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DETAILED AND FULL REPORT OF SWOT ANALYSIS – CAMBODIA

USAID Feed the Future Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab Partnership Meetings with:

Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) and partners, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 7 April, 2015

UBB, Battambang, Cambodia; 9 April, 2015

General Approach and Procedure

Introduction: In Fall 2014, Kansas State University was awarded the USAID Feed the Future Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab (SIIL). In order to build upon their successful partnerships grounded in country-led and national priorities, Kansas State University (K-State) held two special events inviting potential partners from Cambodia to participate in an interactive meeting to assess Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) on various components of sustainable intensification (SI). The meetings were designed to seek input on identification of a geographical focus, existing knowledge, priorities, gaps, and the potential for partnerships. In addition, the K-State team was interested in identifying needs in geospatial and farming systems research, capacity building, gender, nutrition, appropriate scale mechanization and effective communication strategies for the local partners. These participatory events produced volumes of useful information that serves as the foundation, focus, and rationale for the current SIIL. This report provides an overview of the facilitated sessions held in Cambodia, the methodology, the SWOT analyses from the events, as well as participant documentation from the sessions. The report is organized by providing a summary table of the results from the combined SWOT analyses sessions that provide the evidence for the areas of inquiry that SIIL will concentrate, along with the individual results from each session. The results sections include the agenda from each event, the participant list, and the results from the meetings. Methodology: In order to seek input from a variety of participants in Cambodia, two meetings were held; one hosted by Royal University of Agriculture (RUA), Chamkardaung, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 7th April, 2015, and the other meeting was hosted by University of Battambang (UBB), in Battambang, Cambodia on 9th April, 2015. Each agenda reflects the availability and needs from the host country, and therefore have slight variations in regard to time and sequence. Each event covered similar topics as described above, and both covered a SWOT analysis exercise. Participants were asked to brainstorm ideas and compile feedback on various aspects in regard to SI. For clarification purposes, a SWOT analysis is a strategy commonly used in strategic program planning. It provides a simple framework for an entity to scan both the internal and external environment. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the entity’s resources and capabilities to the environment in which it operates. It also acts as a filter to reduce the information generated through the exercise to a manageable number of key issues. As the name implies, a SWOT analysis consists of four categories: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. These categories can further be defined as either internal or external factors. Strengths and weaknesses are often internal to an entity. Opportunities and threats tend to be external factors, often beyond the control of the entity/organization, but that impact and/or influence operations. The following matrix presents the components of the SWOT analysis.

FtF Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab (SIIL) –1 – SWOT Analysis Report –Cambodia

SWOT Matrix Competitive Advantages Institutional Challenges

Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses

External Factors Opportunities Threats

A number of questions guide the SWOT analysis. Participants were asked to consider the following questions as they worked through the exercise: Strengths:

In regard to SI, what do we do well? What areas are vibrant and healthy, or distinctively positive?

Weaknesses: What do we do less well? What areas of “weakness” do we encounter?

Opportunities: What are the needs of the stakeholders, and what trends can we take advantage of? What is changing in the community or in society?

Threats: Are there new rules and regulations that place demands and limits on the stakeholders? What is changing in the community or country that will impact us?

During the SWOT exercise, each participant received sticky notes, three for each SWOT category. The participants were instructed to work individually and write down three strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats on the sticky notes, representing each of the four SWOT quadrants. Once all the quadrants were complete, participants were asked to group like ideas and then label the “cluster.” The participants reflected on the outcomes from their activities and agreed that the clusters were representative of the assets, opportunities, and challenges as it relates to sustainable intensification. The facilitators at all three sessions reminded the participants that the purpose of the exercise was to generate ideas and feedback, not come to consensus on any particular item or issue. Rather, it was entirely conceivable that an issue could be identified in multiple categories (i.e., be both a strength and a weakness). As such, all ideas posted on the walls were documented and are included in the results section.


SWOT – Analysis – Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) A. RUA Cambodia Agenda:

USAID Feed the Future Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab Stakeholder Workshop

Kansas State University and Royal University of Agriculture Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Date: Tuesday 07 April, 2015

Local contacts: 1. Dr. Borarin Buntong, Faculty of Agro-Industry, RUA. H/P: (855) 12 822 910; Email: [email protected] 2. Dr. Lyda Hok, Faculty of Agronomy, RUA. H/P: (855) 12 576 594; Email: [email protected] 3. Prof. Kong Thong, Faculty of Agro-Industry, RUA. H/P; (855) 92 625 995; Email: [email protected]

Tentative Program Outline 8:00 – 8:30 a.m. Registration All participants 8:30 – 8:40 a.m. Welcome remarks Honorable Rector – RUA

8:40 – 8:50 a.m. Official Opening Chief Guest 8:50 – 9:00 a.m. Introduction of participants All participants 9:00 – 9:30 a.m. Overview of RUA Representative from RUA

9:30 – 9:45 a.m. Overview of Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab (SIIL) Dr. Vara Prasad, KSU

9:45 – 10:00 a.m. Program Overview and Plan of Action: - Why are we here? - What are you being asked to do? - What will be the results from our time together?

Dr. Gary Pierzynski and Dr. Jan Middendorf, KSU

10:00 – 10:30 a.m. Discussion of Sustainable Intensification (SI) - What does SI mean to you and your organization?

Moderated by Dr. Jan Middendorf

10:30 – 10:45 a.m. Coffee/Tea break 10:45 – 12:30 p.m. SWOT Analysis for SI:

- Identify strengths for various components of SI; - Identify weaknesses for various components of SI; - Identify opportunities for various components of SI; - Identify barriers for various components of SI.

Moderated by Dr. Jan Middendorf Supported by Dr. Vara Prasad and Dr. Gary Pierzynski

12:30 – 1:30 p.m. Lunch 1:30 – 3:00 p.m. Further Analyses based on SWOT

- Strategies to address and incorporate Gender - Strategies to address and incorporate Nutrition - Adaptation strategies for Farming Systems Research - Capacity building needs in SI


3:00 – 3:15 p.m. Break 3:15 – 4:15 p.m. Mapping our way forward

- Identify geographical areas where work is taking place - Identify greatest needs and impacts - Identify adoption of SI practices – which practices have been successful, where and why?; which practices have been failures, where and why?


4:15 – 5:30 p.m. Further brainstorming on - Communication strategies - Geospatial Expertise and Needs / Opportunities - Appropriate Scale Mecahnization Needs / Opportunities - Capacity building needs.


