TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 59 JUNE 1964

Culture and Yield Performance of

Desmodium intortum and D. canum in Hawaii

O. R. YOUNGED. L. PLUCKNm

andPETER P. ROTAR

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSIlY OF HAWAII

Culture and Yield Performance of

Desmodium intortunJ and D. canum in Hawaii

O. R. YOUNGED. L. PLUCKNETT

andPETER P. ROTAR

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIICO LLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIME NT STATIONH ONOLULU, HAWA II J UN E I964

T ECH NICA L B ULL ETI N No . 59

THE AUTHORS

DR. O . R. YOUNGE is Agronomist at the Hawaii Agricultural Experim ent Sta­tion ; Cha irman, D epartment of Agron omy and Soil Science, College of TropicalAgri culture; and Professor of Agro nom y, University of Hawaii.

DR. D . L. PLUCKNETT is Assistant Agronomis t and Superintend ent of th e KauaiBran ch Station, Hawaii Agricultural Experim ent Stat ion .

D R. PETER P. ROTAR is Assistant Agrono mist at th e Hawaii Agricultu ralExperiment Station and Assistant Professor of Agronomy, University of Hawaii .

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Grateful acknowledgment is mad e to K . Murakami, Farm Manager, HaleakalaExperimental Farm, and staff for supervision of exper iment s on the island of Maui ,and to th e managem ent of Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company for usefoflands at Halehaku, Maui .

CONTENTS

PAG E

INTROD UCT ION 5

LITERAT URE REVIEW 5

M ETHODS . 7

TAXONOMIC K EY TO Desmodin») IN HAW All 7

PLANT D ESCRI PTI O NS 8

I n rorrum 8

Kaim i 11

EXPERI MENTAL R ESULTS AN D DISCUSSIO N 13

Performance of various leg um es un der parrial irr igation , Waim analo , Oahu 13

Seed and forage yie ld resp onse of established Desmodium intortum tomolybdenum treatment, W aimanalo , O ah u . . 14

M ixed intorrurn and pangolag rass yields on ba uxite stripsoil andtopsoil , Wailua , K auai . 14

Gra zin g of lim ed and fertil ized intorrurn and pan golag rass mi xtures ,Cam p M au i, M aui . 15

Seed and for age yield s of ferti lized m ixed kaim i, dallisg rass, andnative g rasses, over a 7-year period , H aleh ak u School, M aui . 19

G raz ing of ferti lized kaimi clover mi xed wit h pangola, da llisgrass, k ikuyu ,or nat ive grasses on low wetlands , Halehaku, Maui 19

S UMMA RY . 20

Li T ERAT URE CITED 2 1

A pP EN DIX . 23

Young cattle pastured on mixed kaimi clover (dark vegetation) and kikuyugrass (light, lowvegetation) . Fairly praductive pastures requiring minimum care can be established from mix edplanting of kikuyugrass and kaimi clover , Such pastures withsland severe overgrazing andunderfertilization and yet far exceed unimproved range in productivity.

Culture and Yield Performance of

Desmodium intortum and D. (anum in Hawaii

O. R. Y O UNG E, D. L PLU CKNETT , and P ETER P. R OT A R

INTRODUCTION

Forage produ ction in tro pica l and subtropical areas is depend en t upon prod uc­ti ve, well-adap ted, and hard y forage species of good nutriti ve value. In the tropicsman y desirable gra ss species are capable of produ cing good forage und er widelyvarying conditions of clima te and so ils. Such is not the case, however, with tropicalleg umes. Littl e inform at ion is ava ilable on desirable tropi cal legu mes which canproduce good forage while persistin g in a mixture with the mo re agg ressive grasses.In addi tion, littl e specific information is kno wn about nitrogen-fixation capacity,fert ility requ irement s, forage yields, and grazing management for legumes in trop­ical areas.

In Hawaii there has been considerable int erest in findin g desirable legume speciesfor th e wide array of climati c zones and especially for the poten tially productivehumid lowlan d region s. Th e hu mid lowland s are located in vege tat ion zones Cl andDI (10), and comp rise an area something less than on e-half mi llion acres . Fewdesirab le forage legumes are currently used in this area, because of difficulties inestablishing and maintai ning a leg ume in com petiti on with agg ressive weedy vegeta ­tio n under condit ions of very low soil ferti lity.

Often in th e tro pics, forage species tes ted with success in one area are nor suit­able for other areas, and frequ ently legume species th ou ght to be wayside plant sor weeds in some situations may be valuab le forage species elsewhere. Such is th ecase with inrorturn IDesmodiu»: intortum (M ill.) Urb .) and kaimi clover (DesmodillllJcanton (G mel.) Schinz and Th ellung), whi ch are th e sub ject of thi s repor t.

At thi s tim e no definitive report exists, in th e worl d literatur e, on th e culture,yield, and utili zati on of any Desmodho» spec ies. This report attempts to supply someinformation on th e economic potent ials of some Desmodium species und er Hawaiiconditions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

T he genus Desmodium, to which kaimi clover, spanish clover (D. sandicicense),and inrorrum belon g, is a large genus of leg umes of about 500 spec ies distributedthrougho ut the temp erate and tropical region s of th e world . D espite th e consider­able number of species, only a few arc recognized for th eir forage value. Prob abl y

6 HAWAII AGRI CULTURAL EXPE RIME NT ST ATI O N

th e best-known species in th e northern areas is ti ckcl over or beggarweed, D. tortu­OS"'", a short-lived perenni al stemmy herb attaining a heigh t of 4 to 7 feet, whichis the only Desmodium grow n commercially on the U.S. mainland . It has beengrown th ere on a small acreage since about 1890, chie fly for grazing, but is usedalso as a cover crop or game bird feed, and for hay, whi ch is di ffi cu lt to cure (12).Several temp erat e zone Desmodium species are useful for soi l conse rvation or asa so urce of food for game birds (6) .

M any of th e Desmodium gro up are indigeno us to and widely distr ibu ted through­out South Am erica (78, 24), wh ere many species constitute small but importantparts of th e forage and browse of the nativ e grasslands . Several research cente rsreport various species under observation but non e of the centers qu ot e their com­mercial culture .

In Hawaii th e first Desmodium species of record is D. tortuosum, Hawaii Agri­cultu ral Experiment Stat ion access ion No. 839, inrr od uced from N ew York in19 13 (7). Since th is first int roducrion , the HAES has introd uced nearly 150 selec­tions from abo ut 50 species for observat ion and potenti al utili zat ion in agri culture.

