sketches and ending with detailed UI design specifications.Adapt – The adapt phase acknowledges that even the best conceived designs often need to be adapted when development begins coding. This adaptation can occur as a result of unforeseen limitations in the target technology, new requirements, or missing functionality in the initial design.Measure – When the product is released, it is possible to measure its usability quantitatively. These tests measure a product's effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction.

plan function-

ality

research (user)

context

design in/for

context

Context

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Evaluation

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●


Questions?

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Thank you!

designing in context

Design

context definition context

icts context

context contextual design6

context contextual design19

comprehensive model

contextaware computing

context thomas grillmailto

the5 ws of context