5:30 - 6:00 p.m. Next Steps, Wrap up and Closing Remarks All 6:00 p.m. Adjourn


B. RUA List of Participants (Affiliation/Specialization) 1. Koth Borin (PDA – BTB 2. Kong Rada (SANREM) 3. Koy Ra (Agriculture Land Resource Management) 4. Florent Tiven (Cropping Systems, CIRAD) 5. Hor Rathna (Nutrition, RUA) 6. Hok Lyda (Agronomy, RUA) 7. Khoem Koembaoy (Agronomy, RUA) 8. Pheam Sambo (Agronomy, RUA) 9. Ya Phauk (Agronomy, RUA) 10. Touch Hengvann (Agronomy, RUA) 11. Sel Rachaney (Horticulture, UBB) 12. Ry Saren (Horticulture, BLCA) 13. Kong Thong (Agro-Industry, RUA) 14. Te. Kuyhoa (Animal Science, RUA) 15. Hun Hreak (Animal Science, RUA) 16. Lor Lytpur (Agricultural Engg. RUA) 17. Sin Sokhomony (NGO Forum, Cambodia) 18. Huon Tharrak (Geospatial Science, RUA) 19. Karen Legrand (UC Davis and RUA) 20. Gerard Hitzler (IRRI / RUA) 21. Borarin Buntong (Post-harvest, RUA) 22. Hor Sanara (RUA) 23. Keo Samell (UBB) 24. Limhong Chhom (UBB) 25. Oum Kosal (FAO) 26. Soeune Rasmey (Food Science, RUA) 27. Chem Mouylin (Food Science, RUA) 28. Sophal Laikong (Food Science, RUA)


C. DETAILED AND FULL REPORT OF SWOT ANALYSIS - RUA I. Discussion of Sustainable Intensification (SI) a) What does sustainable intensification mean to you and your organization?

• SI = is the systemic approach which involves many sectors which help to develop and sustain food production and security for the future without destruction of natural resources and the environment. These sectors may be involved in:

- Socio-economic: which consider the sustainable income and profit and also maintains local or community resources and culture.

- Ecologically sustainable: conserving natural resources such as soil, water, forest, bio-diversity.

- Genetic diversity: conserving and using beneficial genetics whether old or new improved ones to ensure they won’t lose or let them go extinct.

• Sustainable Intensification is:

- to improve a good agriculture cultivation to farmer - to enhance the nutrition to stakeholder - to increase food consumption and good welfare of nutrition dietary intake

• SI = Sustainable use of natural resources

- Ensure income for smallholder - Smallholders can stay on their land - Politics and decisions

• Sustainable Intensification is about:

- Climate Smart Agriculture - Use less → get more (inputs → products) - Improve and maintain the livelihood of beneficiaries’ especially small holder farmers.

• SI = Building social resilience through participatory land use planning

- Integrated approach from field to landscape/territory - Sharing knowledge/education

• SI = Building soil resilience

- Soil restoration = engine of economic development - Biodiversity to enhance ecosystem services

• Sustainable Intensification:

- Increasing productivity - Intensification of agricultural production systems through ecological services, and

diversity functions enhancement local, resources to maximize the economic profitability while ensuring the environmental health/quality and social wealthy.

• SI = “Agriculture” increase production and environmental moderation • SI = All integrated methods to improve sustainability. It includes ways to improve people’s lives

sustainably. • SI = building soil ecosystems resilience for optimizing economically agricultural production

systems.


• SI = Economic improvement/development – ecological consideration – social acceptability. • SI = increase food and technology today and stable in future. • SI = is to produce food in a sustainable way. To maintain or increase food production while

conserving natural resources. • SI = is very important talking about food consumerism. • SI = means that all things are stable and keeping going on. • SI = Produce more without impact on the environment in the future. • SI = the development approach considering about people, conservation and development and

regarding to the needs and limits. • Sustainable Intensification is a practical approach with natural without damaging the environment

to work more for sustainable environment. • Sustainable Intensification is agricultural development in the proper way to increase yield,

production or processing by proper technology without destruction to the human being/health social and environment.

• Sustainable Intensification is increase yield in long period without impact to soil fertility. • Sustainable Intensification is long-term can practice and can get long term benefits. Also it can

still improve year by year with good income from year by year. • Sustainable Intensification is making something large and stable. • Sustainable Intensification is making stronger in a shorter amount of time things (like improved

local practices for agriculture) that can be maintained (in a self-supporting way) over a long period of time.

• Sustainable Intensification is the long term researching (e.g. agriculture) that farmers can use to improve their research of farming.

• Sustainable Intensification is the modifying what we (farmers) have, such as, agricultural production, into the way of better production methodology, and be able to supply effectively, so that the local people can be fed securely.

• Sustainable Intensification: All activity to have → food security and environment, capacity building, technique, marketing

b. Report out from SI definition discussion captured by Vara Prasad:

• Climate smart agriculture. Less input and more production, increase livelihood

• Combined all activities related to food security and environment

• Considering people and development, conservation of need and limits

• Economic improvement, ecological and social acceptance

• Food safety • Foundation of soil health, economic

development, increase biodiversity, ecosystem services, social values, participatory approaches from field to landscape, sharing knowledge and education

• Important with consumption and production

• Increase food

• Increase food and natural resources, ecological sustainable, soil, water, pests, economically viable

• Increase food consumption and enhance nutrition and welfare

• Increase food production and conserving natural resources

• Increase production with environmental consideration

• Increase production without negative impact on social and environment

• Increase productivity by ecological sources, economic, social

• Increase yield no impact on soil fertility • Integrated approach to improve people

lives • Keep on much on possibly small

holders, considering politics • Large and stable


• Long-term productivity increase and income

• Long-term research in agriculture • Modified production systems,

methodology to supply effectively • Produce more with no negative impact

on environment

• Stable and keep going • Stronger in short time of local practices

over time • Upland – land available but

environmental issues, cassava, corn • Work increased for sustainable

environment

II. Sustainable Intensification SWOT Analysis: Identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for various components of SI: Strengths: 70% of Cambodia people are farmers and live in rural area 85% of the Cambodian population is farmers – Agriculture is the base of the Cambodian Economy 90% profile from agriculture Agriculture is one of top priorities reflected in RSS and NSDP Agriculture not over intensified Agriculture Policy Appropriate of climate conditions Availabilities of some know-how (SRI, drip irrigation, conservation agricultures, etc.) Availability of farm land Available upland areas →social land concessions key for the future Big market Cambodian farmers are ready to adopt any proper technology of intensification Diverse indigenous beneficial species insects/plants Diversification and intensification are also priority for MAFF under the new ASDP Dominated by small holder farmers in the country Educational system is strengthening and building a new generation of practitioners Enough labor Enough water →underground →water irrigation Environment Existing good management practices such as conservation agriculture… Farming land/water resource Good agriculture policy Good Climate (2) Good climate conditions →no serious disasters Good environment/ possible to grow food Good farming land