T he first recogn it ion of the po tent ials of kaimi app eared in Hawaii in 1945 (8),covering such aspects as adaptation, estab lishment, and maintenance in pasture, seedprodu ct ion , and harvest ing . Further information stated that kaimi spread rapidlyin range lands, because th e seeds were ingested by cat tle and later distr ibuted in th edro ppi ngs , and also the hairy seed pods adhered to wandering animals (11).

In 1956, kaimi was reported to perform well in improved past ures when mixedwit h kik uyu, pangola, da llisgrass, and native grasses (22). M oderate limin g andfert ilization also gave marked respon ses in yield and qua lity of the vario us foragecomponents.

Elsewhere, the only reported observation on kaimi comes from Brazil (7), wherethe leg ume is stated to be the most important forage legume in the southern areasdu ring the summer.

In torrurn was first introduced into Hawaii in 1947 when severa l stra ins werebro ug ht in from different areas of tropical America by the HAES. The legumeproduced seed readi ly and was readily established by direct seed ing (23) . By 1952,th ree well-developed strai ns of inrortum had bee n selected (2 1).

In tortum perform s well in combi nat ion with pangola in Hawaii (9, 22, 29) .Several compatab ility facto rs comprise high palatabili ty, rapi dity of recovery afte rgrazing, trailing gro wt h habit, and high productivity.

Following the discovery of toxicity in Indigofera splcata (I . endecaphylla) (74),or creeping indigo, as it is kno wn in Hawaii, th e question of po tential tox icity ofDesmodinn: to livesto ck was also investigated. Assay of potent ial tox icity was madeby using th e test forage in chick rations, in compa rison with alfalfa. Of the 28select ions from 18 spec ies of Desmodho» assayed, on ly 1 selection sho wed slighttoxicity, whereas 8 selections showed st imulant values exceeding those of alfalfa by10 percent or more (7) .

Elsewhere, some inte rest has been show n in intorrurn in recent years . In G uate­mala, dehyd rated into rtu rn in expe rimental rat ion s for baby chicks and rats has beenreported (20); also, into rtu rn was unde r tes t where volunteer stands were observedin forme r corn areas (19) . Inror rurn has recently been introduced into Aust ralia,

C ULTU RE AND YIELD OF DE SMODI UM IN II AW All 7

whe re it is reportedly de foliated by ligh t fro st s. G rowth of in tortum in Austral iadoes no t beg in unti l Septem be r, when th e warm weather sta rts (5). R ecentl y intro ­d uced in to Ta iwan, intortu rn has sho wn so me ada ptat io n to areas below 1000meters in alti tu de in central and northern regi on s, where it ap pea rs pro mising in mi x­ture wi th pan gola (3).

METHODS

Jn thi s report an attem pt has bee n ma de to provide a taxonomic key to theDesmodim» spec ies found in Hawai i. The description and culture of inrorrum andkai mi clove r are g iven in deta il, as observed under Hawaii co ndi t io ns.

T he resul ts o f six field expe rime nts on var ious aspects o f yie ld pe rforman ce ofin torrum and kai rni clover, with or with out adm ixt ures of ada p ted grasses, are alsopresent ed . T he experime nts were co nd ucted ov er the per iod 1951-6 1 at five sites o nOahu , K au ai , and M aui , in medi um - to high -rainfall areas at elevat ions be low 2200feet. Fo r eac h test site the spec ific co nd itions for the expe rime nt have been pre­sented in th e seerion o n expe rimental results. To facilitate interpr eta tion and com­par ison of diverse field data , all results are report ed on th e annua l acre bas is.

T he various fertili zer material s utilized were co mme rcial grade exce pt that tech ­nical -g rad e mater ials were used for mol ybd enum and zinc. Dry matt er and chemicalanalyses based on stan da rd me tho ds are repo rte d on ma teria l d ried at 700 C, un lessothe rwise indicated .

Forage yield s were obtai ned by cli pping and weighing the to p growth frommeas ured str ips in th e vari ous tes t plots. Represen tative sam ples of th e cl ippingswe re tak en for furth er ana lyses in the lab oratory .

The beef cat tle used in th e g razing experime nts were improved g rade , longyearl ing ran ch cat tle . T hey had free access to salt, bo nemea l, wat er , and grazea b leforage. At th e time of purch ase th ey averaged abo ut 500 pounds in weight andwh en so ld abo ut a year lat er , ge ne rally weighed ab out 1000 pounds. T hey we reins pec ted and weighed at eve ry cha nge in rotati onal grazi ng .

TAXONOMIC KEY TO DESMODIUM IN HAWAII

In orde r th at th e Desmodium spec ies co m mon to H awaii may be ide ntified,the foll owin g key is presented . Th.e local Desmodiran spec ies are herbaceou s to

shrub by plants with trifoli at e leaves and with seed pod s indented and chai nlike.

K EY

1. Erec t o r sernierec t plants.2. Fruit segme nts circular; stems and pe t io les den sely pu bescent ; leaflets o val to

ovate . (Giant beggarw eed .)- D . discolor.

2. Fruit segme n ts rectan g ular o r nor sym me trically circular; leaflet s lanceolare;flowers yello wish or pin kish , arra nged on o pe n pa nicles ; pod s twis ted, 2- to

6-jo in ted , joi nts ro un de d . (Flo rida beggarweed. )- D . tortnosum ,

8 HAWAI I AGR IC ULT URA L EXP ERIME N T ST AT ION

1. Creeping or prosrrare plants.2. Leaflet s with white-col ored area alon g midrib.

3. Leaflets ro und to oval on prosrrate stem, Ianceolare on uprigh t stem; flow ersred or lavender; seed pod not ch ed only on low er edge. (Kaim i clover , kaim ispan ish clover.)- D . WI/IIII/.

3. Leaflets ova te or narrower ; flow ers wh ite, greenish-whi te, or slig htly pink ;pod s notched on both up per and low er edges . (Spanish clover.)- D. sandu.icense,'

2. Leaflet s without whi te-colored area alo ng midr ib .3. Leaflet s ova l to o bova re, clov erJik e; flow ers clu stered at leaf bases, usuall y

three togethe r, pink or purplish; pods curved, 3- to 6-joi nted. (T hree­flowered beggarw eed .)- D. trijlorm»,

3. Leaflets ova te ; !lowers p urplish-pink ; pod s notch ed on upper and lowered ues, (Inrorrum.)- - D. intortmn.

PLANT DESCRIPTION SIntortum

Intortu m is a peren nial dec umbent plant with lo ng , creeping stems which read ­ily root at nod es ap pro ximately 4 inch es apart (fig . I ) . Th e lon g, redd ish -brown ,pubescent branchin g stems are often 15- 20 feet long , and :\16 inch in d iam eter. T heleaves are ova te , and 2-3 in ches wide and 2.5-4 inch es lon g wh en mature. Th eupper leaf surface is dark green wi th very fine g ray hairs ; th e low er sur face is gray­ish -g reen wi th many fine whi te silky hairs . Yo ung leaves are usuall y fine silkyp ubescent. Mature leaves are larger in summe r, sma ller in win ter.

