detailed tuesday

57

Tuesday, May 18, 2010Speakers Breakfast7 – 7:45 am – Platinum Room

Registration6:30 am – 5:00 pm – Grand Salon

Commercial Exhibits and Student Posters9:30 am – 5:30 pm – Event Center

Committee MeetingsEnvironmentally Friendly Fluids: 5 pm – Bronze 1

Metalworking Fluids: 5:30 pm – Palace 1

Practical Lubrication: 5 pm – Palace 4/5

Technical Sessions (8 am – Noon)

3A Environmentally Friendly Fluids I – Bronze 1

3B Lubrication Fundamentals I – Bronze 2

3C Surface Engineering III – Bronze 3

3D Nano-Joint Session I: Non-Colloidal Lubrication – Bronze 4

3EMetalworking I – Palace 1

3F Fluid Film Bearings I – Palace 2

3G Seals III – Palace 3

3H Tribotesting III – Palace 4/5

3IWear Panel I: Using Radioactive Tracers to Measure Real-TimeWear and Corrosion – Silver Room

3J Commercial Marketing Forum III – Gold Room

Presidents Luncheon/Business MeetingNoon – 2 pm – Platinum Room

Technical Sessions (2 – 6 pm)

4A Environmentally Friendly Fluids II – Abstracts and PanelDiscussion – Bronze 1

4B Lubrication Fundamentals II – Bronze 2

4C Coatings I: Special Joint Session – Bronze 3

4D Nano-Joint Session II: Nano-Colloidal Lubrication – Bronze 4

4EMetalworking II – Palace 1

4F Fluid Film Bearings II – Palace 2

4G Seals IV – Palace 3

4H Practical Lubrication I – Palace 4/5

4I Engine & Drivetrain/Wear II: Joint Session – Silver Room

4J Commercial Marketing Forum IV – Gold Room

Exhibit Hours:Monday: Noon – 5 pmTuesday: 9:30 am – Noon & 2 – 5:30 pmWednesday: 9:30 am – Noon

Please check the errata in your registration bag to verify course times. Some times might change slightly.

Overview

May 16-20, 2010 Las Vegas

www.stle.org 65th Annual Meeting and Exhibition Program Guide

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers www.stle.org58

Break

Break

Tuesday May 18, 2010TIME

Biodegradable Lubricants – Real World Performance,M.Miller, p. 62

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Mass on the TribologicalBehavior of Materials Used in Air-ConditioningCompressors, A.Polycarpou, p.62

Key Aspects of Choosing Polyalkylene Glycols inHydraulic Equipment for Environmentally SensitiveAreas, L. Johnson, p.62

Glossamer® L6600 Biobased Cosmetic Additive,W.Everett, p. 62

Bronze 2

Break

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Observing the Boundary Layer Formation at aTribological Contact, J.Wong, p. 63

Effect of Slide Roll Ratio and Additive Interactionson Reaction Layer Formation – A Dual Approach:Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Studies,A.Naveira-Suarez, p. 64

Analyses of the Anti-Wear Boundary Film on anOxygen-Diffused Titanium Surface, J.Qu, p. 64

Investigation on Antiwear Films Derived FromBio-lubricants by Synchrotron Light Based Techniques,J. Zhou, p. 79

Friction Modifier – Antiwear Film Interactions, B. Papke,p. 79

Friction and Fuel Economy Retention in Passenger CarMotor Oil Formulations,T.Miller, p. 79

Tailor-made Polyalkylmethacrylate Additives for FuelEfficient Driveline Lubricants with Improved FatigueLife,M.Mueller, p. 79

Modeling the Chemical Reactivity of Tribo-stressedNascent Metallic Surfaces, J.Martin, p. 63

Growth Kinetics and Morphology of Thermal Films fromAshless and Ashed Antiwear Additives. P.Aswath, p. 63

Influence of Friction Modifiers on Boundary FilmFormation Properties, J. Guevremont, p. 63

Influence of Succinimide Dispersant on Film Formation,Friction and Antiwear Properties of Zinc DialkylDithiophosphate, J. Zhang, p. 63

Bronze 3

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Surface Characterization Metrics for Use in ModelingPolymer Tactility,M.Darden, p. 66

Titanium Carbide/Carbon Nanotube/Nickel Compositesfor Surface Engineering Applications,T. Scharf, p. 66

Ultra-fast Boriding as a Novel Surface EngineeringProcess for Extreme Tribological Applications,A. Erdemir, p. 66

Electrochemical Friction Control Using DownholeDrilling Lubricants,M. Ismail, p. 64

A Review of Engineered Surfaces for Valvetrain FrictionReduction and Wear, A.Gangopadhyay, p. 64

High-Temperature Galling Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4VWith and Without Surface Treatments, P.Blau, p. 64

Atomistic Factors Governing Adhesion BetweenDiamond, Amorphous Carbon, and Model DiamondNanocomposite Surfaces, P. Piotrowski, p. 66

SESSION 3AEnvironmentally Friendly Fluids I

Bronze 1

SESSION 3BLubrication Fundamentals I

SESSION 3CSurface Engineering III

3:30 – 5 pmPanel Discussion:Tribology of Environmentally FriendlyFuels and Lubricants, Past, Present and Future

Environmentally Friendly Fluids Technical CommitteeMeeting

Formulating Strategies for Biobased, Biostable, HighPerformance Metalworking Fluids, R.Bingeman, p. 62

Bulk Modulus and Viscosity Measurement Under HighPressure Conditions, S.Drumm,p.62

A Natural Way to Develop Top-tier Hydraulic Fluids,A.Vergauwen, p. 63

Compositional Effects on the Surface Finish of thePS400 Solid Lubricant Coating, C.DellaCorte, p. 80

Friction and Wear Maps of Solid Lubricating Coatings,Films, and Powders, K.Miyoshi, p. 80

Performance and Lifetime Monitoring of SolidLubricated Bearings,T. Kuemmerle, p. 80

8 – 8:30 am

8:30 – 9 am

9 – 9:30 am

9:30 –10 am

10 – 10:30 am

10:30 – 11 am

11 – 11:30 am

11:30 am– Noon

2 – 2:30 pm

2:30 – 3 pm

3 – 3:30 pm

3:30 – 4 pm

4 – 4:30 pm

4:30 – 5 pm

5 – 5:30 pm

5:30 – 6 pm

Bronze 1 Bronze 2

SESSION 4BLubrication Fundamentals II

SESSION 4CCoatings I

SESSION 4AEnvironmentally Friendly Fluids II

Bronze 3

The Influence of Nanoparticles on the LubricatingProperties of Rapeseed Oil, D.Drees, p. 78

Influences of Autoxidation of Vegetables Oil onTribological Properties,M.Nakasako, p. 78

AlMgB14-TiB2-C and DLC Coatings to Improve theStartup Efficiency for Hydraulic Motors, J.Qu, p. 79

Surface Engineering of Aerospace Components UsingPulsed Laser Texturing and Adaptive NanocompositeCoating Technologies, A.Korenyi-Both, p. 79

Tribological Characteristics of Low and Zero SAPSAntiwear Additives, J. Benedet, p. 78

Structure,Morphology and Chemistry of Diesel Soot,M.Patel, p. 78

www.stle.org 65th Annual Meeting and Exhibition Program Guide 59

Palace 2

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Experimental Investigation on the Influence of SurfaceRoughnesses and Bearing Materials on the FrictionCoefficient During Start-up, J. Bouyer, p. 70

Comments on Flows and Mixing in Vertical Oil Sumps,L.Branagan, p. 70

Pressure Field Measurements of a CircumferentialGroove Journal Bearing, A. Cristea, p. 70

A New Mass-conserving Complementarity Formulationto Study Cavitation in Textured Bearings,M.Giacopini,p. 72

TECHNICAL SESSIONS TIME GRID

Bronze 4

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Tribological Performance and TribochemicalCharacterization of Different Boron-based Lubricants,K.Mistry, p. 68

Advanced Nanolubricants Additives for Formulated Oils,A.Malshe, p. 69

Influence of the Size,Morphology and Structure onthe Tribological Properties and the LubricationMechanism of IF-MeS2 (Me=W,Mo) Nanoparticles,F.Dassenoy, p. 69

Palace 1

Break

Break

Evaluation of Lubricants for Minimum QuantityLubrication, B.Tai, p. 70

Cradle to Grave Management of Metal Removal Fluids,D. Smolenski, p. 70

Condition Monitoring of Metalworking Fluid Systems,D.Nelson, p. 70

An Explicit Finite Element Model to Study the Influenceof Friction During Orthogonal Metal Cutting,M. Lovell,p. 82

Corrosion Issues & Test Methods J. Byers, p. 82

Study of Physical Barrier and Chemical Bonding Effectsof Semi-Synthetic Coolants on Lubricity,Y. Zhao, p. 82

MWF Management at Caterpillar Analyses, Controls,and Treatments, D.Hunsicker, p. 82

Metalworking Business Meeting

Biocide Efficacy Versus Anaerobic Bacteria inMetalworking Fluid,T.Williams, p. 69

Studies on the Formation of Discontinues Chips DuringRock Cutting, J. Lin, p. 69

Cost-effective Condition Monitoring For MicrobialContamination in Metalworking Fluids andMetalworking Fluid Systems, F. Passman, p. 69

Numerical Study of Metalworking Fluid Flow in theAbrasive Contact Region, S.Mihic, p. 69

SESSION 3DNano-Joint Session I

SESSION 3EMetalworking I

SESSION 3FFluid Film Bearings I

A General Form Model for Porous Medium Flow inSqueezing Film Situations, B.Bou-Said, p. 72

Three Types of Active Lubrication Systems for MainBearings of Reciprocating Engines, I. Santos, p. 72

Impacts on the Friction Force Between Piston andBushing of Swash-Plate Machines, U.Piepenstock, p. 72

Energy Savings and Improved Precision with AdjustableHydrodynamic Bearings, J.Martin, p. 83

Development of a Self-compensating Oil HydrostaticSlideway System for Machine Tool Applications,H.Huang, p. 83

Performance of Noncircular 2-Lobe MultirecessConstant Flow Valve Compensated Hybrid JournalBearing by Considering Wear, S. Sharma, p. 83

Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment andWear on the Performance of Orifice CompensatedNon-Recessed Hybrid Journal Bearing in TurbulentRegime, S. Sharma, p. 84

8 – 8:30 am

8:30 – 9 am

9 – 9:30 am

9:30 –10 am

10 – 10:30 am

10:30 – 11 am

11 – 11:30 am

11:30 am– Noon

2 – 2:30 pm

2:30 – 3 pm

3 – 3:30 pm

3:30 – 4 pm

4 – 4:30 pm

4:30 – 5 pm

5 – 5:30 pm

5:30 – 6 pmTUESDAY >>

Effectiveness of Various Surfactants on the Dispersionof Sub-micron Size Boric Acid Particles in Oils,H. Chipman, p. 68