Good geographical climate and market Good geography Good raw material (soil, water) labor Good soil fertility Good weather for plants and animals growth and live Government Policy Human Resources (2) Individuals are becoming more aware and concerned about nutrition and health Integration to regional/international markets Intensive land Intent of farmer Interested in using local products (consumers) – strengthen agricultural Labor Laborers – cheap and accessible Land Land and soil Land and water quality Land quality Many people think about agriculture; example, student increases in number at RUA Market size More farmers More labor small holder farmers More potential land for agriculture Most food produced by small holder farmers Natural capital to produce food, fodder, fiber… Natural resources (2) New leadership in Ministry of Environment is very active (momentum) Policies of government Policy Potential agriculture land Rural farmers need to ensure their sustainable farming Soil and water are good resources to intensify


the production Soil quality Technical H.R. Tropical climate

Urban people start to think about green development and their health Vast land available being unused or under used

Weaknesses: Animal disease Available large irrigation scheme, but limited access by small farmer holders Civil war Coordination of activities sometimes could be better Export input (animal feed, fertilizer, seed, pesticide) Farmer decision-making is based on their local knowledge related to agricultural market Farmer gets new technology very small Farmer lack of knowledge Farmer’s skills need improvement Farmers have less skill (education) Farmers: narrow minded to new techniques Farmers’ behavior Flow of agricultural products from close country Hard to prevent the farm by pest and insect Human Resources (2) Information related to agricultural products are not clarified (limited management systems) at local level to consumer Information sharing (Social Media…) Infrastructure lack of water supply Intensively depend on chemical products Irrigation - water availability Irrigation system Judgement and social assumption that farming people are poor people Knowledge of farmers Labor is 75% - 80% is hard due to migration for better income – consider land title changes Labor shortage in agriculture (competition from industry & service sectors) →increase wages Lack exchange information (expect – farmers) Lack of availability of proper technologies Lack of expert human beings Lack of extension workers and officers Lack of food processing facility and technology Lack of good management practices (adaption), labors, etc. Lack of human resources Lack of irrigation system Lack of knowledge and international market

Lack of Policy Planning Lack of skilled labor Lack of spatial data related to agriculture Lack of support to farmers → credit→information→production means Lack of understanding about livelihood transformation based on agricultural livelihood Lack processing knowledge Limited credit access to market Limited infrastructures: irrigation, roads … Limited knowledge and know-how of small holders Limited number of experts Limited policies implementation and law enforcement, (e.g. pesticides) Limited research activities Limited research and development in agriculture innovation and support for extension & adoption Low education (almost illiterate) Low education Low extension Low Industry Market channel Market problem (price) More land but low quality soil >50% Most agriculture use rainfall National budget for agricultural is small/limited No ability to buy irrigation system No market chance – information – transportation Not enough irrigation systems Not rule and policy agriculture land Obstacles in transportation Opportunistic agriculture in the uplands driven by regional market lack of in-country processing Own capacity to understand the transition of farming and changes and support to farmers People behavior (agricultural practice) Perception of farmers – new generation has less interest in agriculture Policies, planning for agriculture land implementation Policy Implementation


Poor of crop calendar planning Poor technique in seed production for farmers Poor to have or adapt new techniques Poorest in terms of technology and crops production Potential of labor flow out Price change fast (not stable) Recognition/status of agriculture low Research capacity building is poor. The numbers of academic papers are not enough Safety in production School gardens are focused on flowers and not food Small scale and disperse (land, production…)

Soil information is not updated Technical expertise at farm level Technological facilities Technology (SI) Technology is often too expensive for farmers Technology transfer Traditional farming practice Transportation and road not yet improved Unstainable market prices Value chain problem leads to low price, fluctuation in supply Water system is not enough Weak extension service

Opportunities: More natural resource

o soil quality o enough water o environment o sunlight

Network Market o local o regional o world

A lot of investments on agriculture production A lot of non-government organization Agricultural Policies: Social land concession and land tenure ASEAN integration →bigger market Better accessibility to food production techniques Building capacity by studying abroad Climate and environment →produce unique/niche producers Conduct training for farmers in agriculture, markets, and nutrition Creation of new jobs in rural areas, also in agriculture Donation Easy to get training from state agency and NGO Education improvement Education policy for agriculture education Educational Bank – discussing, transforming, educating Extension services exists and improves services Farmer can receive training Farmer’s field experiment – they believe in what they can see and do Farmers have land for agriculture

Farmers seem ready to adopt new technology for sustainable food production Farming materials are available in the market Free Market Free tax to import agriculture produces to some world market Get more help from NGO’s → others to adapt and exchange Government Policy: Food security and safety Have no mutual disaster Having agricultural policy Improve agriculture policy and land use management Improve people’s knowledge Improved animal raising Improved income by intensification Improved irrigation system Increasing the rice price as much as possible (change idea the farmer is rich) Integrated sustainable agriculture subjects in primary education Integration into ASEAN in late 2015 Interaction of government in product price guarantee International market International market linkage ASEAN WTO… International support for DRR, climate changes, SI Land policy to secure land tenure Learn and practice Local resources used for animal feed Many young Cambodians are passionate about transforming the “rural condition” Market available


Migrate labor → resources mining by private companies More collaborative research projects with foreign institutions National development goals are established Networking and supports Participating farmers Planning for better improvements Plenty of water resources (improve irrigation) Possibility to allocate more lands to small holders Potential for intensification Production value and price Promotion of the local product – (task of government) and (Social media) Rapid transformation (now is key time to influence this) Recognition that altering education system can be transformational for Cambodia Reference Village (showing room – it’s not a

dream, but true) Scarcity of labor should be seen as an opportunity moving to appropriate-scale machinery Set up good irrigation system Share knowledge to the farmers Strong economic growth (7 – 7.5 %/year) Tax exemption for agriculture equipment/inputs Technologies are available, we have to move to social/collective learning Transfer knowledge and skills to farmers Understand & avoid inappropriate agricultural technique Use We can export products Work extension, irrigation, agro-inputs, credit, market… WTO & Member ASEAN → open for world market (support/collaborating/join hands for SI)

Threats/Barriers: Agriculture only seen as cheap food producer for urban people Animal diseases outbreak Changes and non-consistent political decisions Chaotic market property for improving livelihood, esp. agricultural Climate change (4) Climate change (natural disasters: flood, drought, pest and diseases) Common Property regime is not clarified at the local level Competition: cheaper/more quality imported international products Degraded soil (natural resources) Depletion of natural resources a soil mining attitude! Desertification Diseases outbreak Drought and flood Economic growth but benefit distribution? Energy availability Enforcement/implementation of policy Faster regional economic growth → Finance for change Flow of agricultural chemistry Gender imbalance Global warming Globalization

Governance High standard set up from international market/production Illiteracy Immigration – Sell labor to neighbor country Immigration of people looking for jobs abroad Inflation: production price is increasing Lack of communication and networking Lack of financial support for local implementers of change (low salaries) Lack of information Lack of local Agri-input (most import) Language Local land acquisition contributes to land exclusion Low education and knowledge of farmers Low education system Market competition Market for information and market for local products Migration during the project implementation (projects close to the border) Natural disaster →drought, → flood Negative impacts of climate changes No control or difficult to control the insect disease after heavy use of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, no crop rotation No water for production