In the sho rt-da y period , D ecember to M arch , into rtu rn blooms and sets seed.The flow ers are purplish-pin k wh en ma ture, }4 inch lo ng by YH inch wid e, and areborne on terminal portion s o f upri ght ste ms 1- 2.5 feel high . T he flow er is com pleteand self-fe rt ile, and produ ces a serrate d pod with 8 to 12 seeds . A few flow ers arealso borne o n short stems arising from some of the upper leaf axils. The inflores­cence is a race me. O lder pe tals rapidly turn b lue be fo re droppin g . T he pod (aloment) is 1-1. 5 inches lo ng and less than YH inc h wid e, and is co vered with sho rtbrown hairs which give it a furr y appearance. Both the upper and low er sutures ofthe pod are notched , with th e lower suture more deeply notched than the upper.Th e pod easily break s aparr into 8 to 12 seg ments , each o f which yield s one seed .The ligh t-brown seed is kidn ey-sh ap ed and abo ut 1.5 mill lo ng and 1 mm wid e.Ab out 385,000 inrorrum seeds weigh 1 pound . Some of th e seeds are hard coatedand remain dormant when planted ; however, the percentage of hard seeds is usuall yg reatly red uced in the pro cess of mechanical threshing and the seeds do not req uirefurt her sca rification.

Inrorturn is native to Central and South Am erica and was first introd uced intoHawaii in 1947 (23) . In test plantings conducte d in var io us areas , inr ortu rn showed

I Formerly thi s was called D. «ncin atum, but based on recent taxonomic author ity it has beenfo und that the prop er classificati on is D. sandtoicense.

CU LT URE AN D YIE LD O F D ESMO D!UM IN HA WAII 9

o

o

d

'1I

JI\ii

\\

" I\" I

1,1,,:

C

o

o

FIGURE 1. Morph ology of inrorrum ( Desmodimn intorttrm ) showing (a ) habit of growth ,(b ) flower , ( c ) floral parts , ( tI) pod conta ining seed, and ( e ) seed.

10 HAWAII AGR IC ULT URAL EXPERIM ENT ST AnON

adaptat io n in the high-rainfall areas at elevations up to 3000 feet. In to rrurn , likemost other Desmoditou species tes ted, slows in growth during the short-day winterperiod , and little vegeta tive growth results even if flowering and fruiting is dis­co uraged by grazing or clipping.

Inrorrurn is difficu lt to establish o n poorly prepared land, whi ch is one majorreason for its slow spread and acce pta nce . H owever, it is read ily established fromseed on well-tilled , weed -free land . T he seeding rate is usually 2 to 5 pounds peracre. Inr ortum belongs to the co wpea bacterial inoc ulat io n group (2), and no inocu ­lati on is requi red in areas gro wing koa haole (Let/cawel let/cocephala ), mim osa(AI. p/l(liCCl ), cro talaria (c. ilJcalJa ), or Japanese tea (Ca.crici leJchellct!lltiellle/ ), th e soilalready being ad equately supplied wit h the required bact eria ." T he seed of in ro rturnge rminates slowly, and early growth is slo w for th e first month or so , wh ereaft errunners appear and th e plan t spr eads rapid ly to giv e a so lid ground co ver.

Under favorable rainfa ll co ndit io ns, int orru rn has also been established in exist­ing pastures. The fora ge must be grazed o r mow ed very clos ely prior to broadcast ­ing intortum and no cattle mu st be permi tt ed o n the land for ab our 2 to 3 monthsafte r th e inrortum seed beg ins to germinate and prod uce seedlings.

In places where on ly poor to fair lan d ti llage is possib le, inrorru rn may be esta b­lish ed from vegetative cutt ings. T he land is t illed o n the contour in scrips 6-10feet wid e, spaced 20-30 feet apar t. Planting may proceed by sprigging mature st emcutt ing s with several nod es in ho les or furrows at interva ls of 6-10 feet . Alterna­tively , if vegetative material is plentifu l, it may be run through a forage chopper,producing cutt ings seve ral inches in length . T he cutt ings are scattered ov er theti lled land or ti lled stri ps and cov ered by lig ht dis cing. M ixed grass and intorturnforage run through a forage cho pper and planted in this ma nn er has given excellentgrazing o n ferti lized land in less than 3 months. Whatever the method of planting,it is essential that adeq uate fert ilizat io n be provid ed ; ot herwise, poor growth willresult.

Inrortum , unlike kaimi, will require resting and time for reg rowth after heavygra zing ; therefo re, ligh t to mediu m co nt inuo us g razing or heavy rotational gra zingshould be utilized . Continuous heavy gra zing soon exha usts the root reserv es in thecropped inrorturn and resul ts in deat h of the plant.

In our cultural exp eriments , intortum has shown lit tle respo nse to lim e, and asoil reaction as low as pH 5.5 permits excellent prod uction . Inrorturn has a hig hreq uirement for phosph orus and po tassium , which is one of the reasons why thisleg ume has never been properly app reciated in the reg ion of its origi n where th enative so ils are relatively infert ile and lit tle ferti lizat ion is pract iced . Wh ere thesoi ls are infert ile, inrorturn makes lit tle growth.

T he top growth of intorrum is a mass of leafy, prostra te creepi ng vines, withsucculent, juicy stems about :Yt6 inc h thick , which are extremely slow to dry and curefor hay. T he to p growth is readily co nsumed by cat tle in mi xt ures with gras ses oralon e, altho ugh cattle req uire som e time to acquire a lik ing for inrortu m. It isread ily eaten as fresh -cut so ilag e. It has not been test ed as a si lage . As soilage,

~Cu l lU res of Rhi zobium more speci fic for Desmodism species may be obtained from theNit rogen Com pa ny, Milwaukee, Wisconsin .