Tribological Properties of Graphite IntercalationCompounds: Correlation To Their Electronic Structure,K.Delbé, p. 68

Understanding Lubrication Mechanism of ColloidalBoron Nitride Particles, N.Matsumoto, p. 68

C60 Intercalated Graphite as an Additive in Oils andGrease, K.Miura, p. 68

Palace 2Bronze 4

SESSION 4DNano-Joint Session II

Palace 1

SESSION 4EMetalworking II

SESSION 4FFluid Film Bearings II

2-5 pmPanel Discussion, p. 80

Endotoxin Measurements in Different MetalworkingFluid Types, F.Alexandra, p. 82

Advanced Treatment Option for Metal Removal FluidWastewaters, J. Burke, p. 82

Characteristics of a Ferrofluid Film LubricatedHydrodynamic Bearing, A. Chandy, p. 83

Controllable Elastohydrodynamics With Examples,I. Santos, p. 83


8 – 8:30 am

8:30 – 9 am

9 – 9:30 am

9:30 –10 am

10 – 10:30 am

10:30 – 11 am

11 – 11:30 am

11:30 am– Noon

2 – 2:30 pm

2:30 – 3 pm

3 – 3:30 pm

3:30 – 4 pm

4 – 4:30 pm

4:30 – 5 pm

5 pm

Tuesday May 18, 2010TIME

Palace 3 Palace 4/5

Break Break

SESSION 3GSeals III

SESSION 3HTribotesting III

SESSION 3IWear I

SESSION 3JCommerial Marketing Forum III

Silver Room Gold Room

Break Break

Break Break Break Break

Comparison of Different Leak TightnessTest Methods for Hydraulic Rod Seals,L.Hoerl, p. 72

Influence of Rod Surface Roughness onHydraulic Seal Wear, A.Buck, p. 72

Transient ElastohydrodynamicSimulation of a Viscoelastic HydraulicRod Seal, A.Thatte, p. 74

Numerical Modeling of a HydraulicElastomeric Rod Seal: From FEM StaticAssembling Modeling to HydrodynamicSeal Analysis, A. Fatu, p. 74

Experimental Investigation of aCompliant 3-Layer Padded Finger Seal,S.Moldovan, p. 84

Shear Heat Included Hydrodynamic LiftClearance Derivation for Brush Seals,E.Duran, p. 84

Multi-contact High Load Static FrictionMeasurements, J. Garcia, p. 76

Advantages of Using OpticalProfilometry in the ASTM D4172Standard, A.Hernández Battez, p. 76

Design of a Composite MicrotribologyExperiment System for Silicon Sidewalls,W.Zhang, p. 76

9 – 9:20 am: An Overview of Radio-tracer Methods for Wear Measurement,D. Eberle, p. 76

9:20 – 9:40 am: Radiation Basics andthe Statistical Nature of SLA Data,K.Oxorn, p. 76

9:40 – 10 am: Valvetrain WearMeasurements: Effect of Engine OilForulations and Surface Modifications,A.Gangopadhyay, p. 76

Wear of Crankshaft Journal ofReciprocating Engine and Wear-ParticleReleasing Behavior, K.Matsumoto, p. 86

The Influence of Base Fluids on AntiwearAdditive Film Formation Behaviour inAutomotive Lubricant Degradation,J. Choo, p. 86

Afton Chemical’s 6th Annual Key DriverSeminar – Uncertain Energy andClimate Policy:What is a Lube Marketerto Do?, O.Kean, p. 88

DSM Elastomers Keltan Viscosity IndexImprover Polymers, J.Qiu, p. 77

ALS Laboratory Group,TribologyDivision, p. 77

CONTRAM™ ST-1:New BiocideTechnology for the US MetalworkingFluid Market, J. Purnhagen, p. 77

Advances in Polyalphaolefin (PAO)Basestock Chemistry, S.Mazzo-Skalski,p. 77

Multi-Level Used Oil Management,D. Smolenski, p. 85

Dry Air Blankets: An Effective andEconomical Method for EradicatingWater Contamination.Part I: Principlesof Operation,W.Needelman, p. 85

Analysis of Compliant Surface FoilThrust Bearings and Face Seals UsingCoupled Finite Difference and FiniteElement Methods, H.Heshmat, p. 74

Advanced Oil-Free Hydrogen CentrifugalCompressor Development – Part I:Z. Ren, p. 74

A Leakage Model For Static CompressiveSeals, J. Streator, p. 74

10:30 – 10:50 am: The Effect of FluidCondition on Wear in Heavy Duty DieselEngines, J.Truhan, p. 77

10:50 am – Noon: Panelist/AudienceQ & A Session

Corrguard EXT – The Innovative Solutionfor Improving Metalworking Fluid Lifeand Performance, J. Conklin, p. 77

Total VALONA & SCILIA“Low Viscosity”Neat Oils and Their Applications, P. Leus,p. 77

A New Category of Oil SolublePolyalkylene (OSP), C. Carn, p. 77

Palace 3 Palace 4/5 Silver Room Gold Room

Cavitation in Mechanical Seal and itsEffects on Sealing Performance,Y. Li,p. 84

Parametric Study on Two-stage TandemDry Gas Seals with Closed Interspace,W.Huang, p. 84

Effect of Oil Volume to Seal Volume onElastomer Performance, K. Cooper, p. 84

Part II: An Effective and EconomicalMethod for Eradicating WaterContamination, G. LaVallee, p. 85

A New Method for the Determinationof Volatile Organic Compounds inMetalworking Fluids,Vanishing Oils andRust Inhibitors, J. Burke, p. 85

Wear Behaviour of PTFE Seals UnderDiffernent Pressure Conditions in aGasoline Pumping and MeasurmentSystem,Y. Liu, p. 85

Practical Lubrication Business Meeting

Handling the Impact of Biodiesel Fuelon Lubricants,M. Egiziaco, p. 86

Eco-marathon Vehicle Engine andDrivetrain Efficiency Improvements,M.Siniawski,p. 86

Correlation of Tribology andTribochemistry Between FiredOperating Engine and a BenchtopTribometer Tests, P. Lee, p. 86

Market Demands New Approach toRust Preventive Fluids, J. Ineman, p. 88

The Use of Optimal Alkanolamine Blendsand Additives for Improved Metalwork-ing Fluid Stability,M.Gernon, p. 88

A Review of Croda Lubricant AdditiveProducts, S.Davis, p. 88

SESSION 4GSeals IV

SESSION 4HPractical Lubrication Applications

SESSION 4IWear II

SESSION 4JCommercial Marketing Forum IV

See us in Booth 107 at STLE 2010


ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FLUIDS I

Session 3A � Bronze 1

Session Chair: B. Sharma, UIUC, Urbana, IL

Session Chair: M. Miller, Terresolve Technologies, Eastlake, OH

Session Vice Chair: J. Perez, Penn State University, PennsylvaniaFurnace, PA

8 – 8:30 amBiodegradable Lubricants – Real WorldPerformanceM.Miller,Terresolve Technologies, Eastlake,OH

This paper compares the performance of several types biodegradablehydraulic fluids.Testing was done by a variety of different test protocols.This testing shows that there are major performance differences amongtypes of biodegradable lubricants. Over the past decade severaldifferent type of biodegradable fluids have emerged includingsynthetic esters, PAGs and other glycols, biopolyolefins and many more.This paper reviews the strengths and limitation of each type of fluid.Commercially available biobased, biodegradable synthetic andpetroleum fluids were tested for physical and chemical characteristics,application performance, dielectric properties, seal compatibility,military and OEM Specifications, OEM evaluations and field performance.Each parameter was evaluated utilizing industry recognized testingprotocol. The results of each test is reviewed and supported with theoriginal data, and tables or graphs as was appropriate.

8:30 – 9 amEffect of Carbon Dioxide Mass on the TribologicalBehavior of Materials Used in Air-ConditioningCompressorsA. Polycarpou, E. Escobar Nunez, UIUC,Urbana, IL

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an alternative natural and environmentallyfriendly refrigerant as it has no ozone depleting potential andnegligible global warming potential compared to synthetic refrigerantssuch as hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs). Despite the environmentaladvantages of CO2, its implementation in air-conditioning systems hasbeen limited, partly because CO2 systems operate at very highrefrigerant pressures. In this study, the effect of the amount of CO2molecules on the tribological performance of three different interfaces(gray cast iron, Al390-T6, and Mn-Si brass) was examined using aspecialized tribometer.The amount of CO2 molecules was set to 5, 50,and 100 grams and to achieve the desired chamber pressure, thechamber was further pressurized using Argon. Pressures were set at100, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 psi. Results showed that the pressure has amore positive affect compared to the amount of CO2 molecules on thetribological behavior during the experiments performed using graycast iron. It was found that the formation of dangling bonds allowschemical reactions on the surface of gray cast iron towards the formationof iron carbonates which protect the interface against scuffing.

9 – 9:30 amKey Aspects of Choosing Polyalkylene Glycols inHydraulic Equipment for EnvironmentallySensitive AreasL. Johnson,M.Greaves, G. Khemchandani, Dow Chemical Company,Freeport,TX

Fluids exhibiting good performance and favorable environmentalprofiles offer comprehensive solutions to today’s equipment operators.Natural and synthetic ester-based hydraulic fluids have traditionallybeen preferred choices for use in equipment in environmentallysensitive areas. However polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) provide anexcellent alternative, offering excellent equipment reliability while alsohaving favorable environmental profiles. PAGs can be chemicallyengineered to be water-miscible and non-sheening.This is beneficial in

applications where fluids can leak into water-ways.Their non-sheeningperformance differentiates them from hydrocarbon oils and esterlubricants. Several benefits of PAGs are highlighted including theirability to minimize deposits in equipment. PAG fluids can also bedesigned to have low eco-toxicity, where their exposure to humans,animals, and other organisms is less likely to lead to harm.We evaluatedseveral PAG-based fluids and they were readily biodegradable, allowingthem to be broken down to simple molecules and putting less strain onan eco-system.