Not finding a solution when facing a problem Outbreaks → pest or uncontrollable natural disasters People knowledge still limited People like to sell labor more than farming Political Problem – National election (suitable time to implement the program) Poor connection with international partners Poor implementation of policies Population pressure on land resources Salinization → sea water contaminate of agricultural lands Seasonality of crop production Small market for production Social economic forcing agricultural expansion (from multiple cropping systems to mono

cropping) Social trust Standard product Strong competitor in the region Technology and information not reaching the farmer Too innovation technologies adoption without care/knowledge, e.g., GMO, pesticides Unsafety input affect food security (low nutrition) Urbanization →land degradable →land receding →lack of labor Urbanization: potential agricultural land convert to other uses Wrong practices

III. Clusters/Concepts* Categorized by Participants: *Clusters are organized in alphabetical order and the following letters indicate: (s) Strength, (w) Weakness, (o) Opportunity, (t) Threat/Barrier. AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT & RESOURCES: Animal disease (w) Availability of farm land (s) Available upland areas →social land concessions key for the future (s) Degraded soil (natural resources) (t) Depletion of natural resources a soil mining attitude! (t) Energy availability (t) Export input (animal feed, fertilizer, seed, pesticide) (w) Farmers have land for agriculture (o) Farming land / water resource (s) Good farming land (s) Good raw material (soil, water) labor (s) Good soil fertility (s) Intensive land (s) Labor shortage in agriculture (competition from industry & service sectors) →increase wages (w) Lack of spatial data related to agriculture (w) Land (s) Land and soil (s) Land and water quality (s) Land quality (s) Local land acquisition contributes to land

exclusion (t) Local resources used for animal feed (o) More natural resource (o)

- soil quality - enough water - environment - sunlight

More land but low quality soil >50% (w) More potential land for agriculture (s) Most agriculture use rainfall (w) No control or difficult to control the insect disease after heavy use of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, no crop rotation (t) Population pressure on land resources (t) Potential agriculture land (s) Small scale and disperse (land, production…) (w) Soil and water are good resources to intensify the production (s) Soil information is not updated (w) Soil quality (s) Use less fertilizer (o) Vast land available being unused or under used (s)

BEHAVIOR CHANGE: Agriculture only seen as cheap food producer for urban people (t)

Dominated by small holder farmers in the country (s)


Farmer decision-making is based on their local knowledge related to agricultural market (w) Farmer get new technology very small market (w) Farmer’s field experiment – they believe in what they can see and do (o) Farmers seem ready to adopt new technology for sustainable food production (o) Farmers: narrow minded to new techniques (w) Farmers’ behavior (w) Intensively depend on chemical products (w) Intent of farmer (s) Judgement and social assumption that farming people are poor people (w) Lack of availability of proper technologies (w) Not finding a solution when facing a problem (t) Participating farmers (o) People behavior (agricultural practice) (w) Poor to have or adapt new techniques (w)

Poorest in terms of technology and crops production (w) Rapid transformation (now is key time to influence this) (o) Recognition/status of agriculture low (w) Reference Village (showing room – it’s not a dream, but true) (o) Rural farmers need to ensure their sustainable farming (s) Seasonality of crop production (t) Social trust (t) Technological facilities (w) Technology is often too expensive for farmers (w) Technology transfer (w) Traditional farming practice (w) Understand & avoid inappropriate agricultural technique (o)

CAPACITY BUILDING: 70% of Cambodia people are farmers and live in rural area (s) 90% profile from agriculture (s) Agriculture not over intensified (s) Availabilities of some know-how (SRI, drip irrigation, conservation agricultures, etc.) (s) Better accessibility to food production techniques (o) Building capacity by studying abroad (o) Cambodian farmers are ready to adopt any proper technology of intensification (s) Conduct training for farmers in agriculture, markets, and nutrition (o) Coordination of activities sometimes could be better (w) Creation of new jobs in rural areas, also in agriculture (o) Easy to get training from state agency and NGO (o) Education improvement (o) Education policy for agriculture education (o) Educational Bank – discussing, transforming, educating (o) Educational system is strengthening and building a new generation of practitioners (s) Enough labor (s) Existing good management practices such as conservation agriculture… (s) Extension services exists and improves services (o)

Farmer can receive training (o) Farmer lack of knowledge (w) Farmer’s skills need improvement (w) Farmers have less skill (education) (w) Get more help from NGO’s → others to adapt and exchange (o) Human Resources (s) Human Resources (s) Human Resources (w) Human Resources (w) Illiteracy (t) Improve people’s knowledge (o) Improved animal raising (o) Individuals are becoming more aware and concerned about nutrition and health (s) Information sharing (Social Media…) (w) Integrated sustainable agriculture subjects in primary education (o) Knowledge of farmers (w) Labor (s) Labor is 75% - 80% is hard due to migration for better income – consider land title changes (w) Laborers – cheap and accessible (s) Lack exchange information (expect – farmers) (w) Lack of expert human beings (w) Lack of extension workers and officers (w) Lack of food processing facility and technology (w) Lack of good management practices (adaption),


labors, etc. (w) Lack of human resources (w) Lack of information (t) Lack of knowledge and international market (w) Lack of skilled labor (w) Lack of understanding about livelihood transformation based on agricultural livelihood (w) Lack processing knowledge (w) Language (t) Learn and practice (o) Limited knowledge and know-how of small holders (w) Limited number of experts (w) Limited research activities (w) Limited research and development in agriculture innovation and support for extension and adoption (w) Low education (almost illiterate) (w) Low education (w) Low education and knowledge of farmers (t) Low education system (t) Low extension (w) Many people think about agriculture; example, student increases in number at RUA (s) Many young Cambodians are passionate about transforming the “rural condition” (o) More collaborative research projects with foreign institutions (o) More farmers (s) More labor small holder farmers (s) Most food produced by small holder farmers (s) New leadership in Ministry of Environment is very active (momentum) (s) No ability to buy irrigation system (w)

Own capacity to understand the transition of farming and changes and support to farmers (w) People knowledge still limited (t) People like to sell labor more than farming (t) Perception of farmers – new generation has less interest in agriculture (w) Poor connection with international partners (t) Poor of crop calendar planning (w) Poor technique in seed production for farmers (w) Potential of labor flow out (w) Recognition that altering education system can be transformational for Cambodia (o) Research capacity building is poor. The numbers of academic papers are not enough (w) School gardens are focused on flowers and not food (w) Share knowledge to the farmers (o) Technical expertise at farm level (w) Technical H.R. (s) Technologies are available, we have to move to social/collective learning (o) Technology (SI) (w) Too innovation technologies adoption without care/knowledge, e.g., GMO, pesticides (t) Transfer knowledge and skills to farmers (o) Urban people start to think about green development and their health (s) Urbanization →land degradable →land receding →lack of labor (t) Weak extension service (w) Work extension, irrigation, agro-inputs, credit, market… (o)

ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE: Animal diseases outbreak (t) Appropriate of climate conditions (s) Climate and environment →produce unique/niche producers (o) Climate change (natural disasters: flood, drought, pest and diseases) (t) Climate change (t) Climate change (t) Climate change (t) Climate change (t) Desertification (t) Diseases outbreak (t) Diverse indigenous beneficial species insects/plants (s)

Drought and flood (t) Enough water →underground →water irrigation (s) Environment (s) Global warming (t) Global warming (t) Good climate (s) Good Climate (s) Good climate conditions →no serious disasters (s) Good environment/ possible to grow food (s) Good geographical climate and market (s) Good geography (s) Good weather for plants and animals growth and


live (s) Have no mutual disaster (o) Immigration of people looking for jobs abroad (t) International support for DRR, climate changes, SI (o) Natural capital to produce food, fodder, fiber…(s) Natural disaster →drought, → flood (t) Natural resources (s)

Natural resources (s) Negative impacts of climate changes (t) No water for production (t) Outbreaks → pest or uncontrollable natural disasters (t) Salinization → sea water contaminate of agricultural lands (t) Tropical climate (s) Unsafety input affect food security (low nutrition) (t)

INFRASTRUCTURE: Available large irrigation scheme, but limited access by small farmer holders (w) Improved irrigation system (o) Infrastructure lack of water supply (w) Irrigation - water availability (w) Irrigation system (w) Lack of irrigation system (w) Limited infrastructures: irrigation, roads, … (w)

Low Industry (w) Not enough irrigation systems (w) Obstacles in transportation (w) Plenty of water resources (improve irrigation) (o) Set up good irrigation system (o) Transportation and road not yet improved (w) Water system is not enough (w)

MARKET MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION: 85% of the Cambodian population are farmers – Agriculture is the base of the Cambodian Economy (s) A lot of investments on agriculture production (o) ASEAN integration →bigger market (o) Big market (s) Chaotic market property for improving livelihood, esp. agricultural (t) Competition: cheaper/more quality imported international products (t) Farming materials are available in the market (o) Faster regional economic growth → (t) Flow of agricultural products from close country (w) Free Market (o) Free tax to import agriculture produces to some world market (o) Improved income by intensification (o) Increasing the rice price as much as possible (change idea the farmer is rich) (o) Information related to agricultural products are not clarified (limited management systems) at local level to consumer (w) Integration into ASEAN in late 2015 (o) Integration to regional/international markets (s) Interested in using local products (consumers) – strengthen agricultural (s) International market (o)

International market linkage ASEAN WTO… (o) Lack of financial support for local implementers of change (low salaries) (t) Lack of local Agri-input (most import) (t) Lack of support to farmers → credit→information→production means (w) Limited credit access to market (w) Market available (o) Market channel (w) Market competition (t) Market for information and market for local products (t) Market problem (price) (w) Market size (s) Migrate labor → resources mining by private companies (o) Network Market (o) - local - regional - world No market chance – information – transportation (w) Opportunistic agriculture in the uplands driven by regional market lack of in-country processing (w) Price change fast (not stable) (w) Promotion of the local product – (task of government) and (Social media) (o)


Scarcity of labor should be seen as an opportunity moving to appropriate-scale machinery (o) Small market for production (t) Social economic forcing agricultural expansion (from multiple cropping systems to mono cropping) (t) Strong competitor in the region (t) Strong economic growth (7 – 7.5 %/year) (o)

Tax exemption for agriculture equipment/inputs (o) Unstainable market prices (w) Value chain problem leads to low price, fluctuation in supply (w) We can export products (o) WTO & Member ASEAN → open for world market (support/collaborating/join hands for SI) (o)

POLICY: A lot of non-government organization (o) Agricultural Policies: Social land concession and land tenure (o) Agriculture is one of top priorities reflected in RSS and NSDP (s) Agriculture Policy (s) Changes and non-consistent political decisions (t) Civil war (w) Common Property regime is not clarified at the local level (t) Diversification and intensification are also priority for MAFF under the new ASDP (s) Donation (o) Economic growth but benefit distribution? (t) Enforcement/implementation of policy (t) Finance for change (t) Flow of agricultural chemistry (t) Gender imbalance (t) Globalization (t) Good agriculture policy (s) Governance (t) Government Policy (s) Government Policy: Food security and safety (o) Hard to prevent the farm by pest and insect (w) Having agricultural policy (o) High standard set up from international market/production (t) Immigration – Sell labor to neighbor country (t) Improve agriculture policy and land use management (o) Inflation: production price is increasing (t) Interaction of government in product price

guarantee (o) Lack of communication and networking (t) Lack of Policy Planning (w) Land policy to secure land tenure (o) Limited policies implementation and law enforcement, (e.g. pesticides) (w) Migration during the project implementation (projects close to the border) (t) National budget for agricultural is small/limited (w) National development goals are established (o) Networking and supports (o) Not rule and policy agriculture land (w) Planning for better improvements (o) Policies of government (s) Policies, planning for agriculture land implementation (w) Policy (s) Policy Implementation (w) Political Problem – National election (suitable time to implement the program) (t) Poor implementation of policies (t) Possibility to allocate more lands to small holders (o) Potential for intensification (o) Production value and price (o) Safety in production (w) Standard product (t) Technology and information not reaching the farmer (t) Urbanization: potential agricultural land convert to other uses (t) Wrong practices (t)


IV. Identify strategies to address the following topics based on the SWOT analysis: Gender, Nutrition, Farming Systems Research, Communication, and Capacity Building for Sustainable Intensification (SI). GENDER

• More female extension workers • General agriculture training for women

including farm management • E-learning for women • Fostering women’s group for exchange

and experiences • Promoting women to have higher

education • Promoting appropriate scale machinery • Promote and encourage the quota of

female government officers in agriculture

• Develop a model of gentlemen programs (sharing household responsibilities)

• Prioritize female-head households as beneficiaries

• Encouraging females to make decisions on farm management and property ownership

• Encouraging females to advocate their view

• Woman enterprises

NUTRITION

• Home gardening – vegetables and fruits • Animal raising and aquaculture • Insect (cricket, bee, …) raising • Multiple cropping • Participatory land use planning • Training on “nutritional function” to

people in rural area • Improve food safety and quality • Promote multi-purpose farm: vegetable,

animal, fruit, aquaculture, forest • Home-based and medium scale food

processing and supplement nutrient

• Promote school gardening program • Awareness of nutrition loss during

cooking • Education on diet diversification • Education and promote dietary schema

at different stages • Food pattern education • Social and nutrition well fare • Innovation of food menu • Nutrient calculation (protein, vitamins,

energy, …)

FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH

• Development of new technologies (cultivation, pest controls, safety, …)

• Tech Transfer (Researchers – Extension Officers – Farmers – and back)

• Enhance good agricultural practices (varieties, nutrition, pest management, post-harvest, storage, food processing)