C ULT UR E AND YIELD OF DES MODl UM IN HAW AII 11

in to rturn yields three or four racoon s pe r year. Ab out the same number of rota­t iona l g razings are o bta ine d , in which graz ing is co nt in ued until about 20 percentof the yield rem ains in the form o f coarse st em s denuded of leav es. M or e intens egrazing result s in stand depl eti on and early ex te rm inatio n of all the inr ortum,Under proper managem ent , intor turn will maintain a fu ll stan d inde finitely andwi ll ho ld its own with paragrass (Brctchiclria IIlliticct'\) and with napi ergrass (Penni­settrnr pllrpllrelllll ).

Kaimi

Kaimi clo ver is a long -lived , pro st rate to up righ t plant with two kinds of stems ,eac h of which bears a d istinct ive ty pe of leaf (fig . 2, S). On uprig ht stems, lan ceo ­lat e (lo nger tha n broad ) leaves wit h a whi te mark ing in th e center are produced .O n decumbent ro creeping stems , ova l to ro und leaves withou t leaf markings de ­velop, and at a distan ce the plant often resem bl es whi te clover. When the plant iscut o r trampled , the re is a development of strong dec umbent and pro strate stems .T hese root at the nod es wh ere they lie o n m oi st gro und.

O n m ature plants , numerou s reddis h or lavender flowers are pro du ced on theupright stems . T he calyx is small an d the lobes are pointed. Eac h flower is com ­plete and se lf-ferti le and g ives ris e to a fo ur - to seven -seede d pod . T he pods are 1to 1Y2 inches lon g and about YH in ch wide . T he upper suture is stra ig ht and thelo wer marg in is inden ted . The who le pod, whic h is co vered with short brown ha irs,clings to clothing an d to the ha ir of animals. The pod breaks apart eas ily at thejoints. T he lig h t-bro wn seed is kidney -sha pe d and is abo ut Ys inch long and ~r.

in ch wide. W ild -g rowing ka irni clov er, D. canton, nat ive o f the W est In d ies andprobably an accidental in trod ucti o n, was first reported in H awaii in 19 16 (17) . I tfirst received agronomic recogn ition in 1945 (8) . K aim i clover has severa l desirabl efor age characteris tics- it is a moderately pa latable , persistent , p rostrat e, perennialpastu re plant read ily established fro m seed in grass swa rd o r ti lled land , and is com­pat ib le and competit ive with most local aggressive grasses g ro wn in the lowland ,m ediu m - to high -rainfall areas . K aim i, being prostrate in habi t , is no t a heavy yielderand probably m akes its major co ntr ibut ion in m ixed forage by stim ulati ng the asso ­ciated grass in yie ld , palatabili ty, and q ua lity , thro ug h its capac ity to fix and trans fera tmospheric nit rogen . K aimi is widely di str ib ut ed in the moist to wet lowlan ds upto about 1500 feet elevat ion . I ts makes little growth at high er elevations or in dr ya reas where ann ua l ra infall is less th an 50 in ch es. Under favorab le co nditions, th eyo ung kaimi p lant grown from seed or stolo ns will sp read only a few inch es in th efirst few m onths. After 6 months, growth is accelerated by bran ch ing an d rooringat the nodes, an d sp read is rapid if pla nt co m pet it ion is nor intens e.

Ka im i is most read ily propagated from seed . T he us ual rate o f seed ing is 5 to

10 pounds per acre. It may be dr ill ed or broadcast on tilled land , preferabl y coveredwith so il to a dep th from 0.2 to 0.5 inc h. On estab lishe d pasture or ran ge, it maybe bro ad cast o n closely g razed land withou t furthe r coverage. If see de d in m att edvegeta t io n , poor establishment will resu lt. The ka imi be longs to the cowpea bac­te rial in ocu lation group (2) , and no inocul ati on is usua lly requ ired in areas growing

::B rdeh idrid mutic« ( Fo rsk. ) Stapf = Pan icn », IJllrpllraJeellJ Rad d i.

12 HAWAII AGRIC ULT URAL EXPERIME NT ST AT ION

b

n.··",.,\Jd

stem and lt4f -sl <J /kcovered with sbor L hd i,.s ~_.jh/

~.c X 3/4

FIGURE 2. Morphology of kaimi ( Des mo diam canum } showing (a ) habit of growth, ( b)flower, ( c) pod conta ining seed, (d ) seed, and ( e) seedling.

koa hao le iLeacaena lmcocephctla), mimosa (M. ptlc!ica), crotalaria (Co incana], orJapanese tea (Cassia lescbenanltiana), th e soil being already well ino culated withthe proper inoculation group. O nce introduced in an area, kaimi spreads readi ly bymean s of seed pods adh ering to animals or it may be distr ibu ted in th eir droppings.

For seed production, an open stand or row planting is preferred. Hull-less kaimiseed yields may exceed 200 pounds per acre, but usually run much lower (26).Flowering is ind eterminate and begins in the short-day period in March and maycont inue into July. Harvesting proceeds by str ipping th e ripening seed heads me­chanically or by hand . After the seed pods are dried, th e seed is thr eshed by a slow­speed hammer mi ll, which also scarifies th e seed for read y ge rmination whenplant ed. Seed turnout ranges up to SO percent on an air-dry basis, depending onthe amo unt of trash in the seed strippings .

CU LTU RE AN D YIELD OF D ESMODIU M IN HAWAII

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

13

Performance of various legumes under

partia l irrigation, Waimanalo, Oahu

The performan ce of 11 seed ed leg um es, fro m six ge nera, fert ilized at th e startwi th a bas ic tr eatm ent of lim e, boron, and NPK, is reported for a 3-year period atthe Waimanalo Expe rimenta l Farm (table 1). T he details o f the experime nt anddesc ript ion of the test site are presente d in footnot es to table l.

The Lencaena and Desmantbus species reported are normally shrubs or sma lltrees, but which, whe n thi ckl y planted and cut close to gro und level at periodicinte rva ls be fore flowering , pro d uce herbaceou s topgrowth readily co nsumed bycat tle in it s enti rety . T he spanish clover is a low , bu shy shrub whe n und isturbed ,but herbaceous whe n cro pped . T he tro pica l kud zu , in tortum , and alfalfa are allherbaceou s tra iling vines or upr ight stems. Herbaceou s stems are read ily eate n bystock, whereas woody material is rejected .