9:30 – 10 amGlossamer® L6600 Biobased Cosmetic AdditiveW.Everett, International Lubricants, Inc., Seattle,WA

Glossamer® L6600 is a completely biobased, biodegradable,hypoallergenic polymer replacement for lanolin in a variety of skin andhair cosmetic applications.This polymer, which is free of catalyst orother additives, results from a thermal polymerization of pureagricultural seed oil starting materials. Glossamer® L6600 exhibitsmoisture barrier and skin moisturization properties that are superior tothose of lanolin and additives used in a major competitive lotion.Equally important are the wear related benefits that Glossamer® L6600imparts to cosmetic products.These wear benefits include sunscreenUV chromophore retention in water (65% retention for Glossamer®L6600 vs. 18% retention for mineral oil), the water resistance ofGlossamer® L6600 enhanced sunscreen upon immersion (after 80minutes the SPF level was retained), the resistance to rub off, and theretention of volatile fragrances.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amFormulating Strategies for Biobased, Biostable,High Performance Metalworking FluidsR. Bingeman, Croda,New Castle, DE

Corporate responsibility initiatives and regulations such as the USDABioPreferred program are generating an increasing need forenvironmentally friendly metalworking fluid solutions. Biobasedcoolants can be important in meeting the environmental objectives ofmany customers.These biobased coolants must provide acceptableperformance which historically has been a challenge. Achieving goodbiostability from a biobased coolant can be a major challenge becausebiobased products typically have inherently poor biostabilty.This paperwill address formulating strategies to create biobased coolants that arebiostable and offer good multimetal cutting performance.

11 – 11:30 amBulk Modulus and Viscosity Measurement UnderHigh Pressure ConditionsS.Drumm,A. Fatemi, A.Wohlers, H.Murrenhoff, RWTH AachenUniversity, Aachen,Germany

The Cluster of Excellence “Tailor made fuels from biomass”, funded bythe German research foundation (DFG), is an interdisciplinarycollaboration of about 15 institutes and 50 researchers.The aim of theproject is to find an optimized process to synthesize new fuels basedon biomass. Furthermore the combustion and injection system shall beoptimized by reconsidering the new fuel as a design element.The taskof the authors is to develop a guide line for designing an injectionsystem adapted to these fuels. The focus is especially on the highpressure pumping of the new fuels within common rail systems. In thispaper the investigations to characterize the tribological behavior of thenew fuels will be presented. A test rig to measure the viscosity and thebulk modulus under high pressure conditions of up to 800 MPa hasbeen built up.The design of the test rig and the measuring principle forthese extreme conditions will be shown. Furthermore measurementresults for the first tailor made fuels will be presented.These data areneeded to parameterize simulation models of the injection systemwhich are set up parallel to the experiments.

Tuesday, May 18 Technical Sessions


11:30 – NoonA Natural Way to Develop Top-tier HydraulicFluidsA.Vergauwen,OLEON NV,Oelegem,Belgium

Presentation will present Oleon’s full range of ester hydraulic base oils &thickeners. Saturated and unsaturated esters with viscosities from ISOVG 15 till 68 for the base oils and the thickener range going from ISOVG 100 to ISO VG 5000. Physical data and test results will be presented.Next to this standard industrial range, products for Factory Mutualformulations will be discussed.Third range is the NSF approved baseoils for HX1 fluids.

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS I

Session 3B � Bronze 2

Session Chair: R. Mourhatch, University of Texas at Arlington,Irving, TX

8 – 8:30 amModeling the Chemical Reactivity ofTribo-stressed Nascent Metallic SurfacesJ.Martin,M.De Barros Bouchet,T. Le Mogne, Ecole Centrale deLyon, Ecully, France

We have developed a model experiment to study the reactivity oflubricant additives towards nascent and tribo-stressed metallicsurfaces. Activated surfaces are created and friction tests are conductedusing an Environmentally Controlled Analytical Tribometer (ECAT)equipped with XPS/AES analysis. A reactive gas partial pressuresimulates the lubricant additive chemistry or the environment.Themetal surface is cleaned by ion etching to remove the passivation layer.A pin-on-flat friction test is then performed in UHV conditions (100 nParesidual gas pressure) on this pure metallic surface previously obtained.Afterwards, a selected reactive gas is introduced in the chamber andcan react with the different activated surfaces which are exposed: theion-teched and the tribo-stressed surfaces, respectively. A secondfriction test is performed on the ion-etched surface in presence of thegas. At the end, the chamber is pumped down to UHV and XPS analysesare carried out on the different locations, inside and outside the twowear scars.We have performed such model experiments on two metalsurfaces (steel and a titanium alloy) and with different partial pressuresof gases (air, nitrogen, oxygen, tri-methyl phosphite, tri-methylphosphate, organic polysulfides) and at different temperatures of thesubstrate from ambient to 400 C. In the absence (or low content) ofoxygen in the gas molecule. Results show that reactions take placepreferentially on the tribo-stressed nascent surface but not on the ionetched only.

8:30 – 9 amGrowth Kinetics and Morphology of ThermalFilms from Ashless and Ashed Antiwear AdditivesP. Aswath, B. Kim,University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington,TX

The thermal route to form films provide valuable insight into themechanism of formation of tribofilms. In this study a thermal approachwas used to study the kinetics of thermal films formed on ferroussubstrates for a variety of antiwear chemistries that include Zinc DialkylDithiophosphate (ZDDP), short and long chain ashless dialkyldithiophosphates and amine phosphates.The thermal films weredeposited on ferrous substrates by immersion in an oil containingthese additives at a nominal concentration of 0.1 wt.% phosphorous fordurations ranging from 1 to 60 minutes.The chemistry of the films wereanalyzed using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES).P and S K and L spectra were used to determine the nature ofphosphorous and sulfur compounds and their distribution within thethermal films.

Acknowledgement: XANES works was conducted at The CanadianLight Source, Saskatoon, Canada which is supported by NRC of Canada.Other analytical work was conducted at CCMB at University of Texas atArlington.

9 – 9:30 amInfluence of Friction Modifiers on Boundary FilmFormation PropertiesJ. Guevremont,M.Devlin, J. Loper, K. Garelick, K. Hux,T. Jao, AftonChemical Corporation, Richmond,VA

Friction modifiers are added to modern engine oil formulations toreduce boundary friction in an effort to improve fuel economy.Yet, zincdialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), the most common anti-wear additiveused in engine oils, is known to form thick glassy polyphosphate filmsthat can cause friction to increase, which is detrimental to fueleconomy performance. Previous work has shown that additives canaffect the composition of anti-wear films, and in turn the frictionalproperties of the new surfaces. Also, friction modifiers can behavedifferently on steel as compared to the ZDDP anti-wear film. In an effortto further explore the impact of additives on tribofilm composition, thefrictional characteristics of various friction modifiers with ZDDP havebeen studied. By using a Mini Traction Machine with a Spacer LayerImaging System (MTM-SLIM) we have observed the influence of thefriction modifiers on the ability of ZDDP to form tribofilms and thefrictional properties of these films.The films formed were then studiedwith energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to obtain chemicalcomposition.

9:30 – 10 amInfluence of Succinimide Dispersant on FilmFormation, Friction and Antiwear Properties ofZinc Dialkyl DithiophosphateJ. Zhang, Imperial College London, South Kensington,UnitedKingdom, E.Yamaguchi, Chevron Oronite Co. LLC, Richmond, CA,H. Spikes, Imperial College London, South Kensington,UnitedKingdom

Most of today’s engine oils contain the two lubricant additives,polyisobutylsuccinimide-polyamine (PIBSA-PAM), which acts as adispersant, and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), which is acombined antiwear agent and antioxidant. Both of these additives aregenerally regarded as the most cost-effective of their class and arepivotal in the design of high performance engine oils. UnfortunatelyPIBSA-PAM can be antagonistic to ZDDP in the latter’s role as anantiwear additive.This antagonism may become more important infuture since engine emission control requirements coupled withextended drain intervals are likely to lead to an increase in the relativeconcentration of dispersant to ZDDP in engine oil formulations.

This presentation describes a study of the influence of PIBSA-PAMconcentration on the film forming, friction and wear properties of ZDDPsolutions. It is shown that the relative concentration of N to P influencesZDDP film formation as measured by MTM-SLIM but has less effect onZDDP film removal. Based on these measurements, the mechanisms bywhich PIBSA-PAM influences ZDDP antiwear behaviour are discussed.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amObserving the Boundary Layer Formation at aTribological ContactJ.Wong, Imperial College London, London,United Kingdom

The successful formation of a boundary layer is crucial to frictionreduction at the boundary lubrication regime. Stearic acid is commonlyused as a boundary lubricant due to its ability to form a monolayer onthe tribological surface of interest. In this work, fluorescent imaging wasused to examine how stearic acid molecules interact with varioussubstrates.The process of boundary layer formation under various

Technical Sessions


tribological conditions was observed.The effect of base oil compositionwill be discussed.

11 – 11:30 amEffect of Slide Roll Ratio and AdditiveInteractions on Reaction Layer Formation –A Dual Approach: Experimental and MolecularDynamics StudiesA.Naveira-Suarez,M. Zaccheddu, R. Pasaribu, SKF Engineering andResearch Centre, Nieuwegein, Netherlands,M.Grahn, R. Larsson,Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden

Lubricant additives will compete to adsorb and react with rubbing steelsurfaces. One non-polar and one polar model base oils and two EP/AWadditives, ZDDP and phosphoric acid ester (PAE), were studiedexperimentally and numerically with Molecular Dynamics simulations(MD).MD is employed to simulate the base oil blended with the twoadditives. Simulations show that the presence of PAE influences theadsorption and tribological behaviour of ZDDP.

The influence of slide roll ratio on the functionality of additivesrelated to reaction layer formation is studied.The reaction layerformation was monitored in-situ using an adapted interferometrytechnique.The chemical composition of the layers, analysed using X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy, and their nanomechanical properties, arediscussed in relation to tribological performance.The MD simulationsand the experimental observations are compared and discussed.

11:30 – NoonAnalyses of the Anti-Wear Boundary Film onan Oxygen-Diffused Titanium SurfaceJ. Qu,H.Meyer, J. Howe, P. Blau,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,OakRidge,TN

Previous work has demonstrated that oxygen diffusion (OD) used as asurface treatment for titanium alloys can enable the formation of ananti-wear boundary film in a lubricated environment.The interactionsbetween the lubricant additives and the OD-treated titanium surfaceand the resulting chemical compounds, however, remain unclear.Surface chemical analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) were performed on the wear scars produced in a sliding wear testfor both untreated and OD-treated Ti-6Al-4V (OD-Ti64) lubricated by afully formulated engine oil. High energy resolution XPS spectrarevealed distinct chemical compositions. A 50 nm thick boundary filmwas detected on the worn OD-Ti64 surface and it contains significantamounts of Ti, Zn, Ca, S, P, N, and O,while no such film exists on eitherthe unworn OD-Ti64 surface or the worn, untreated titanium surface.This indicates that both the OD treatment and the thermo-mechanicalstresses involved in the tribo-testing are essential for boundary filmformation. Shifts of bonding energy peaks were observed for elementsextracted from the lubricant additives (such as Zn, Ca, S, and P) as wellas the elements from the OD-Ti64 surface (such as Ti and O) implyingthat the additive molecules broke down, reacted with the OD-Ti64surface, and formed new compounds during the wear process. Furtheranalyses using an Auger parameter plot for Zn confirmed the existenceof ZnS and ZnO in the surface boundary film.