• Model farms considering sustainable intensification

• Considering socioeconomic aspect and sustainability of the system

• Assessing the needs of the farmers • Integrated farming system approach

• Soil Management and use of a large biodiversity

• Giving values to ecosystem services • Indicators assessing the changes at

different scales (from field to landscape) • Integrate the research methodologies on

farming systems diagnosis and development

• Participatory sustainable land use/land use planning to develop resilient farming systems

• Identify core problems • Conservation improving traditional

farming systems


COMMUNICATIONS • Developing communication network for the stakeholders • Identifying the stakeholders • Down to top communication approach (information flow) • External and internal communication • Needs assessment • Tools in communication (TV, radio, internet, …) • Open and easy access to info • Face to face communication • Developing e-learning tool for higher education (open library to share case studies) • National and international scientific exchanges via conference workshop • Develop central database at national level: post-harvest, market, innovation techniques, case

studies • Farmer-farmer exchange via field day • Develop communication club (group) at village level • Linking local farmer to extension worker in the village, the commune (community?), the district,

and the province • Allocating incentive to extension officer

CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS FOR SI

• Research and development program: IPM, SRI, PHT, Marketing, CA

• Applied/Extension skill training and train local

• Integrate SI approach into curriculum/program

• Increasing the number of academic papers related to SI

• Developing training materials focusing on local environment

• Deploying qualified extension worker to the local community

• Internships and scholarships • Setup qualified lab and lab staff with

proper training • Business development training • Strengthening connection among field,

lab, and teaching activities • Developing vocational training on the

main components of SI • Geospatial expertise

V. Identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for Animal Science/Husbandry Strengths – Animal Science:

• Animal feed resources for all kind of animals

• Commercial food • Farmer preference • Generate income • Good animal feed resources • Housing • Increase in demand for animal products • Major source of protein • Plenty of feed

• Provide organic fertilizer • Pure breed • Stronger focus on human resources

development of husbandry • Traditionally most farmer raises

chicken, pigs, etc… • Use manure as fertilizer • Vaccination →Hygiene • Villagers willing to raise animals


Weaknesses – Animal Science:

• Animal breeding is very poor • Availability of seed of fodder and cover

crops • High production cost • Husbandry still low developed, less

skills less consideration • Improper animal waste management • In some locations disconnection

between industrial crops and livestock →lack of integration

• Lack of control system • Lack of market (unstable price) • Limited breeding program • Limited market information

• Local knowledge not available for new breeds

• Local products difficult to compete with imports

• Low technical skills • Not many feed factories (raw material

available, but not processed in Cambodia)

• Poor of better breeds • Poor raising techniques • Poor raising techniques/facilities • Still be small scale production • Value chain for animal products less

developed • Very limited access to animal health

services Opportunities – Animal Science:

• Contract with slaughter house • Good market for animal products • Government policy encouragement • Growing market potential • Huge market availability • Increase national and regional demand • Livestock will benefit from the use of

cover/relay crops in SI • More extension chance • More raw material to process animal

feed

• New policy to increase # of animal production

• Strong government structure can support animal production (compared to other sectors)

• Supplementary feed in the local area • Training: Raising animals, waste

management, vaccination • Use of by-products generate by SI for

animal feeding

Threats – Animal Science:

• Animal disease outbreak • Climate change • Disease diagnostics not available • Domination by foreign investment • Expensive input • High temperature

• Land concessions affect animal raising • Outbreak of diseases • Regional industrial production weakens

national pig production • Strong competitors and imported breeds • Unstable market price


SWOT – Analyses – University of Battambang (UBB)

A. UBB Cambodia Agenda:

USAID Feed the Future Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab Kansas State University and University of Battambang

Battambang, Cambodia Date: Thursday 09 April, 2015

Local Contacts: 1. Dr. Samell Keo, Director of Graduate School, UBB. Tel: +855-53-6666-009; E-mail: [email protected] 2. Mr. Fazy Man, International Relations and Public Affairs, UBB. H/P: +855 966 330 644; E-mail: [email protected]

Program Outline

8:30 – 9:00 a.m. Registration

All participants

9:00 – 9:20 a.m. Welcome remarks and opening

Honorable Rector – UBB

9:20 – 9:30 a.m. Introduction of participants

All participants

9:30 – 9:45 a.m. Overview of UBB

Video

9:45 – 10:00 a.m. Overview of Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab (SIIL)

Dr. Vara Prasad, KSU

10:00 – 10:15 a.m. Program overview and plan of action: - Why are we here? - What are you being asked to do? - What will be the results from our time together?

Dr. Gary Pierzynski and Dr. Jan Middendorf, KSU

10:15 – 10:30 a.m. Coffee/Tea break

10:30 – 11:00 a.m. Discussion of Sustainable Intensification (SI) - What does SI mean to you and your organization?

Moderated by Dr. Jan Middendorf

11:00 – 12:30 p.m. SWOT Analysis for SI: - Identify strengths for various components of SI; - Identify weaknesses for various components of SI; - Identify opportunities for various components of SI; - Identify barriers for various components of SI.


12:30 – 1:30 p.m. Lunch

1:30 – 2:30 p.m. Needs assessments: - Geospatial needs / opportunities - Appropriate scale mechanization needs / opportunities - Capacity building needs.


2:30 - 3:00 p.m. Next steps, wrap up and closing remarks

All

3:00 p.m. Adjourn


B. UBB List of Participants (Affiliation/Specialization) 1. Seb Vey (UBB) 2. Va Saoerun (NGO) 3. Mok Pao (NGO) 4. Din Mack (UBB) 5. Khin Sophary (UBB) 6. Iv Channara (UBB) 7. Chhom Limhong (UBB) 8. Than Tha (UBB) 9. Horn Linan (UBB) 10.Chhorn Biya (UBB) 11. Soeung Soy (Ouda Community) 12. Touch Bunna (UBB) 13. Hourt Moeun (Brolay Meanchhay Community) 13. Lim Saha (UBB) 14. Chhror Hor (Ouda Community) 15. Phana Proeung (Samlot Samaky Community) 16. Terry Trethowan (UBB) 17. Mao Sida (Samlot Samaky Community) 18. Kong Saveta (NGO, Light with Dignity) 19. Iv Sophea (MJP) 20. Vin Chheip (Department of Agriculture) 21. Sina Prak (Department of Food Processing) 22. Chrea Socheat (Department of Food Processing) 23. Samnang Nguon (UBB) 24. Sous Chenthy (PDA, BTB) 25. Siea Kim Nay (PDA, BTB) 26. Chim Dararoth (World Vision) 27. Elurande Konte (Harvest) 28. Soeling Phousana (Harvest) 29. Tor Khemboran 30. Ry Saren


C. UBB - SWOT Analysis Results: I. Discussion of Sustainable Intensification (SI) - What does SI mean to you and your organization?

• Sustainable Intensification (SI): Increasing the integration of sustainable spirit into all activities range from main goal/policy level to strategic level to tactical (practical) level?? (Attach sustainability higher and higher into all action).