The yield results sho w that with limited irrigat ion the alfalfa selections died Outthe seco nd year after about 4 months of ina deq uate irriga tion. A furth er co ntribu­tory cause to failure o f the alfalfa may have bee n the lack of ava ilab le P (phos­phorus) in the soi l. Some 100 po unds of P per acre were disced into the so il priorto p lant ing . H owever, a subseq uent experime nt pro ved that at the Waim analo Farmthe alfalfa yields increase with massive P app lication up to abo ut 1000 pounds peracre, and tha t for rates up to 300 pounds, the alfalfa fails during the second year ofgrowt h (27) . In all probabili ty, all the legu m es reported in this test g rew withins ufficient P and yields may have suffered acco rding ly.

The high est yielde rs among the 11 leg ume selec tio ns were th e el salvador koahaole, local koa haole, and des ma n thus, which all exceede d 10,000 PAY (po undsper acre per yea r) dr y mat ter fo r a 2-year period , and produ ced in excess of 2100PAY of cru de pro tein (total N X 6.25). Part o f thi s pro te in, possibly abo ut 20percent, is in th e form of m imosine or tan nin, for wh ich lit tle is known o n anima ldiges tibi lity and nutritive efficiency .

T he inr or rurn s, ku dzu, and spanish clover all yielded about 8000 to 10,000 PAYdry matter. T he in rorturn yields were redu ced by time out for one seed crop eachyea r in addi tio n to the yields shown. Also for this group, the slow growth in the yearof planting reduces over-all perform ance. T he protein yields , free fro m mi mosineand tan nin, range from ab ou t 1300 to 1800 PA Y, we ll be low the yields o f ko a haoleand desmanrh us,

Segregat ions of the harvested yield indi cate tha t the leaf portion varies from 40to 60 percent of the total dry matter and that the leaves co ntai n 60 to 80 percemof the tota l pro tein in the top growt h of all the tested legumes. T his indicates thatthe hig h qu ality o f this forage is prima rily an attr ibu te of the leaf porti on , whereasthe stems provide mostly carbo hyd rates. T he leg ume leaves, with a protein con tentof 20 to 33 percent, provi de excess prot ein suita ble for raisi ng th e dietar y levels o flow -protein cat tle rat ions, such as is the us ual state of ran ge forage co nsisting mostlyof grasses. T he high er pro te in values of th e Leucaena and Desmnntbns [eaves sug­ges t that their leaves contain most of the mimosine and ta nni n pro tein s o f theseplants.

14 HAWAII AG RICULTURAL EXPERIME N T STATION

Th e yield performances of th e various legume selections are comparable to thatof product ive alfalfa on the Mainland but are only about half of th e yield s of irri ­ga ted alfalfa in other areas of Hawaii.

Seed and forage yield response of established Desmodium intortumto molybdenum treatment, Waimanalo, Oahu

The effect of broadcast treatment of 2 pounds molybdenum per acre, as M o0 3 ,

on an established stand of int ortum at th e Waimanalo Farm , is shown in tabl e 2.The ob ject ive was to establish th e degree of need for M o treatment on into rturn,M o deficiency having previou sly been record ed in other local areas for both alfalfaan d kaimi clover (25, 31) .

Th e 2-year mean dry matter yields of inrorturn sho w statistically significantrespon ses to Mo ranging from 2.H to 1 l. 1 percent for th e th ree varieties of intor ­tum, th e ove r-all mean yield increase being 7.1 percent. The yield respons e to M ois high est th e first year aft er treatm ent and drops by on e-half th e seco nd year. Thissuggests the need for annual booster of Mo at abo ut 25 to 50 percent of theorig inal treatmen t.

Th e respons e to M o in th e seed yield for one crop only is sho wn to range from23 to 37 percent for two varieties of inrorrum, or increases of 31 and 41 poundsclean seed per acre, whi ch retails locally at $2.00 to $2.50 per pound. T he responseof intorrum to M o treatm ent is here sho wn to be several tim es greate r in seed pro ­du ction than in dry matter yield . Th e mu ch high er response to Mo in fruiting sug ­gests that seed crops orher than legumes migh t also benefit from M o treatm ent inthe Waimanalo area. Severe M o deficiency in Hawaii so ils was dramatically shownfor alfalfa on Wah iawa silty clay at the Poamoh o Expe rimental Farm in 1949 (31),and it would appear logical that it also exists for other cro ps, including hor ricul­ru ral and plantation crops such as suga r cane and pineapple.

Mixed intortum and pangolagrass yields o n bauxitestripsoil and topsoil , Wailua , Ka ua i

Since 195H, field experimentat ion on reclam ation of land s str ipmined of bauxiteores has been und erway on Kauai, usin g a wide array of agri cultur al crops. Th eresul ts of vario us forage experiments show that th e exposed srripsoi ls are read ilyti llable with heavy farm equipment and that abundant cro ps can be grown wh enthe so ils receive a heavy basic treatme nt of ferti lizer and a light appl icat ion of lime(30). The ini tial treatm ent sho uld consist of N at 200, P at 1000, K at 1000, andlime at 5000 pounds per acre , disced in on tilled soil prior to planting of improvedcrops. On top soil returned to stripso il and on und isturbed native to psoil, a rat e ofP at 600 appears adequ ate. Th e heavy rat es of P and K app ear to saturate the fixa­tion complex of th ese high ly deficient so ils, and to pro vide the nu trit ive condit ionsfor high yields for long period s with only mo derate retr eatm ent.

Yi eld perform ance of mixed inrorturn and pan golagrass forage gro wn on strip­so il and returned topsoil at Wailu a, Kauai, is sho wn in tabl e 3. Statist ically signifi­cant yield responses are sho wn each year of th e test for th e or ig inal basic treatmen tof P and for rerreatrn en t of K during th e seco nd year of the test. Th e treatmentOa shows yields of dry matter in th e range of 18,000 to 20,000 PAY , or 50 to 56

CU LTU RE AND YIELD OF DE SMODI UM IN H AW AII 15

FIGUHE 3. Vigorous g rowth of inrorturn has nearly smother ed the pangolagrass component.Yi elds of this type will exceed 50 pounds of dry matter per acre per day.

po unds per acre per day, suffic ient fodder for 2. 0 to 2.2 cat tle un its of lOOO-poundliveweight per acre pe r day . Adjacent uni mpro ved pasture or range carries onlyabout 0.1 cat tle unit. Once established , the intorrum in the pasture mixtu re sup­plies suffi cient ava ilab le nitrogen th rou gh th e symb iot ic root-nod ule bacteria to

meet all nitrogen needs of both cro ps withou t cos t .As indicated by th e lack of respon se to vario us o ther nutritive elemen ts, th e

forage mixture received adequate su pplies from th e so il of elements such as mag­nesium , boron, mo lybdenum , manganese, and zinc. Experimenta tion with suda n­grass and alfalfa in the same area, however, has shown that deficiencies exist formagn esium and for zinc. Treatment s with copper and sulfur have sho wn no yieldrespo nses in any crops tes ted.