SURFACE ENGINEERING III

Session 3C � Bronze 3

Session Chair: T. Scharf, University of North Texas, Denton, TX

Session Vice Chair: J. Schall, Oakland University, Rochester, MI

8 – 8:30 amElectrochemical Friction Control Using DownholeDrilling LubricantsM. Ismail, R.Wood, J.Wharton,T. Harvey, University ofSouthampton, Southampton,United Kingdom,A.Humphreys,Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge,MA

This pin-on-disc study investigated an electrochemical method tocontrol friction for AISI 4340 steel / AISI 4340 steel, and AISI 4340 steel /sandstone, sliding contacts lubricated by downhole drilling fluids.Theaddition of octanoic acid, an anionic additive, formed a lubricioustribofilm resulting in a 62% reduction in coefficient of friction(decreasing from 0.39 to 0.15). By electrochemically polarising the disc,the adsorption of the additive could be either repelled (cathodic) orattracted (anodic) to the metallic surface. Additive-free fluids showedno dependence of friction versus applied potential, however, the wearmechanisms varied as a function of applied potential, with adhesionpredominating at -1V and a combination of adhesion plus corrosiondominating at +1V. Conversely, additive containing fluids showed adecrease in adhesion especially at anodic potentials, and in additionX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed enhanced carboxylicadsorption (tribofilm) on the disc surface at open circuit potential andanodic overpotentials.

8:30 – 9 amA Review of Engineered Surfaces for ValvetrainFriction Reduction and WearA.Gangopadhyay,D.McWatt, R. Zdrodowski, Ford Motor Company,Dearborn,MI

Friction losses in an engine can contribute significantly to fuelconsumption. Frictional losses in the valvetrain, although smallcompared to other engine components could make a significantimpact in fuel economy improvement, if reduced. In a direct actingmechanical bucket type valvetrain design, the cam and tappet contactis responsible for the majority of the frictional losses.Therefore,attempts have been made to reduce friction at this contact throughsurface engineering on the tappet face.This includes surface texturingby means of shot peening, scribing, and laser beams, improved surfacefinish, and thin film coating.This presentation will review differentlevels of friction reduction and wear of the system obtained with eachtechnology. However, it must be recognized that the selection of aparticular technology would depend upon cost and performanceimprovement. Also, it will be demonstrated that subtle differences insystem design could also point to a different solution.

9 – 9:30 amHigh-Temperature Galling Characteristics ofTi-6Al-4V With and Without Surface TreatmentsP. Blau,D. Erdman III, E. Ohriner, B. Jolly, Oak Ridge National Lab,Oak Ridge ,TN

The occurrence of galling damage in metals can be problematic,especially in high-temperature applications like diesel engine exhaustgas recirculation systems and adjustable turbocharger vanes. Suitablelubricants may not be available,moisture desorption can promoteincreased adhesion, and the yield strength of metals can decrease asthe temperature rises. However, oxidation can mitigate these effects byforming lubricative films.Two surface engineering methods wereapplied to alloy Ti-6Al-4V to improve its galling resistance: (a) oxygendiffusion treatment, and (b) formation of a composite with TiB2 underintense infrared radiation. A newly developed, three-pin-on-flat test


Session3B

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method was used to compare the galling behavior of the titaniumsurfaces with cobalt-based alloy Stellite 6B™ at 485o C.The magnitudeof the torque, the surface roughness, and observations of surfaces wereused to characterize behavior. Galling resistance of the Ti-alloys, evennon-treated, was better at high temperature than it was at roomtemperature.

9:30 – 10 amAtomistic Factors Governing AdhesionBetween Diamond,Amorphous Carbon, andModel Diamond Nanocomposite SurfacesP. Piotrowski, G. Gao, J. Urban, J. Harrison,USNA,Annapolis,MD,R. Cannara, National Institute of Standards and Technology Centerfor Nanoscale Science and Technology,Gaithersburg,MD,R. Carpick, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the work ofadhesion for two diamond surfaces, C(111)(1x1) and C(001)(2x1), withdifferent amounts of hydrogen termination.The counterfaces wereeither self-mated diamond, amorphous carbon, or model diamondnanocomposite surface. For the self-mated diamond surfaces, there wasno significant difference in the work of adhesion between theC(111)(1x1) and C(001)(2x1) surfaces. However, at each hydrogencoverage, the average adhesion for the C(001)(2x1) system was smallerthan for the C(111)(1x1) system. Pairing the diamond surfaces with anamorphous carbon counterface led to a reduction in the work ofadhesion, for both systems. An even further reduction in adhesion wasobtained from pairing the C(111)(1x1)-H with a model diamondnanocomposite.While there was some dependence on hydrogencoverage, the most significant affect on the work of adhesion was theatomic scale roughness of the countersurface.These results werecompared to experimental measurements conducted with atomic forcemicroscopy.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amSurface Characterization Metrics for Use inModeling Polymer TactilityM.Darden, C. Schwartz,Texas A&M University, College Station,TX

The sensation of touch is central to the human interaction withproducts as well as with product utility. Potential customers frequentlyassess products based on the tactile experience, but the surfacecharacteristics that instill tactile qualities have been challenging toidentify.This study focused on methods of surface texturecharacterization that would identify a universal set of parameters thatcould be used to represent the topology of complex textures.Relationships between these parameters and tactility can then beinvestigated.Through the use of white light interferometry, texturedpolypropylene plaques with varying imprinted geometrical patternswere scanned, resulting in a three-dimensional texture maps.Thesetopographies were then processed using computational wavelet andfractal techniques to develop the set of universal characterizationparameters, where each texture corresponds to unique parametervalues in the universal set. It is also shown that once these values areidentified, the three-dimensional topology of a particular texture canbe recreated using a computational algorithm.Human evaluations hasbeen be performed to quantitatively rate these textures with respect toa set of tactile descriptors. Analysis has been undertaken to identifycorrelations with surface parameter values and particular tactiledescriptors.

11 – 11:30 amTitanium Carbide/Carbon Nanotube/NickelComposites for Surface Engineering ApplicationsT. Scharf,W.Tu, J. Hwang, R. Banerjee,The University of North Texas,Denton,TX

Metal-matrix composites comprising of titanium carbide and carbonnanotube (CNT) reinforcements in a nickel matrix have been processedvia the laser engineered net shape processing technique.The carbideprecipitates are formed in these composites by the reaction betweenliquid nickel and carbon during the laser deposition process.The detailsof the structure and compositional changes across the TiC/Ni interfacehave been characterized by 3D atom probe tomography coupled withtransmission electron microscopy studies.The results indicate theformation of a thin Ni-rich interfacial layer that might be responsible forimproved adhesion between the carbide and the nickel matrix.Unidirectional and high frequency reciprocating sliding tests showedimprovement in friction and wear behavior compared to CNT/Nicomposites and pure Ni.Mechanisms of solid lubrication wereinvestigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy spatial mapping of theworn surfaces to determine the formation of tribochemical products.The TiC/CNT/Ni composites exhibit a self-lubricating behavior, formingan in situ, low interfacial shear strength graphitic film during sliding,resulting in decreased friction coefficients. Recommendations will begiven for potential surface engineering applications.

11:30 – NoonUltra-fast Boriding as a Novel SurfaceEngineering Process for Extreme TribologicalApplicationsA. Erdemir, O. Eryilmaz, G. Kartal, Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, IL, S.Timur, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul,Turkey

In this study, we introduce an ultra-fast boriding process that canproduce very thick (i.e., 100 -150 µm) boride layers in less than an hour,depending on the type of steel being processed. Compared toconventional boriding techniques such as pack, paste, plasma, or salt-bath boriding techniques, ultra-fast boriding provides great advantagesin terms of environmental cleanliness, productivity, product quality, andcost. It can be done in a molten salt electrolyte at elevatedtemperatures. Steel samples or parts to be borided are attached to thecathode of the electrochemical cell, while the crucible that contains theelectrolyte may act as an anode.The very thick boride layers producedon the surface of steel substrates exhibit excellent resistance to wear,erosion, and corrosion. Under boundary lubricated sliding conditions,the boride layers are able to provide low friction and extremeresistance to wear and scuffing.The hardness of borided steel surfacesare in range of 17 GPa to more than 20 GPa (depending on the steeltype).The new boriding technique is cheap and environmentallyfriendly (produces no gaseous emissions and solid wastes).


Session3C

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NANO-JOINT SESSION I

Session 3D � Bronze 4

NANO-COLLOIDAL LUBRICATION SPONSOREDBY THE LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS ANDNANOTRIBOLOGY TECHNICAL COMMITTEESSession Chair: A. Erdemir, Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, IL

Session Vice Chair: A. Malshe, University of Arkansas,Fayetteville, AR

8 – 8:30 amEffectiveness of Various Surfactants on theDispersion of Sub-micron Size Boric AcidParticles in OilsH. Chipman,M. Chipman, K.Mistry,O. Eryilmaz, A. Erdemir, ArgonneNational Laboratory, Argonne, IL

In the current study, sub-micron size boric acid particles weremanufactured using a ball milling machine and blended into syntheticbase oils. A variety of surfactants was added to the blends to study theeffect of surfactant chemistry on the dispersion of boric acid particlesin oils, by studying the change in settling time and the extent ofagglomeration as well as tribological performance. Six differentcommercially available surfactants were evaluated in the study for theireffect on improved dispersion and their ability to further aid in thereduction of the size of the boric acid particles.The effect of surfactantchemistry and its compatibility with the blend was also investigated. Itwas observed that some surfactants improved the stability anddispersion of sub-micron size particles in the base-oils. However, thechemistry of the surfactants played an important role in thedispersibility of the boric acid particles.Thus, current investigationprovided valuable information that can lengthen the stability of sub-micron boric acid particles in lubricants, reduce agglomeration, andhence increase effectiveness of these particles in further improving thelubrication capacity of base oils.