• Domain in regard/focus: 1. Environmental Domain (or Ecological Domain) 2. Socio-Economic Domain 3. Political Domain

• Sustainable Intensification (SI):

- Diverse cropping/farming systems – rotation of crops, etc. - Soil nutrient conservation and protection - Agriculture practices should be effective - Management of pests and diseases in sustainable ways - The uses of inputs should be efficient and friendly to the environment - Ecological systems, local cultivars instead of hybrids

• SI = Increase food production from natural land farm and environmental protection • SI = Do what they want by respect and law • SI = means long term development, get more benefit for environment, (social, raw material,

human). Increase income for improvement of human life – leads to positive affect to social economic.

• SI = means to me in Cambodia. In general, it means that everything can continue to intervention/doing after the helper/supporter stop supporting. They are doing with SI effectively.

• SI = I think sustainable intensification means optimizing (social, ecological, and economical) outputs from limited resources (land, water, labor) through researchers and extensions on improved technologies.

• SI = means long-term investment focus on market place producing product based on market need. • SI = Increasing productivity with and have less impact on social-economic and environment. • SI = Increase agricultural production by using all available resources (land, water, human) in a

sustainable manner, (e.g., crop rotation, legume/cereal based systems, drip irrigation).

II. SWOT Analysis for SI: - Identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats/barriers for various components of SI: Strengths: 75-80% of people are farmers 80% of the population in Cambodia are farmers (s) Abundant water availability (high rainfall/year) Agriculture products and livestock increases Agro-environment, people, geography, resilience, and diversity Bird flu protection Cambodia is already agricultural farming country

Cheap labor with good manpower Environment Good Climate (2) Good environment Good land for agriculture Good land, water, and rice Good soil for agriculture Good soil quality Good soil quality, good environment, and peaceful place


Have a lot of natural resources (2) Have lots of land for farming Human resources (2) Irrigation (2) Labor: Low cost and land Land (2) Land and water Land for agriculture production Land is suitable for agriculture (more arable land) Land structure Land, environment

Natural Resources (3) Possible environment and climate for agriculture Potential Rice production (3) Rich land Soil quality (2) The governance has agriculture law to implement sustainability Vast arable land area Very peaceful

Weaknesses: Agriculture price high and education is high Capital Capital bottle neck with high interest rate Climate Climate change and lack of ability to adapt Deforestation Depend on irrigation system Drought (2) Education Farmers do not have agricultural technology Farmers have a limited knowledge Forestry Infancy to exploitation of the SI Irrigation system is poor Knowledge Knowledge, land, time, plants, and management Lack of capital Lack of financial resources Lack of good rice seed production Lack of human resource Lack of irrigation system (2) Lack of market → informal price → small market Lack of market access Lack of market database Lack of Market Value-Chain Lack of model agricultural techniques for most farmers Lack of quality agriculture inputs Lack of reinforced existing agriculture policies/guidelines

Lack of technical knowledge Lack of technical skills Land and time to plant Less rain Limited capacity knowledge of farming for farmers Limited infrastructure for capacity building Limited infrastructure, (e.g. irrigation system) Low education (2) Low education of farmers Low price of rice Low promotion for agriculture information Low technical expertise, poor farmers Management of crops Market price for local products No supporter on agriculture sector Not good experience or new method for agriculture in Cambodia Not good market and low price for agriculture production Outputs are cheaper Policies Poor education Poor infrastructure (2) Poor marketing system Poor resources Poorest market Price and irrigation is limited Processing and overstock of products Short of education Technology


Opportunities:Agricultural investment (UTO, AEC,…) with potential to grow Agriculture-related business opportunity to create more jobs Agri-investment Become ASEAN community soon so we can export more products to other countries easily Cambodia can export agriculture production to another country Can increase the price on productions Capacity building Capacity building and technology acquisition – environmental resilience Communication Contracts and producers Earning income Easy to get training by state agency and NGO Equal gender Export Agri-products (3) Export rice production at least 1 million tons. According to government’s strategy Export the Agricultural products Fertile land Free land for agriculture Free market Free tax for agri-land Give possibilities to children Good environment to investment Good market for export agriculture production Improve market chain

Information and market access potential in the region Integration with international community economic growth International market Irrigation potential Learn new technologies Market development Maximize RYD in agricultural, e.g. RYD Center, extension… More farming land resources More free land for agriculture product in future More land for agriculture New agriculture technology New varieties and breeds Now average yield of rice is only 2-3T/ha, so we can increase yields Opportunities to learn Opportunity to support Other countries allow Cambodia to export agriculture production to their country Possibility to develop irrigation Price is better and can go higher Room for productivity improvement Scholarship Sustainable prices Training Agri-technology for farmers Vocational education Will be high yield for agriculture

Threats/Barriers: A crowded market Climate change (5) Climate change, drought, floods Climate change, natural resource depletion, illegal exploitation Culture Dependence on nature Difficult road to access the product to the market Disease and insects can happen on agriculture production Distance Drought (2) Emergence of new pests and diseases Face natural disaster: drought, flood, storming Fertilizer low quality Flood and drought Free trade price of agriculture production

High competitiveness in the region –the globe export market High labor High price input Illegal exploitation of natural resources – pollution Immigration (2) Improper practices and international standards Involvement of the middleman Labor not enough for agriculture production Lack of modern technics Lake of marketing Limitation of human resources Low price Low price of Agricultural products Market competition Marketing


Middle man determines the price More foreign product importing Natural disasters (3) Natural disaster (flood and drought) Natural disaster and drought Not enough domestic products to support local people

Pests and diseases control (3) Pest and insect management Poorest market Production of agricultural can have competition with another country for exports Shortage of water Weather factor

III. Clusters/Concepts* Categorized by Participants: *Clusters are organized in alphabetical order and the following letters indicate: (s) Strength, (w) Weakness, (o) Opportunity, (t) Threat/Barrier. PRODUCTION AND MARKETING: A crowded market (t) Agricultural investment (UTO, AEC,…) with potential to grow (o) Agriculture price high and education is high (w) Agriculture products and livestock increases (s) Agriculture-related business opportunity to create more jobs (o) Agri-investment (o) Become ASEAN community soon so we can export more product to other countries easily (o) Cambodia can export agriculture production to another country (o) Can increase the price on productions (o) Capital (w) Capital bottle neck with high interest rate (w) Cheap labor with good manpower (s) Earning income (o) Export Agri-products (o) Export rice production at least 1M tons. According to government’s strategy (o) Export the Agricultural products (o) Free market (o) Free trade price of agriculture production (t) Give possibilities to children (o) Good market for export agriculture production (o) High competitiveness in the region –the globe export market (t) High price input (t) Illegal exploitation of natural resources – pollution (t) Improve market chain (o) Information and market access potential in the region (o) Integration with international community economic growth (o) International market (o) Involvement of the middleman (t)