Grazing of limed and fertilized intortum andpangolagrass mixtures, Camp Maui, Maui

Th e effect on 2 years' grazing perform ance of varying rates of lime plu s a basiccomp lete fert ilizer on mixed inror tu rn and pangolagrass pasture is repor ted in tabl e

16 HAWAll AGRI C ULT UR AL EXP ER IM ENT ST AT IO N

FI G UR E 4. A desirabl e g rass-leg ume mi xtur e of fora ge ready for g razing or for soilage asgree n-chop. T h is mi xture contains 40 percent, by weig ht, pan golagrass a nd 60 percentintorrurn. This yield exceeded 5000 pounds d ry matt er per acre. When adeq uat ely fert i­li zed, product ion in the wet ar eas excee ds 50 pounds dr y matt er, feeds mo re than two1000-pound cattle uni ts on a year-round basis, an d pro vides weight gains in excess of .jpo u nds per acre per day.

4. As sho wn in column 2, th e so il reaction was alte red by varying rates of lime frompH 5 in th e no-lime chec k to pH 6.2 for 5200 pounds of lime per acre disced inon tilled so il at the start of th e test. G razing commenced abo ut 1 year aft er thetes t was installed and when th e fora ge was well established. N o yield records weretak en du rin g th e year of establishment . Sho rt yearling steers weighing about 450pounds at th e start of each year were gra zed more or less cont inuously on eachtreatme nt , wh ich was unr eplicared . As sho wn by th e liveweight gains, table 4,columns 12 to 16, limin g was most profitabl e up to abo ut 3000 PA (pounds peracre), whi ch produced weigh t ga ins of 208 PAY (po unds per acre per year) for a2-year gross of $57.20, afte r deducti ng $26.00 for th e lime (exclusive of labor costs),and pric ing the weight gain at $0.20 per pound . N o do ubt, furt her profit fromlimin g would accrue with a lon ger period of years of grazing, since th e residu aleffect of limin g may be expected to cont inue for a pe-iod of 6 to 10 years.

CU LT URE AND YIELD O F D ESMO DJU M IN HAWAII 17

FIGURE 5. Meth od of establishing into rtum in str ips across pa ngo lagrass pasture. Into rtumcu tt ings are dropped in th e op en furrow and covered by a secon d fu rrow. Success dependson excl udi ng the grass from th e in tortu m while it is getting estab lished . Later th e trail ingvin es of th e into rt um wi ll cover th e entire pasture.

Th e gains resul ting from the use of a basic start ing ferti lizer cont aining N at44, P at H4, K at 104, B at 3.5, and M o at 2.5 pou nd s per acre, valued at $44.45 ,are sho wn by treatm ents 5 and 6 in columns 12 and 13, 17 and 18, table 4. Th eyearly ga in for ferti lizat ion is 410 pounds for a to tal gai n of 820 pounds in the 2-yeartest period , which at $0.20 per pound leaves a gross pro fit of nearly $119.00 peracre after deducting $45.00 for th e basic fertilizer (exclusive of labor costs for treat ­ment and pasture establishment, wh ich may be amo rtize d over several years). Th edrop in weight ga ins for th e seco nd year in treatment 6, lim e only, show s that nati vefert ility of th e test so il is readi ly exhauste d, and further graz ing would soon redu cethe returns to near the 10- to 20-PA ga ins secured on adjacent un imp roved pastur eand range. It is notewort hy tha t test results prove conclusively th at nearly un pro­duct ive rangelands can be made profitably prod ucti ve even wh en lightly ferti lizedas in th is test , when plant ed to high -yieldin g intorrum and pan golagra ss forage.Com pare weigh t ga ins of 20 PAY on nati ve range, valu ed at $4.00, aga inst weigh tga ins of 800 PAY on ferti lized and improved forage, valued at $160.00 at a cost

18 HAWAII AGRICU LT URAL EXPE RIME NT ST AT IO N

FIGURE 6. You ng cattl e graz ing a mi xed stand of kaimi clover and kikuyugrass . Kaimi maybe established on an old stand of kikuyu by the simple proced ure of overseeding with kaimiseed at the rate of 5 to 10 pounds per acre. T his type of pasture whe n adeq ua tely fert ilizedwi ll pro du ce more than 700 to ROO pou nds liveweigh t gains per acre per yea r.

for materials of less than $75.00 the first year. T he obvious conclusion is that it isfolly not to graze im prov ed pastur es exclusively. How ever, Hawaii ranchers in thehigh -rain fall areas (more than 60 inches rain annually) have done little to improveth eir g razing lan ds, and, therefore, fail to ma ke the type of income here repo rted(confirmed also in tables 5 and 6, with field demonstrati ons extending back to

195 1) . Th is fail ure to ado pt a proven profi tab le farm prac tice is qu ite ser io us, sinceabout on e-fo urt h of the Hawaiian rangeland s are unp roducti ve low wetlands capableof trebl ing th e current annua l beef prod ucti on .

The Maui tro pical wetland s alon e, comprising so me 100,000 acres below 4000feet elevat ion, are fully capable of bein g improved in the abo ve man ner, wh ich at a

. product ion potent ial in excess of 700 pounds beef liveweigh t gains conservativelywou ld g ive a total of70 mill ion pounds of live beef, which at $0.20 pe r pound wouldeq ual 14 million dollars , or rou ghly one and one-half t imes th e current to tal beefprodu ction in Haw ai i. T his poses the qu estion : W hy the delay in wetl and improve­ments?

C U LTU RE AND YIELD OF DE SMODI UM IN HAWAll

Seed and forage yields of fertilized mixed kaimi , dallisgrass,and native grasses, over a 7- yea r period, Halehaku School, Maui

19

Th e perform ance of variously fertili zed mixed stands of kaimi clover, dallisgrass,and nativ e g rasses in th e unproducti ve low er wetlands of Maui is present ed intable 5. All ferti lizer tr eatm ent s were broadcast and disced in on tilled soil at thestart befor e planting . During the first year of the test th e fora ge was removed andno dat a were tak en . Yield dat a were ta ken during the 2 succeeding years and thetes t was th en opened to ge neral g razing for 3 years. In th e sevent h year, g razing wasexcluded and yield dat a were again co llected.