8:30 – 9 amTribological Properties of Graphite IntercalationCompounds: Correlation To Their ElectronicStructureK.Delbé, J.Mansot, P.Thomas,Y. Bercion,Université des Antilles etde la Guyane, Pointe à Pitre, France, F. Boucher, Université deNantes, Nantes, France,D. Billaud,Université de Nancy,Vandoeuvreles Nancy, France

The good tribologic properties of lamellar compounds (MoS2, Graphite…) are classically associated to the presence, in their structures, of vander Waals gaps through which weak interlayer interactions exist leadingto low critical shear rate along directions parallel to the layers. In thepresent work the intercalation [1] of selected nucleophilic (alkalineatoms) and electrophilic (Transition metal chlorides) species in graphiteis used in order to modulate in a controlled manner the intergraphenelayer distances and interactions. Ab initio band structure calculations(pseudo-potentials and FLAPW methods) carried on the various studiedintercalated graphite allowed us to obtain band structure, Density ofState diagrams, valence electron density maps and then to access tothe bonding interactions between the intercalants and the grapheneplanes.Tribologic investigations are carried out under high purity argonatmosphere on thin films of intercalated compounds deposited ontothe friction surfaces by burnishing.The drastic reduction of the frictioncoefficient from 0.20 in the case of graphite down to 0.10 whengraphite is intercalated is correlated to the graphene /graphene planesinteractions reduction resulting from the presence of intercalatedspecies or intercalated species mobility.

9 – 9:30 amUnderstanding Lubrication Mechanism ofColloidal Boron Nitride ParticlesN.Matsumoto, K.Mistry, H. Chipman,O. Eryilmaz, A. Erdemir,Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

The interaction mechanism of nano-particles on attaining superiortribological performance is not well-reported. In the current work sub-micron particles of Boron nitride were tested and the tribological testswere conducted on HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) toevaluate friction and wear performance. Surface analysis was carriedout on the post-test samples to investigate tribochemical interaction ofsub-micron Boron nitride on the steel contact surface.Wear mechanismwas observed using FEG-SEM (Field Emission Gun – Scanning ElectronMicroscopy).The cross-sectional details of tribofilm and nano-Boric acidwere investigated using TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy).Thechemical characterization of the tribofilm was investigated usingToF-SIMS (Time of Flight – Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy) and XPS(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). It was observed that sub-micronBoron nitride formed unique tribochemical film under tribologicalconditions that offered significantly improved tribological performancethan conventional lubricants.The current investigation providesimportant details on lubrication mechanism of sub-micron Boronnitride and its influence on tribological performance.

9:30 – 10 amC60 Intercalated Graphite as an Additive in Oilsand GreaseK.Miura, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Japan

We prepared a novel C60 intercalated graphite using alkylamine, whichstructure provides alternately stacked single graphene oxide sheet andC60 two-dimensional array. It is quite important to uniformly dispersethe partcles in grease and in oil and moreover control the size and theshape of particles in order to obtain an excellent lubrication. In thiswork, we report that particles of C60 intercalated graphite providemore excellent lubrication as an additive in oil and grease than MoS2and PTTE particles, and moreover as an additive in film coating.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amTribological Performance and TribochemicalCharacterization of Different Boron-basedLubricantsK.Mistry,M.Naohiro, H. Chipman,O. Eryilmaz, A. Erdemir, ArgonneNational Laboratory, Argonne, IL

The combination of oil based lubricant and solid lubricants formingcolloidal lubricant is anticipated as way forward to attain goodtribological performance with minimal usage of sulfur, phosphorousbased lubricant additives. In the present work boron based lubricantswere tested: sub-micron Boric acid and sub-micron Boron nitride.Thetribological tests were conducted on three test rigs to evaluate friction,wear and scuffing performance. Post-test surface analysis was carriedout to investigate tribochemical interaction of nano-lubricants on thesteel contact surface.Wear was measured using optical profilometryand wear mechanism was observed using FEG-SEM (Field Emission Gun– Scanning Electron Microscopy).The chemical characterization of thetribofilm was investigated using ToF-SIMS (Time of Flight – SecondaryIon Mass Spectroscopy) and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). Itwas observed that Boron based nano-lubricants offered significantlyimproved performance in terms of friction and wear than conventionallubricants.The superior tribological performance was associated withnovel tribochemical film formation on the contact surface.



11 – 11:30 amAdvanced Nanolubricants Additives forFormulated OilsA.Malshe, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR,D.Demydov,NanoMech LLC, Fayetteville, AR, A. Adhvaryu, P.McCluskey,Caterpillar Inc., Peoria, IL, A. Erdemir, Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, IL

Systematic investigation of nanoparticles (molybdenum sulfidemodified with additional functional groups) that positively impactfriction and wear behaviors will be discussed.These nanoparticles werespecially designed for addition to oils as additives for extreme pressureand high temperature applications. A low SAPS approach wasconsidered for nanoparticles architecture and their impact ontribological properties and emission regulations.Their performanceshowed synergistic effect when combined with others additives informulated oils. The research efforts were focused on tribologicaltesting of nanoparticles, improvement of their dispersion, andinvestigation of their behaviors in the presence of other additives informulated oils.

11:30 – NoonInfluence of the Size, Morphology and Structureon the Tribological Properties and the LubricationMechanism of IF-MeS2 (Me=W, Mo) NanoparticlesF.Dassenoy, J.Tannous, J.Martin, Ecole Centrale of Lyon, Ecully,France

A major challenge in the field of additives is to find solutions to replacethe sulphur and phosphorus based anti-wear and anti-friction additiveswhich are currently used in engine lubricants and highly toxic for theenvironment. In this context, the use of nanoparticles as additives oflubrication is more and more considered. Increasing number of articleshave reported superior anti-friction and anti-wear performances ofthese nanoparticles.Most of these research activities focused oncarbon based nanoparticles (nano-onions, nanotubes, nanodiamonds,…), boron nitride nanoparticles, or inorganic fullerenes (IF) of metaldichalcogenides as IF-MoS2 or IF-WS2.These latest are currently amongthe most studied.Their tribological properties can sometimes beexceptional. Different synthesis routes exist to obtain IF nanoparticles.Depending on the process and by adjusting the synthesis parameters(temperature, reaction time, annealing …) it is possible to obtainparticles of different size,morphology and cristallinity [1-2]. Theinfluence of these parameters on the tribological properties of thenanoparticles is difficult to establish precisely. In this paper, we willcompare the tribological properties of WS2 and MoS2 inorganicfullerenes obtained using two distinct synthesis routes and we will tryto see how the size, the morphology or the structure of thesenanoparticles affect their tribological properties.

METALWORKING I

Session 3E � Palace I

Session Chair: R. Butler, Chemtool, Inc., Crystal Lake, IL

Session Vice Chair: S. Erhan, Polartech Additives, Inc., BedfordPark, IL

8 – 8:30 amBiocide Efficacy Versus Anaerobic Bacteria inMetalworking FluidT.Williams, C. Schultz, Dow Chemical Company, Spring House, PA

Metalworking fluid (MWF) provides an excellent environment for thegrowth of various types of microorganisms.The main focus on MWFmicrobes has been directed to the aerobic organisms. Another keygroup of microorganisms which deserve attention are the anaerobicorganisms which thrive in the absence of oxygen.These anaerobes

cause degradation and spoilage of the fluid and are responsible formicrobially influenced corrosion (MIC), which causes deterioration ofthe metal components in the system.This presentation will review thevarious types of anaerobic bacteria in MWF,methods for enumeration,their impact, and lab and field biocide efficacy studies. Specificemphasis is focused on the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), which aremost recognized due to their impact on biofouling and MIC.Thebiocides evaluated in the testing included isothiazolones, oxazolidines,nitromorpholine, glutaraldehyde, and others.The data include growthinhibition and time-course kill studies on organisms includingDesulfovibrio, grown under liquid (plantonic) and biofilm (sessile)conditions. Novel methods for evaluating biocide efficacy underanaerobic systems will also be described.

8:30 – 9 amStudies on the Formation of Discontinues ChipsDuring Rock CuttingJ. Lin, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, P.Menezes,M. Lovell,University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee,WI, F. Higgs,Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

Understanding the fundamental tribology associated with the cuttingof rock process under extreme high pressure and high temperature(HPHT) conditions is extremely important in mining and oil industries.In this paper, chip formation process during mechanical cutting of rockis simulated using an explicit finite element code, LS-DYNA. In thesimulation, a tool is orthogonally moved against a stationary rockmaterial. The rock material properties have been modeled using aspecialized damage constitute material model.The simulations wereperformed for various rake angles at different sliding velocities andcutting depths.The variation of cutting forces, stresses, chipmorphology and the amount of chip formation have been investigated.Overall, the results indicate that the explicit FEM is a powerful tool forsimulating rock cutting and chip formation process.More specifically,the separation of chip from the work-piece was distinctly shown usingthis numerical model.The cutting forces and chip formation wasstrongly influenced by rake angel when compared to cutter velocitiesfor a given depth of cut.This information is shown to be highlypertinent to better understanding cutting rates and tool wear.

9 – 9:30 amCost-effective Condition Monitoring For MicrobialContamination in Metalworking Fluids andMetalworking Fluid SystemsF. Passman, BCA, Inc., Princeton,NJ

Uncontrolled microbial contamination is a major failure mechanism forwater-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).The long delay betweensampling and data availability distinguishes microbiological testingfrom the other condition monitoring tests typically run on in-serviceMWF. It’s well known that microbial population densities can increaseby four to 6 orders of magnitude during the time it takes betweenstarting a culture test and have visible colonies to count. ASTM E 2694 –ATP in water-miscible MWF – provides a real-time alternative fordetermining whether a significant bioburden is present. Samples with >10 pg ATP/mL can then be tested further to determine thepredominant organisms present.

9:30 – 10 amNumerical Study of Metalworking Fluid Flow inthe Abrasive Contact RegionS.Mihic, S. Cioc, I.Marinescu, University of Toledo,Toledo,OH,M.Weismiller,Master Chemical Corporation, Perrysburg,OH

The objective of this work is to investigate numerically themetalworking fluid flow in the contact region between the grindingtool and the work.The regions of the three-dimensional model builtusing a commercial software are: porous grinding wheel, solid work,abrasive contact and surrounding air. The physical parameters

Technical Sessions


investigated are the useful and total fluid flows, as well as the heattransfer and temperature distribution.The metalworking fluidproperties (temperature-dependent density, viscosity, surface tensionand heat capacity) and the wheel features (porosity and geometry) arevaried in order to establish their influence on the flow and heat fieldproperties.The research outcome of the paper is to establish theinfluence of the aforementioned parameters on the multiphase flow(fluid properties, velocity and pressure distributions, boundary layerformation and influence, process fluid flow rate and volume fraction)and on the heat transfer (temperatures and heat fluxes) in the abrasivecontact region.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amEvaluation of Lubricants for Minimum QuantityLubricationB.Tai, A. Shih, Unviersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor,MI, J. Dasch,General Motors,Warren,MI

Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is a relatively new method ofapplying cutting fluids during the machining process in which a finemist of oil is applied instead of a flood of coolant. Since only a smallamount of fluid is used, it is essential to understand the properties offluids in order to control and improve the machining processes.Thepurpose of this study was to evaluate different commercial MQLlubricants, in terms of thermal properties, wettability, lubricity,mistcharacterization, and machinability. In comparing nine MQL fluids, theproperties that were best correlated with good machinability were lowfluid viscosity, high mist concentration, large mist droplet diameter andlow contact angle (good wettability). Although it’s difficult to drawrelationships, the optimal machining was found with the low viscosityfluids, which also had the highest mist concentration, largest drops andbest wettability.