Lack of capital (w) Lack of financial resources (w) Lack of good rice seed production (w) Lack of market → informal price → small market (w) Lack of market access (w) Lack of market database (w) Lack of Market Value-Chain (w) Lake of marketing (t) Low price (t) Low price of Agricultural products (t) Low price of rice (w) Management of crops (w) Market competition (t) Market development (o) Market price for local products (w) Marketing (t) Middle man determines the price (t) More foreign product importing (t) New varieties and breeds (o) Not enough domestic products to support local people (t) Not good market and low price for agriculture production (w) Other countries allow Cambodia to export agriculture production to their country (o) Outputs are cheaper (w) Poor marketing system (w) Poorest market (t) Poorest market (w) Price is better and can go higher (o) Price limited and irrigation is limited (w) Rice production (s) Rice production (s) Rice production (s) Room for productivity improvement (o) Sustainable intensification of rice product (s) Sustainable prices (o)


INFRASTRUCTURE: Abundant water availability (high rainfall/year) (s) Communication (o) Depend on irrigation system (w) Difficult road to access the product to the market (t) Infancy to exploitation of the SI (w) Irrigation (s) Irrigation (s)

Irrigation potential (o) Irrigation system is poor (w) Lack of irrigation system (w) Lack of irrigation system (w) Limited infrastructure for capacity building (w) Limited infrastructure, e.g. irrigation system (w) Poor infrastructure (w) Poor infrastructure (w) Possibility to develop irrigation (o)

RESOURCES: 75-80% of people are farmers (s) 80% of the population in Cambodia are farmers (s) Agro-environment, people, geography, resilience, and diversity (s) Fertile land (o) Forestry (w) Free land for agriculture (o) Free tax for agri-land (o) Good environment (s) Good land for agriculture (s) Good land, water, and rice (s) Good soil for agriculture (s) Good soil quality (s) Good soil quality, good environment, and peaceful place (s) Have a lot of natural resources (s) Have a lot of natural resources (s) Have lots of land for farming (s) High labor (t) Labor not enough for agriculture production (t)

Labor: Low cost and land (s) Land (s) Land (s) Land and time to plant (w) Land and water (s) Land for agriculture production (s) Land is suitable for agriculture (more arable land) (s) Land structure (s) More farming land resources (o) More free land for agriculture product in future (o) More land for agriculture (o) Natural resources (s) Natural resources (s) Natural Resources (s) Potential (s) Soil (s) Soil quality (s) Vast arable land area (s)

POLICY AND PLANNING: Contracts and producers (o) Distance (t) Equal gender (o) Export agri-products (o) Immigration (t) Immigration (t) Lack of reinforced existing agriculture policies/guidelines (w)

Maximize RYD in agricultural, e.g. RYD Center, extension (o) Opportunity to support (o) Policy (w) Rich land (s) The governance has agriculture law to implement sustainability (s) Very peaceful (s)

CAPACITY BUILDING & TECHNOLOGY: Bird flu protection (s) Cambodia is already agricultural farming country (s) Capacity building (o)

Capacity building and technology acquisition – environmental resilience (o) Culture (t) Deforestation (w) Dependence on nature


Disease and insects can happen on agriculture production (t) Easy to get training by state agency and NGO (o) Education (w) Emergence of new pests and diseases (t) Farmers do not have agricultural technology (w) Farmers have a limited knowledge (w) Fertilizer low quality (t) Human people (s) Human resources (s) Improper practices and international standards (t) Knowledge (w) Knowledge, land, time, plants, and management (w) Lack of human resource (w) Lack of model agricultural techniques for most farmers (w) Lack of modern technics (t) Lack of quality agriculture inputs (w) Lack of technical knowledge (w) Lack of technical skills (w) Learn new technologies (o) Limitation of human resources (t) Limited capacity knowledge of farming for farmers (w) Low education (w)

Low education (w) Low education of farmers (w) Low promotion for agriculture information (w) Low technical expertise, poor farmers (w) New agriculture technology (o) No supporter on agriculture sector (w) Not good experience or new method for agriculture in Cambodia (w) Now average yield of rice is only 2-3T/ha, so we can increase yields (o) Opportunities to learn (o) Pest and diseases (t) Pest and insect management (t) Pests and disease control (t) Pests and diseases (t) Poor education (w) Poor resources (w) Processing and overstock of products (w) Production of agricultural can have competition with another country for exports (t) Scholarship (o) Short of education (w) Technology (w) Training Agri-technology for farmers (o) Vocational education (o) Will be high yield for agriculture (o)

CLIMATE CHANGE: Barrier is drought (t) Climate (w) Climate change (t) Climate change (t) Climate change (t) Climate change (t) Climate change (t) Climate change and lack of ability to adapt (w) Climate change, drought, floods (t) Climate change, natural resource depletion, illegal exploitation (t) Drought (t) Drought (w) Drought (w) Environment (s) Face natural disaster: drought, flood, storming (t)

Flood and drought (t) Good climate (s) Good climate (s) Good environment to investment (o) Land, environment (s) Less rains (w) Natural disaster (flood and drought) (t) Natural Disaster (t) Natural disaster and drought (t) Natural disasters (t) Natural disasters (t) Possible environment and climate for agriculture (s) Shortage of water (t) Weather factor (t)


IV. Identify strategies to address the following topics based on the SWOT analysis: Gender, Nutrition, Farming Systems Research, Communication, and Capacity Building for Sustainable Intensification (SI). GENDER:

• Gender restrictions should be removed • Innovate technology/practices in agriculture so that women can operate effectively and smoothly

like men • Identify potential activities for women • Educate women on nutrition and health care for their families, kids in particular • Equal chance to participate and empower women in decision-making • Encourage and enable women to participate • Prioritize some tasks which deem more appropriate for women

NUTRITION:

• Home Garden • Green farming school • Promoting Nutrient (Health Foods) • Eat diverse kinds of food • Produce more safe food • Organic Veggies • Promoting safe food program by median • Community Food Education • Promoting on advantage of veggie, meat, and fish… • Training of Trainers (TOT) about nutrition each farmer in one village

FARMING SYSTEMS:

• Labor + Technical • Crop Calendar and Farmer Field School • Agro-forestry • Mix crop • Rotation crop • Raising fish, and other animals • Good Market Value-Chain • Market Community • Capital • Credit loan (low rate)

COMMUNICATION:

• Chief of Community (Worker) o Disseminate information to farmers

• Product Promotion • Meeting/Workshop/Training • Announcement/leaflet

o Fact Sheets • Communication Technology

o Telephone, Social Networks, ….. • Partnership/Collaboration with Community Companies • Information Center


o Agriculture

CAPACITY NEEDS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION (SI): • Technical training • Promote community development of Agriculture • Commune network

o How to be control information of Agriculture • Scholarship to get experience and skills from other countries • Starting new generation/advance technologies in training

Company

GovernmentCommunity


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