T he yield data on kaimi clover and associat ed grasses sho w sta tistically signifi­canr respon ses only to lim e, molybd en um , and zinc fertili zation . In ge neral, 2pou nds of M o gav e abo ut half th e yield in crease of 4000 pound s of lim ing ma te­rial , with coral sand and burn ed lim e from coral sand of th e same so urce bei ngabou t equally effect ive in incr easing yields of forage during the early period of thetest. In th e sevent h year of the tes t the effect of M o was still very mu ch in evide ncein forage yield , but th e co ntent of kaimi was less than when lime was part of thet reat m ent.

In seed producti on the yield dat a sho w lim ing to be very effective and Mo an dZn to be about 25 to 35 percent as effect ive as th e lime alone. T he yield data sug­ges t that a conti nued treatmen t of lime, M o, and Zn wou ld be high ly effectiv e inth e test area.

It should be noted, also , th at more recent experimentation has sho wn that treat ­ment s of P and K , considerably more lib era l than th ose used in thi s field experi­ment , are necessary for maximum yields . Rat es of P and K sho uld probab ly beinc reased to abo ut 750 to 1000 pound s each at the sta rr.

Grazing of fertilized kaimi clover mixed with pangola, dallisgrass,kikuyu, or native grasses on low wetlands, Halehaku, Maui

In tabl e 6 are record ed the 4-year g razing performances of four fertili zed kaimiclover-plus- grass mixtures on the unproductive low wetl and so ils at Hal ehaku , Maui.The so ils of this area have been in and our of both sugar cane and pineapple pro­du ction and much of it is currently poor pasture requiring 10 to 20 acres to gra zea 1000-pound cattle unit per year , which is a fairly repr esentat ive prod ucti on onlow wetl and s throug hout th e State of Hawaii . In th is field experiment as in th epreviou sly discussed test at Halehaku School, the rates of P and K treatment s wereprob ably gross ly inadequate for maximum product ion as sho wn by later research .H ow ever, the resu lts sho w clearly that any change in th e typ e of forage mixtureth at will incl ud e an adapted legume plus lim ing and fertili zat ion, even when belowsta nda rd, will produce heavy liveweight gains of g razed young beef cattle. T hefairly adequ at e weig ht ga ins averaged from 1.63 to 1.74 pound s per head per da yove r a 4-year period (column 10) . Th e weight ga ins on an acreage basi s averaged524 PAY for the native grass and kaimi mixture. Th e most product ive forage mix ­ture was pangola and kaim i with average weigh t ga ins of 720 PAY (co lumn 11).Th e cos t of th e fert ilizer and lime treatm ent applied only at th e start of th e 4-yeartest was .$ 101.50 pe r acre (exclusive of labor costs).

20 HAWAII AGRI C ULT URA L EXP ER IM EN T ST AT IO N

T he kaimi clover in this test was a free source of nitrogen for the fora ge mi x­tu re, th ereby cont inuing good forage production and beef weight gains . Also , theclover carried twice the protein percentage of the grass , thu s mat erially incr easin gthe quali ty o f th e grazeab le forag e to near adeq uate dietary levels fo r young beefcat tle.

It will be noted th at kaimi is a desirab le leg ume even in ot herwise unimprovedg rass pastur es and that it add s to th e quality o f suc h pasturage witho ut appear ingat th e same tim e to add mu ch to the qu antity o f th e forage mat er ial. T his situa tionresu lts fro m the fact tha t kai mi will be preferentially g razed in a poor grass -and­clover mi xture and , the refore, that th e clover wi ll appea r as an incon spi cuo usg ro und cover wh ich is easily und ervalued . In ge ne ral, kaim i clov er shou ld be pre­ferred over ot her adapted legu mes for pastures th at arc to be und erfertil ized , ove r­g razed, and ot herwise neglected and abused . In suc h sit uatio ns, the ka im i clo ver isan unexcelled forage leg um e und er Hawaii co ndit ions .

SUMMARY

Th e cu lture an d taxon om y of Desmodimn intortum and D. ((tI1:lI11 (kaim i) arereported for Hawaii co nd itions. Six field experime nts of in ror rurn and ka imi invar ious mixtur es with tropical grasses sho wed that inr ortum , when adeq uately fer­t ilized , yields in excess of 20 ,000 po unds dry ma tt er pe r acre per year. Co ntrolledgraz ing of inrorrum and grass mi xtu res will g ive beef liveweigh t ga ins o f HOOpounds per acre per year wi th only mod erate ferti lizat ion.

Kaimi clover st imulates yields of associated grasses , but is a poor yielde r in pureculture. Cattle weig ht ga ins ove r a 4-year period averaged 600 pounds per acre o nfo ur kaimi and grass mixtur es under low rates o f ferti lizati on .

Both intorrurn and kaimi sho w marked respo nse to P, K , M o, and Z n o n one ormore co mmo n Hawaii so ils . Add iti on s of lime, M o, and Zn g ive mark ed increasesin seed. T he respon se of wetlan d soi ls to fert ili zat ion is dramati c with bot h leg umes.In ad equ ate fert ilization is sho wn to cause poor sta nds and low quality yields o fDesmodimu.

Adequately fert ilized , the intorrum is sho wn ro be fu lly com pet it ive with ag­g ressive grasses, such as kikuyu , pan go la, and dallisgrass. Kaim i is supe rior in fora gemixtures where little ot no fert ilizati on and/or wh ere overgrazing is practi ced .

CULTURE AN D YIELD OF DESMODl UM IN HAWAll

LITERATURE CITED

21

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ian

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he

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tal

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aim

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nes

ium

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icL

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and

lies

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feet

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atio

n.

Th

ean

nual

rain

­fa

llis

abo

ut4

5in

ches

.T

he

tops

oil

reac

tion

isne

arl

ypH

7,

stic

kyw

hen

wet

,lu

mp

yan

dgr

anu

lar

wh

endr

y.T

he

subs

oil

ism

ott

led

gra

y-b

row

n,

indi

cati

ngpo

or

inte

rnal

drai

nag

e.T

he

ava

ilab

ilit

yof

N.

P,

and

Kis

qu

itelo

w.

Tre

atm

ents

wer

eb

road

cast

and

disc

edin

pri

or

top

lan

tin

g:

Nat

57

,P

at10

5,

Kat

22

0,

Bat

3,li

me

at2

00

0po

unds

per

acre

.A

lfal

fad

rille

din

row

s8

inch

esap

art,

rem

aini

ng

crop

sdr

ille

din

24

·jn

chro

ws.