11 – 11:30 amCradle to Grave Management of Metal RemovalFluidsD. Smolenski, General Motors R&D,Warren,MI

There are increasing challenges and developments in machining inthe areas of materials, tools, parts complexity, process parameters,environmental constraints and health and safety concerns.Thispresentation will discuss efforts to develop a comprehensive systemfor the management of Metal Removal Fluids (MRF’s). The firstconsideration is the selection of MRF’s, including the General MotorsProductive Material Review (PMRv) process, which evaluates health andsafety, environmental impact and machining and other performanceparameters of the fluids. A Metal Removal Fluid Strategy Team (MRFST),comprised of key stakeholders, oversees the PMRv process. Next is in-use management of MRF’s, which involves defining how to sample,when to sample, what to measure and how to react to the results. Thefinal consideration is proper re-conditioning, reuse or disposal of thespent fluid. Some future MRF directions and needs will also be discussed.

11:30 – NoonCondition Monitoring of Metalworking FluidSystemsD.Nelson, Idemitsu Lubricants America, Jeffersonville, IN

To help maintain a coolant system, regular testing and monitoring mustbe conducted on the coolant and the equipment.Typical coolanttesting will include pH, concentration, tramp oil, cast iron corrosion, andbiologicals. Some systems require additional testing including hardness,chlorides or biocide levels. It may even become necessary to monitor aspecific ingredient in the product such as boron, phosphorous or sulfur.In addition to the chemical characteristics, it is also important tomonitor some of the system characteristics such as water and coolantadditions and system temperature.There are many methods available

to monitor the various coolant properties. Determining which tests andmethods to run for a particular system takes education and anunderstanding of the coolant chemistry and the machining demands.Testing that is conducted on a synthetic product may not be applicableto a soluble oil. Likewise, testing done for an aluminum machiningsystem may be altered for a cast iron grinding system.

FLUID FILM BEARINGS I

Session 3F � Palace 2

Session Chair: M. Braun, University of Akron, Akron, OH

8 – 8:30 amExperimental Investigation on the Influence ofSurface Roughnesses and Bearing Materials onthe Friction Coefficient During Start-upJ. Bouyer,M. Fillon, C. Dobre, University of Poitiers, FuturoscopeChasseneuil Cedex, France

The start-up friction coefficient is a useful parameter for engineers whodesign journal bearings. Considering the few studies that can be foundin literature on this topic, the authors conducted several studies dealingwith the measurement of this parameter.This work deals with theinfluent bearing characteristics on the friction coefficient: surfaceroughnesses and bearing materials.

Indeed, the authors studied two bushing materials (bronze andBabbitted bearings) with several aspect ratios and five shafts havingdifferent roughnesses.The analysis of the experimental results showsthat the friction coefficient at start-up was directly correlated to thesurface finish and the materials involved in the contact. As expected,the maximum torque at start-up is increasing with the roughness.Furthermore, it was found to be higher with Babitted bushes than withbronze bushes.

8:30 – 9 amComments on Flows and Mixing in Vertical OilSumpsL. Branagan, Pioneer Motor Bearing Company, Kings Mountain, NC

Operation of fluid film bearings for vertical shafts often involves thecirculation of oil within a self-contained oil sump.The sump must meetseveral goals,most notably the delivery of cool, clean oil to the leadingedge of the thrust or guide bearing, with significant space constraints.Undesirable sump designs or modifications can lead to stagnantregions resulting in hot bearing operation. Excessive circulation canlead to foaming. Circulation patterns may be non-intuitive, requiringsome level of CFD analysis to understand the momentum and thermalflows.This presentation reviews several recent investigations of flowdistribution within vertical sumps, discussing and assessing thecomputational techniques involved. A simplified technique is employedfor a “well mixed” sump. Boundary conditions for hydrodynamic filmsare reviewed. Finally, a relevant short coming of commercial codes isaddressed.

9 – 9:30 amPressure Field Measurements of aCircumferential Groove Journal BearingA. Cristea, University“Politehnica”of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania, J. Bouyer,M. Fillon,M. Pascovici, University of Poitiers,UMR CNRS 6610, Futuroscope, France

The present study concerns the experimental determination of thelubricant pressure distributions in one land of a symmetrical two-landcircumferential groove journal bearing in steady-state conditions.Thelubricant film pressure is measured in both axial and circumferentialdirections. Circumferential pressure distributions are determined usingthree equally-spaced sensor tap locations, in five different axial sections,


Session3E


corroborated with the rotation of the bearing with a ten degrees step.This method of measurement is valid as the operation of circumferentialgroove journal bearings is independent on the angle of loading.Twolubricant supply pressures (0.1 and 0.2 MPa, in relative pressure) havebeen considered. In the divergent zone, downstream the minimum filmthickness, sub-atmospheric regions are detected; the minimumrecorded film absolute pressure value was around 0.037 MPa for bothlubricant supply pressures. Above-atmospheric pressure isobars, in thedivergent zone, are shifted significantly in the axial direction towardsthe bearing lateral boundaries.

9:30 – 10 amA New Mass-conserving ComplementarityFormulation to Study Cavitation in TexturedBearingsM.Giacopini, A. Strozzi, Università degli Studi di Modena e ReggioEmilia,Modena, Italy,M. Fowell, D.Dini, Imperial College London,London,United Kingdom

A new mass-conserving formulation of the Reynolds equation has beenrecently developed using the concept of complementarity (Giacopini,et al.). This new method overcomes the drawbacks previouslyassociated with the use of such complementarity formulations for thesolution of cavitation problems in which reformation of the liquid filmoccurs.The methodology, already successfully applied to solve texturedbearing and squeeze problems in 1D is now extended to the solutionof 2D textured bearings in the presence of cavitation.The evolution ofthe cavitated region and the pressure distribution within the pocketsare studied for a series of geometrical configurations. Guidelines for thedesign optimization of textured surfaces based on the maximization ofthe load support are also provided.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amA General Form Model for Porous Medium Flowin Squeezing Film SituationsB. Bou-Said, INSA Lyon,Villeurbanne, France,M.Nabhani,M. ElKhlifi, University Hassan II,Mohammedia,Morocco

The present paper deals with a numerical investigation of thehydrodynamic lubrication of a porous squeeze film between twocircular discs.To this purpose, the thin film (reduced) Navier Stokesequations, and a generalized porous medium model are solved.Thenumerical results show that the effect of the porous disc is to reducethe fluid film lubricating properties.This effect is increased during thesqueezing action. In addition, it is shown that the film pressure, theload-carrying capacity and the velocity field based only on the Darcymodel are higher than those obtained from the generalized porousmedium model.

11 – 11:30 amThree Types of Active Lubrication Systems forMain Bearings of Reciprocating EnginesI. Santos, E. Estupinan,Technical University of Denmark, Kgs.Lyngby,Denmark

In the paper the authors investigate three different schemes for therealization of the controllable oil injection system to be couple to themain engine bearings.The use of active lubrication in fluid filmbearings helps to enhance the hydrodynamic fluid film by increasingthe fluid film thickness and consequently reducing viscous frictionlosses and vibrations. One refers to active lubrication whenconventional hydrodynamic lubrication is combined with dynamicallymodified hydrostatic lubrication. In this case, the hydrostatic lubricationis modified by injecting oil at controllable pressures, through orificescircumferentially located around the bearing surface.The computedbearing fluid film forces are coupled to the set of nonlinear equationsthat describes the dynamics of the reciprocating engine, obtained with

the help of multibody dynamics (rigid components) and finite elementsmethod (flexible components). The main equations that govern thedynamics of the injection for a hydraulic-actuated, a piezoelectric-actuated and a mechanical-actuated oil injector are presented in thisstudy.The global system is numerically solved using as a case of study asingle-cylinder combustion engine, where the conventional lubricationof the main bearing is modified by applying radial oil injection.Theperformance of such a hybrid bearing is compared to an equivalentconventional lubricated bearing in terms of the maximum fluid filmpressures,minimum fluid film thicknesses and reduction of viscousfriction losses.

11:30 – NoonImpacts on the Friction Force Between Pistonand Bushing of Swash-Plate MachinesU. Piepenstock, S. Gels, H.Murrenhoff, Institute for Fluid PowerDrives and Controls, Aachen,Germany

Rising energy costs lead to the imperative of high energy efficiency offluid power systems in mobile and stationary applications. So efficiencyhas become a very important factor for components and singletribological contacts.This paper focuses on the tribological contactbetween piston and bushing in swash-plate machines. Keeping frictionas low as possible is not only important for over-all efficiency of thecomponent but also for wear of the tribological system which has astrong impact on the components durability. At IFAS it is possible tomeasure the axial friction with single-piston test-stands at either lowspeed or high speed to validate tribological simulation results. Themixed friction coefficient is a very important input parameter fortribological calculations and a test-stand is used for measuring themixed friction in axial direction at different speeds and withouthydrostatic pressure in the gap. It uses the same test parts as the highspeed single-piston test-stand and allows the use of differentlubricants. Friction force measurements with different lubricants atdifferent speeds will be presented.The findings also help to improvethe modelling of the tribological contact between piston and bushing.

SEALS III

Session 3G � Palace 3

Session Chair: S. Jahanmir, MiTi Heart Corporation,Gaithersburg, MD

8 – 8:30 amComparison of Different Leak Tightness TestMethods for Hydraulic Rod SealsL. Hoerl,W.Haas, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,U.Nissler, Paal Verpackungsmaschinen GmbH, Remshalden,Germany

The rod seal of a hydraulic cylinder is a crucial point, since there leakagegets directly into the environment.There are different testing methodsto detect a decreasing sealing ability even before leakage occurs.Thispaper describes the results of leakage measurements, pumping ratemeasure-ments, optical film thickness measurements on the rodsurface and leakage calculation done by FE contact simulations.Thedifferences between the individual methods are described anddiscussed.

8:30 – 9 amInfluence of Rod Surface Roughness onHydraulic Seal WearA. Buck, L. Hörl,W.Haas, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

For hydraulic rod seals, there is only little knowledge about theinfluence of surface roughness on the tribological behavior of thesealing system. As a result, the existing surface specifications have


Session3F

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evolved over the last decades and are mainly based upon empiricalvalues.These specifications work well for standard hard chrome platedrods. However appliance of these specifications to alternative materialsor coatings often leads to high leakage and excessive seal wear.Thispaper describes experiments with hydraulic rods with differentsurfaces. During the experiments the rod surface roughness, seal wear,leakage and friction have been measured.This data has been analyzedby simulative and analytical means to improve our understanding ofthe influence of surface roughness on hydraulic seal wear.

