Detail of President-elect Andrew Jackson on his way to Washington, D.C., to be inaugurated in 1829.

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During his presidency, Andrew Jackson makes political and economic decisions that strongly affect the nation.

The Age of Jackson,1824–1840

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SECTION 2

SECTION 1 Politics of the People

SECTION 3 Conflicts over States’ Rights

Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

SECTION 4 Prosperity and Panic

The Age of Jackson,1824–1840

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Section 1

Politics of the PeopleAndrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy.

The Election of 1824

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• Democratic-Republican party has four presidential candidates:- John Quincy Adams has New England’s support- William Crawford has South’s support- Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson both have

the West’s support

1SECTION

• Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get majority of electoral votes

Politics of the People

• House of Representatives chooses Adams

Image

Jacksonian Democracy

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1SECTION

• Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been stolen from him

• Split eventually creates 2 parties:- Democrats grow out of Jackson’s supporters- National Republicans grow from Adams’s supporters

• Aims to win next election, helps to split Democratic-Republican party

Continued . . .

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1SECTION

• Jackson backs interests of common people, supports majority rule

• Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas Jefferson’s presidency

• Jacksonian democracy—political power for all people, majority rule

• Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph for common people

Continued Jacksonian Democracy

Chart

The People’s President

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1SECTION

• Andrew Jackson, first president not from aristocratic background

• After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of 1812

• Grows up on frontier farm, fights in Revolutionary War, taken prisoner

Image

Jackson Takes Office

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1SECTION

• Andrew Jackson’s wife, Rachel, dies soon after he wins presidency

• Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all levels of society

• Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on wife’s reputation

• Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee White House

A New Political Era Begins

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1SECTION

• Andrew Jackson replaces many government officials with his supporters

• Opponents charge that spoils system corrupts

• Giving government jobs to political backers—spoils system

• Jackson defends system, breaks up one group’s hold on government

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During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans were forced to move west of the Mississippi River.

Section 2

Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

Native Americans in the Southeast

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2SECTION

• In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain east

• Others want Native Americans to move out

• Some whites hope Native Americans can adapt to their way of life

Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

• Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole: - called civilized because they have adopted

some white culture • Tribes hold large areas of land

The Cherokee Nation

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2SECTION

• Cherokee adopt white customs more than any other Southeastern tribe

• Draw up constitution based on U.S. Constitution, found Cherokee Nation

• Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing system

• Own farms, cattle ranches, acquire written language

• Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites demand Cherokee move

Jackson’s Removal Policy

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2SECTION

• Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans west of Mississippi

• Jackson believes Native Americans have one of two choices: - adopt white culture, become U.S. citizens- move into Western territories

• As a result, U.S. government gains large amounts of land

• As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes treaties with southeast tribes

Continued . . .

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2SECTION

• Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give whites right to Cherokee land

• Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson supports states

• Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830) which: - requires Native Americans to relocate west

• Policy forever changes relations between whites, Native Americans

Continued Jackson’s Removal Policy

Chart

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2SECTION

• Whites invade Native American homelands

• Indian Territory—what is now Oklahoma, parts of Kansas, Nebraska

• Treaties require tribes to move to Indian Territory

• Many Native Americans feel they have no choice but to sign treaties

The Trail of Tears

Interactive

Continued . . .

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2SECTION

• Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to Indian Territory

• U.S. troops force Cherokee to march west, fall, winter of 1838–1839

• Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson ignores it

• Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court, to protect land

• Without adequate clothing, one-fourth of Cherokees die

• Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears

Continued The Trail of Tears

Image

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2SECTION

• Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his family

• Agrees to surrender if Cherokee allowed to remain on their land

• Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet other Cherokees

• On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed

• Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot, some Cherokee remain

Native American Resistance

Continued . . .

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2SECTION

• Seminole refuse to leave Florida (1835), leads to Second Seminole War

• Some Seminole continue to fight in the Everglades, others move west

• Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison

• Seminole leader Osceola, followers use surprise attacks on U.S. army

• Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back to their lands in Illinois

• During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush Black Hawk’s uprising

Continued Native American Resistance

Image

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Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs.

Section 3

Conflicts over States’ Rights

Rising Sectional Differences

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• In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections:- the Northeast- the South- the West

3SECTION

• Northeasterners do not want public land in West sold at low prices

• Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast factories

Conflicts over States’ Rights

• Westerners want cheap land in the West to attract settlers

Continued . . .

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3SECTION

• Northeast, West back internal improvement such as roads, canals

• South opposes internal improvement funded by tariffs on imports

• Aids transportation of food, raw materials, manufactured goods

• Northeast supports tariffs, encourages purchase of domestic products

• South opposes tariffs, economy depends on foreign trade

Continued Rising Sectional Differences

Image

Tariff of Abominations

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3SECTION

• At end of John Quincy Adams’s presidency, Congress passes tariff bill

• Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it Tariff of Abominations

• Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials, manufactured goods

• Southerners claim Northeast interests control government policies

Crisis over Nullification

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3SECTION

• Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates doctrine of nullification: - state has right to reject federal law it

considers unconstitutional- any state can nullify (reject) a federal law within its borders- Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring

one area of nation

• Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina from leaving the Union

• Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to nullify the tariff

The States’ Right Debate

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3SECTION

• Senate debates doctrine of nullification, Webster-Hayne debate (1830)

• President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification

• Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes nullification:- the people not the states make the Union

• Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina, supports nullification: - gives states a lawful way to defend their

freedomImage

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3SECTION

• Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners not satisfied

• Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal laws

• South Carolina threatens secession—withdrawal from the Union

• Congress passes compromise tariff (1833), South Carolina stays in Union

South Carolina Threatens to Secede

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Section 4

Prosperity and PanicJackson’s policies caused the economy to collapse after he left office and affected the next election.

Mr. Biddle’s Bank

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• The Second Bank of the United States, most powerful bank in country

4SECTION

• Policies of Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, controls nation’s money

Prosperity and Panic

• Andrew Jackson thinks bank has too much power, favors the wealthy

• In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the bank’s charter

Jackson’s War on the Bank

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4SECTION

• Andrew Jackson vetoes renewal of bank’s charter

• In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy the bank

• Claims bank is unconstitutional, a monopoly that favors the few

• Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people to borrow money

• Has government funds deposited in state banks

Image

• Bank goes out of business, economy suffers

Prosperity Becomes Panic

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4SECTION

• People take out loans, banks issue too much paper money

• Causes inflation—an increase in prices and decrease in money value

• Makes each dollar worth less, prices rise

• Jackson leaves office, nation has a false prosperity

Continued . . .

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4SECTION

• Next president, Martin Van Buren, takes office, economic panic spreads

• People demand gold, silver in exchange for paper money, banks run out

• Fear about economy known as Panic of 1837

Continued Prosperity Becomes Panic

• Banks default, severe economic slump, or depression, follows

• 90 percent of factories in East close, people go hungry

The Rise of the Whig Party

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4SECTION

• Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster want government to help economy

• At next election, Van Buren faces new political party, the Whig Party

• Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will improve if left alone

• Choose William Henry Harrison to run for president

• Whigs oppose concentration of power in the president

• Choose John Tyler to run for vice-president

The Election of 1840

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4SECTION

• William Henry Harrison appeals to common people, wins 1840 election

• First president to die in office • Dies one month after being inaugurated

• Vice-president John Tyler becomes president

NEXT

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