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hva

riet

yg

row

nin

sin

gle

plot

s.0

.15

acre

inar

ea.

Yie

lds

are

aver

­ag

esfr

omdu

plic

ate

subp

lots

take

nat

rand

omfo

rea

chra

coon

.C

rop

sir

riga

ted

toop

tim

umle

vel.

exce

ptdu

rin

gw

ate

r-sh

ort

peri

ods.

May

toSe

pte

mbe

rin

1954

and

19

55

.w

hen

irri

gati

onw

asin

adeq

uate

and

resu

lted

inth

ede

ath

ofth

eal

falf

a.

The

drou

ght

peri

ods

resu

lted

inre

duce

dyi

elds

.A

llcr

ops

cut

inth

em

atu

reve

geta

tiv

eor

earl

yfl

ow

erin

gst

age,

exce

pt

the

into

rtu

ms,

wh

ich

duri

ng

Janu

ary

toF

ebru

ary

of

each

year

wer

eha

rves

ted

for

the

seed

crop

and

thu

ssh

owed

aco

rres

pon

din

gly

redu

ced

fora

geyi

eld

.C

lean

ed-s

eed

yiel

dsra

nged

betw

een

70an

d2

30po

und

spe

rac

rein

each

seed

peri

od.

:!O

nese

edcr

opw

asp

rodu

ced

inth

eD

ecem

ber-

Febr

uar

ype

riod

inad

dit

ion

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efo

rage

yiel

dssh

own

.3

All

alfa

lfa

vari

etie

sd

ecli

ned

seve

rely

inyi

eld

and

stan

dan

dfa

iled

enti

rely

afte

rra

toon

13

atrh

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6m

on

ths.

Th

eal

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ast

and

app

aren

tly

fail

edbe

cau

seof

una

vail

abili

ryof

phos

phor

usag

grav

ated

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suff

icie

nt

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on

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ter.

TAB

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Seed

and

fora

ge

yiel

dre

spon

ses

ofes

tab

lish

edD

esm

odiu

min

tort

um

tom

olyb

den

umtr

eatm

ent,

Wai

man

alo

,O

ahu

,19

54

-56

'

DR

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AT

TE

RY

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416

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um.

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rac

re,

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app

lied

asa

spra

yo

n3

-wee

k-o

ldre

gro

wth

imo

rtum

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araf

ter

plan

ting

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hese

des

mod

ium

sfl

ower

and

seed

once

aye

ar

inth

esh

ort

-day

peri

od,

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emb

erto

Feb

ruar

y.F

low

eri

ngde

lays

and

lim

its

vege

tati

veyi

elds

for

the

peri

od.

Veg

eta

tive

grow

thp

reva

ils

abou

t9

mo

nths

each

year

.F

orcu

l­[U

ral

deta

ils,

see

tabl

e1.

TA

BL

E3.

Tw

o-ye

aryi

eld

so

fm

ixed

inro

rtu

man

dpa

ngol

agra

sso

nba

uxir

icst

rips

oil

and

onto

psoi

lre

rurn

edto

stri

pso

il,

Wai

lua,

Kau

ai,

1958

-60

1

TR

EA

TM

EN

T'

DR

YM

AT

TE

R

Firs

tye

ar,

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ond

year

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econ

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ar,

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men

tan

dra

te,

po

un

ds

per

acre

po

un

ds

per

acre

pou

nds

per

acre

pou

nds

per

acre

per

year

per

year

per

day

(sta

rto

ffi

rst

year

;-

TR

EA

TM

EN

TN

O.

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bol

sec o

nd

year

asno

ted

)Sr

rip

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psoi

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rip

soil

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pso

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--

AC

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on

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02,

000

1,08

03,

870

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he

soil

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the

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erim

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teis

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lty

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ous

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han

ann

ual

rain

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low

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of

8to

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et

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eo

rig

inal

surf

ace

whi

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expo

sed

afte

rth

eco

mm

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um

inu

mo

reha

sbe

enre

mo

ved

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hesr

rips

oil

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void

of

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anic

mat

ter

and

isve

rylo

win

fert

ilit

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tis

phys

ical

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trac

tabl

ean

dw

ell-

aera

ted

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he

nati

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geta

tio

no

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ded

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tsof

mix

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e/a

ria

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icu

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cegr

ass

(Pus

pal

um

orb

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are

),an

dso

me

glen

woo

dg

rass

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cio

leo

sis

con

/ra

e/a

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ee

(Stt

lch

yttl

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cev.

mne

nsis

),an

dla

ntan

a(L

anta

n«ca

mar

a).

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reat

men

tsw

ere

broa

dca

stan

ddi

sced

ino

nw

ell-

tille

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ilar

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star

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test

,an

dto

pd

ress

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ese

cond

year

wh

enap

pli

ed.

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ted

into

rrur

nan

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imi

seed

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ast

and

har

row

edin

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ango

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ass

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saf

ter

the

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lish

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t.O

nly

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dk

aim

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ov

er.

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duc

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perc

ent

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ith

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rem

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der

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cept

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rea

hig

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ium

rate

tem

po­

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lyre

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edin

pan

gola

dom

inan

cefo

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neor

two

rato

ons.

Th

ere

stre

sult

ssh

owth

atsu

stai

ned

high

pro

duc

tion

for

top

soil

req

uire

sin

itia

lly

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60

0.

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100

0po

und

spe

rac

reat

aCO

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S27

0.

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o,

stri

psoi

lre

qu

ires

Pa

t10

00

,K

at1

00

0po

und

spe

rac

reat

aC

OS

tof

$·iO

O.

An

nual

retr

eatm

ent

of

Kat

20

0po

und

spe

rac

re,

cost

ing

$2

0,

isre

quir

edw

here

crop

sar

ere

mov

ed.

TA

BL

E4.

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o-y

ear

gra

zing

resu

lrs

onm

ixed

pang

ola

gra

ssan

din

rorr

urn

pasr

ure

for

vary

ing

leve

lso

fli

me

and

fert

iliz

eron

low

wer

land

s,C

amp

Mau

i,M

aui,

1958

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1

TR

EA

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EN

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L1V

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GA

INS

'

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np

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per

year

mem

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unds

perc

ent

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poun

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UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIICOLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONHONOLULU, HAWAII

THOMAS H. HAMILTONPresident of the University

MORTON M. ROSENBERGDean of the College and

Director of the Experiment Station

G. DONALD SHERMANAssociate Director of the Experiment Station