9 – 9:30 amTransient Elastohydrodynamic Simulation of aViscoelastic Hydraulic Rod SealA.Thatte, R. Salant, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

A numerical model of the transient operation of a viscoelastic hydraulicrod seal, used in an injection molding application, has been performed.The model consists of coupled fluid mechanics, contact mechanics anddeformation analyses.The results include predictions of the historiesof the fluid transport and friction force on the rod, as well as contactpressure, fluid pressure and film thickness distributions.The viscoelasticresults are compared with the corresponding results of a purely elasticanalysis.

9:30 – 10 amNumerical Modeling of a Hydraulic ElastomericRod Seal: From FEM Static Assembling Modelingto Hydrodynamic Seal AnalysisA. Fatu,M.Hajjam,University of Poitiers, Angouleme, France

The elastomeric seal is one of the simplest seal designs used inhydraulic systems. Its role is critical in hydraulic assemblies for obvioussafety and environmental reasons. Hydraulic seals are typicallyconstrained in grooves and highly compressed by the sealed pressures,which induce large structure deformations.This behavior suit the finiteelement method (FEM) as numerical analyzing tool. Consequently, aFEM commercial code is used to predict the dry contact pressure andthe contact width between the pressurized seal and the rod. Severalcomparisons are made for different sealed pressures and materialdescription laws.The results are used to perform a fast prediction of theseal hydrodynamic behavior by using the inverse hydrodynamiclubrication (IHL) theory. Supposing that the lubricant hydrodynamicpressure entirely replaces the contact static pressure, the classical 1DReynolds equation in the unknown film thickness is solved.Furthermore, the direct lubrication theory is used to perform anelastohydrodynamic analysis of the seal. The results and the computingtime are compared with the IHL theory.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amAnalysis of Compliant Surface Foil ThrustBearings and Face Seals Using Coupled FiniteDifference and Finite Element MethodsH.Heshmat, Z. Ren,Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc., Albany,NY

A novel axial foil seal has been developed and validated in earlierpapers.The objective of this paper is to present an analytical techniqueeconomical and prudent in design refinement and performanceprediction. Foil seals are applied to extreme environments precludingmany conventional sealing systems. Conceptually, axial foil sealscomprise foil thrust bearings with extremely small land over diameterratios, and seal plates with edges extended to form skirt like secondarystatic seals sandwiched in-between seal cartridges.The developedanalytical technique was first applied to thrust bearing portion whileomitting the secondary seal segment.The enhanced computationtechnique was then applied to complete seal configurations withvariable boundary conditions and large deferential sealing pressures.Bearing compliance comes from smooth top foils and elastic foundation.

Coupled finite difference and finite element methods were applied tofoil thrust bearing design parameters.The technique was thenimproved to address elasticity effects of combined smooth top foilsand elastic foundation consisting of multilayer compliant stack ofbump foils and thin plates.The combined elastohydrodynamic andhydrostatic pressure profiles were computed separately using FD-basedfoil seal program.The pressure was used as input to the FEA to evaluatecomplex structural compliancy, iteratively. Results from the enhancedtechnique showed that convergence criterion was reached within a fewiterations.The analytical methodology proved to be efficient and ingood agreement with experiment.

11 – 11:30 amAdvanced Oil-Free Hydrogen CentrifugalCompressor Development – Part I: Theoreticaland Experimental Design Study of Foil Bearingsand SealsZ.Ren,H.Heshmat,Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc., Albany,NY

Efficient and reliable large-scale compressors are required for hydrogeneconomy to transport hydrogen from production sites to end-users.Due to inherent nature of the gaseous hydrogen and operatingrequirements of the system, oil-free and non-contacting bearings andseals have been identified as the important subcomponents thatdeserve focused attention.They are critical to successful developmentof new centrifugal compressors. Non-contacting low-leakage foil seal isan efficient film riding sealing technology for hydrogen centrifugalcompressors and the like and expected to overcome limitations ofexisting conventional and state-of-art seals.

Radial foil seals comprise foil journal bearings and smooth top foilswith flange like fingers. Novel computational technique was employedto foil journal bearings, and then to complete foil seal configurations.Solutions with variable boundary conditions and large deferentialpressures were generated and presented. Elastohydrodynamic pressureprofiles were computed using finite difference method, and input tofinite element model of multilayer compliant foil seal, iteratively.Optimum seal configuration was achieved with new analytical tool andvalidation of analysis via preliminary experimental investigation.Thispaper describes the methodical analytical and experimentalinvestigations. It explores modeling and computational techniques andprovides sample experimental data for validation of theoreticalpredictions.The foil seal investigation demonstrated excellentperformance and achieved extremely good correlation with theory.

11:30 – NoonA Leakage Model For Static Compressive SealsJ. Streator, C. Green,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

Static seals are found in a variety of technological applications.However, there are few published studies that relate seal performanceto physical parameters, such as compressive load, surface topography,elastic modulus, and yield strength. In this work, we present a model forthe leakage of gas across a metal-metal static seal interface. Acommercial finite element package is used to determine themacroscopic stresses and deformations in the sealing interface, while arecently developed microscale contact mechanics is employed modelto account for the role of surface roughness in determining the meaninterfacial gap. An averaged Reynolds equation from mixed lubricationtheory is applied to model the leakage flow. In conjunction with themathematical modeling, leakage tests are performed. Here, an annularInconel tube is pressed against a mica sheet that is supported by analuminum substrate, creating an annular sealing zone.The inside of thetube is pressurized with a test gas, the mass of which is monitoredduring the leakage experiment.Test results are compared to modelpredictions.


Session3G

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TRIBOTESTING III

Session 3H � Palace 4/5

8 – 8:30 amMulti-contact High Load Static FrictionMeasurementsJ. Garcia, A.Martini, J. Lumkes, Purdue University,West Lafayette, IN

A test apparatus to characterize static friction at high loads has beendesigned and built. The device can measure static friction for threedifferent contact types: ball on flat, cylinder on flat, or flat on flat. A dualactuation system is used to provide normal and tangential forces.Theexperiment was devised to determine the maximum tangential loadthat the contact interface can withstand before sliding occurs.Thisexperimental setup allows measurement of the static frictioncoefficient in metallic contacts using a laser displacement sensor and aset of highly sensitive force transducers to measure normal loads ashigh as 4000 N.The data from the laser displacement sensor is thenused in a feedback loop to stop the test at displacement rates higherthan 5 m/s.The results of high load static friction experimental datacan be directly related to the start-up condition in metallic componentsin applications such as hydraulic motors, cylinders and journal bearings.

8:30 – 9 amAdvantages of Using Optical Profilometry in theASTM D4172 StandardA.Hernández Battez, J.Viesca, R. González, University of Oviedo,Gijon, Spain, A.Torres, G. García-Atance,M.Hadfield, BournemouthUniversity, Bournemouth,United Kingdom

One of the wear quantification techniques is the measure of a lengthon the worn surface. However, this method gives no information aboutthe distribution of the wear over the worn surface and data can becorrupted by displaced or transferred material. This drawback can beimportant when the scope of the test method is to determine therelative wear preventive properties of lubricating fluids in slidingcontacts (ASTM D4172).This paper compares two hydraulic lubricantsISO VG46 from different manufacturers using the TE92 rotary tribometerunder the ASTM D4172 standard.Wear was measured by the wear scardiameter and volume loss with an optical 3D profilometer. Experimentalresults show that the volume criterion is more sensitive than the wearscar diameter.The wear scar diameter is not representative for shortduration tests as diameters approach the Hertzian contact diameterand also for long duration tests because the small changes of wear scardiameter implies large wear volume variation.

9 – 9:30 amDesign of a Composite Microtribology ExperimentSystem for Silicon SidewallsW.Zhang,Y.Meng,Ningbo Institute of Technology, ZhejiangUniversity, Ningbo, China, S. Shen,Tsinghua University, Beijing,China

A composite microtribology experiment system for sidewall friction ofmicro silicon components is designed in this paper. In the system, Anoutchip driving system produces a normal force and a to-and-frovibration appropriately to drive a microtribological semi-onchip. Both avideo acquiring system and a laser system measure the characteristicsof a cantilever microfriction pair from static to dynamic.The size of thecantilever is 200um*50um*5um. A laser system is composed of a diodelaser, an optical focusing system, and a PSD (Position SensitiveDetectors) to measure the vibrating signals of the friction cantilver.Thepreliminary experiments shows: 1) The composite system achievessufficient robustness and reliability. 2) The observable frequency ofcantilever’s reciprocating friction increases dramatically, up to 300 Hz inthis paper. 3) Based on it,more silicon microtribological experiments,including gas lubrication, hard coating and SAMs on MEMS etc. can becarried out.

WEAR I

Session 3I � Silver Room

USING RADIOACTIVE TRACERS TO MEASUREREAL-TIME WEAR AND CORROSION – PANELDISCUSSIONSession Chair: J. Qu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,TN

Session Vice Chair: H. Gao, ConocoPhillips, Ponca City, OK

9 – 9:20 amAn Overview of Radiotracer Methods for WearMeasurementD. Eberle, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio,TX

Radioactive tracer methods have been used for many decades tomeasure wear in operating machinery, such as automotive engines.The techniques offer many advantages over conventional wear testingprocedures. Wear can be measured in near real time,with extremelyhigh sensitivity (magnitudes of nm or µg). The use of unique isotopesallows for the simultaneous determination of wear from multiplediscrete surfaces within the engine.

Wear rates can be established in a short period of time withouthaving to disassemble and inspect. This allows rapid correlationbetween test conditions and wear response. This presentation gives anoverview of the various techniques employed to label surfaces withradiotracers and to make and interpret the measurements.

9:20 – 9:40 amRadiation Basics and the Statistical Nature ofSLA DataK.Oxorn, ANS Technologies,Montreal, Canada

Over the past 30 years, a number of techniques have been developedand improved to use radiotracers for the measurement of variousphenomena in real time. The first of these is Surface Layer Activation(SLA), which allows the measurement of wear to high precision whilethe engine or rig is operating. The methods of SLA have often beendescribed, but much of the physics behind the process has not. Thispresentation will describe the concepts of radiation and radioactivity, aswell as statistical nature of the raw data of SLA,which is due toquantum mechanics.

9:40 – 10 amValvetrain Wear Measurements: Effect of EngineOil Forulations and Surface ModificationsA.Gangopadhyay, Ford Motor Co., Novi,MI

Reducing the concentration of phosphorous in engine oils is still beingpursued to reduce the impact of catalyst poisoning on exhaustemissions. However, the reduction of the antiwear and antioxidantadditive, ZDDP, raises concern for wear of engine components.Therefore, the concentration of phosphorous in engine oil needs to becritically balanced to meet these two conflicting requirements. Amotored valvetrain test rig was used to evaluate the wear of cam lobesand bucket tappets using radiotracer technique for a series of lowphosphorous engine oils with supplementary anti-wear additives. Theinvestigation included both fresh oils and oils aged in vehicles from3000 miles to 15000 miles. The investigation also included wearevaluation of a couple of surfaces modified for low friction.

10 – 10:30 am � Break



10:30 – 10:50 amThe Effect of Fluid Condition on Wear in HeavyDuty Diesel EnginesJ.Truhan, Caterpillar,Mossville, IL

The effect of fluid condition on wear in the lubricating and fuel systemsof heavy duty diesel engines was studied using radioactive tracertechniques such as surface layer activation. The quantitativerelationship between fluid cleanliness, as affected by filtration and wearwas determined by irradiating critical engine components such aspiston rings, cylinder liners, valve train components, and fuel injectorsand measuring their wear in running engines. As would be expected,cleaner fluids resulted in lower wear rates, however, different componentshad different sensitivities to particulate contamination in the fluids.Also improvements in the additive packages of lubricating oils resultedin a lower sensitivity to contamination for ring wear allowing for abetter balance between filtration efficiency and filter life.

10:50 am – NoonPanelist/Audience Q & A Session

COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM III

Session 3J � Gold Room

Session Chair: Christy Henley, Sea-Land Chemical, Wenonah, NJ

8 – 8:30 amDSM Elastomers Keltan Viscosity Index ImproverPolymersJ. Qiu, DSM Elastomers, Baton Rouge, LA

For over 30 years, DSM Elastomers has supplied Keltan® EPM ViscosityIndex Improver (VII) to the lubricant market. DSM Elastomers KeltanEPM Viscosity Index Improvers cover a wide range of Shear StabilityIndex (SSI) from shear stable to non-shear stable. DSM ElastomersKeltan VIIs can be shipped in solid bale form to customers globally in aneasy to use package. Solid bale dissolving instructions are provided.Both solid bale and oil concentrate storage and handling informationare included.Thickening efficiencies and treat rate of Keltan VIIs weremeasured.We also established typical relationships of KinematicViscosity (KV) vs. polymer content Keltan VIIs for both oil concentrateand diluted oil.With Keltan VIIs, 10W-40, 10W-30 and 5W-30 multi-gradeoil solutions were prepared in both group I and group II base oil. ColdCrank Simulator Viscosity (CCS) and Mini Rotary Viscosity (MRV) of themulti-grade oil solutions were measured.The results indicate that DSMElastomers Keltan VIIs have good thickening powering base oil andgood low temperature properties.

8:30 – 9 amALS Laboratory Group,Tribology Division

9 – 9:30 amCONTRAM™ ST-1: New Biocide Technology forthe US Metalworking Fluid MarketJ. Purnhagen,The Lubrizol Corporation,Wickliffe, OH

The Lubrizol Corporation announces the planned commercialization ofCONTRAM™ ST-1 in the United States within the coming year.Thisantimicrobial product for metalworking fluids has an extensive historyof successful use in other parts of the world and is a leading choice offluid formulators based on its enhanced performance profile versusalternative chemistries. Key performance benefits of CONTRAM™ ST-1include providing exceptional stability in metalworking fluidconcentrates and long-lasting bacteria control in diluted emulsions.Following an extensive effort to achieve regulatory compliance, theUnited States EPA confirmed that the commercialization window for

the first US sale of CONTRAM™ ST-1 should occur sometime during thesecond half of 2010.This presentation will illustrate the uniqueperformance properties of this new biocide product option formetalworking fluid formulators in the United States.

9:30 – 10 amAdvances in Polyalphaolefin (PAO) BasestockChemistryS.Mazzo-Skalski, ExxonMobil Chemical, Paulsboro,NJ

ExxonMobil Chemical’s is one of the world’s largest polyalphaolefin(PAO) producers and its SpectraSyn™ products offer a broad PAObasestocks portfolio, from SpectraSyn Plus™ PAO,with a combination oflow volatility and low-temperature fluidity that enables the productionof more-advanced lubricants, to SpectraSyn Ultra™ PAO,which providesincreased film thickness, energy efficiency and low-temperature fluidityacross a full range of viscosities.

10 – 10:30 am � Break

10:30 – 11 amCorrguard EXT – The Innovative Solution forImproving Metalworking Fluid Life andPerformanceJ. Conklin, Angus Chemical Company, Buffalo Grove, IL

11 – 11:30 amTotal VALONA & SCILIA “Low Viscosity” NeatOils and Their ApplicationsP. Leus,Metalworking Department,Total Lubricants, Cedex, France

TOTAL offers a comprehensive range of metalworking fluids that willenable you to increase your competitiveness by combining machiningquality and reduced production costs.

Formulation of the fluids originates from others by using speciallyselected base oils and performance additives. Our formulas are testedon special instrumented machine tools that aim to optimize machineperformances in terms of cutting force and tool wear. As a result, thefluids provide reduced energy consumption and lengthened toolservice life.While Health, Safety and Environment are priorities for TOTAL:

• The formulation of the products complies with current HSE legislationand ensures both operator acceptance, safety in use and ensuresgreater convenience of use for the operators (Oil Mist, REACH,VOC).

• Training sessions regarding HSE rules and best practices are offered.VALONA & SCILIA oils are designed for a wide range of machining, fromnon-severe to very severe operations.This wide range enables the userto find the right product compatible with the metals to be machinedand type of machining to be performed.

They guarantee a high performance level while remainingenvironmentally friendly due to their chlorine-free formulation: highsurface finish with a high standard of dimensions and tolerances,extended service life for cutting tools, reprocessing at least cost; andconvenient use for the operators.

VALONA & SCILIA neat cutting oils comply with the directives onthe VOC emissions.The use of these products contributes to thecontinuous improvement initiatives, in regards to Health, Safety andEnvironment.Total has worldwide references with Valona & Scilia oils inscrew cutting, automotive, OEM and bearing manufacturers markets.Having worldwide production facilities & affiliates, Total can provideyou the products, service & know-how wherever you are.

11:30 – NoonA New Category of Oil Soluble Polyalkylene(OSP)C. Carn,The Dow Chemical Company,Midland,MI

Technical Sessions


ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FLUIDS II

Session 4A � Bronze 1

ABSTRACTS WITH PANEL DISCUSSIONSession Chair: M. Siniawski, LMU|LA Seaver College of Scienceand Engineering, Los Angeles, CA

Session Vice Chair: B. Sharma, UIUC, Peoria, IL

2 – 2:30 pmThe Influence of Nanoparticles on the LubricatingProperties of Rapeseed OilD.Drees, S. Achanta,T.Maliar, Falex Tribology, Rotselaar, Belgium

Two current trends are combined : use renewable lubricants andnanoparticles to reduce friction, therefore fuel consumption.The mainhypothesis of magnetic nanoparticles like Fe, Co, Ni in the tribocontact,is that they are able to reduce friction. Furthermore, a hypothesis statesthat these particles can penetrate local microcracks, therebyimmobilizing them and even forming a protective tribolayer thatcontrols wear and local temperature increase.The present paperexplores the effect of Fe based micro-/nano- particle additions tolubricating oils when subjected to unidirectional and bi-directionalsliding conditions.The ranking of various unmodified (Base oil,rapeseed oil and mineral oil) and modified oils (oils with Fe particles) isdone by measuring friction and quantifying wear loss on the slidingsurfaces. Further, a comparison between Fe micro-/nanoparticleblended oil and the commercially known glycerol monooleate (GMO)additive is reported.

2:30 – 3 pmInfluences of Autoxidation of Vegetables Oil onTribological PropertiesM.Nakasako, Kure National College of Technology, Kure, Japan,I.Minami, Iwate University,Morioka, Japan

Vegetable oils are renewable resources and are expected to beenvironmentally adapted industrial materials. It is well known that theyhave been used as lubricants from ancient days. However theirapplications to modern machineries are limited,mainly due toinsufficient oxidation stability. In fact, peroxides, one of the activeintermediates formed in the initial stage of the autoxidation ofvegetable oils, decompose organic sulfide type antiwear agents whichresults in unsuccessful wear prevention. In this work,modelautoxidation of rapeseed oil and modified triglycerides in laboratorywas traced by detecting peroxide value (POV) and total acid number(TAN).The tribological properties of oxidized oils were evaluated by afour-ball test in terms of antiwear and load carrying properties.Theresults were analyzed in the light of autoxidation stage. Influence ofchemical structure in vegetable oils on oxidation stability and on thetribological properties will be discussed.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break

3:30 – 5 pmPanel Discussion: Tribology of EnvironmentallyFriendly Fuels and Lubricants, Past, Presentand Future

5 – 5:30 pmEnvironmentally Friendly Fluids TechnicalCommittee Meeting

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS II

Session 4B � Bronze 2

Session Chair: P. Aswath, University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington, TX

2 – 2:30 pmTribological Characteristics of Low and ZeroSAPS Antiwear AdditivesJ. Benedet, H. Spikes, Imperial College, London,United Kingdom,J. Green,G. Lamb, Castrol Ltd, Pangbourne,United Kingdom

There is currently great interest in developing engine lubricants whichhave low or zero levels of sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur(SAPS) since these components have been shown to degrade the filtersand catalysts used in engine exhaust after-treatment systems. Aparticular problem is to find replacements for the antiwear additivezinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), which is used almost universally inengine lubricants and which contains all three undesirablecomponents, sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur.This paperreviews the impact of SAPS on after-treatment systems and describesthe main classes of low SAPS antiwear additive that have beensuggested as possible alternatives to, or partial replacements for ZDDP.A range of potential low and zero SAPS antiwear additives based onphosphorus, sulphur, phosphorus/sulphur, boron and other zero SAPS-containing molecules are identified and their film-forming, friction andwear properties are compared to those of ZDDP using MTM-SLIM, AFM,non-contact optical profilometry and TOF-SIMS. In general it is foundthat the low SAPS additives studied form boundary films more slowlyand the films they produce are thinner than those generated by ZDDP.The relationship between the thickness of boundary film formed andits wear-reducing capability is discussed.

2:30 – 3 pmStructure, Morphology and Chemistry ofDiesel SootM.Patel, P. Aswath, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington,TX

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems have been used in heavy dutydiesel engines in an attempt to limit the amount of particulate matterthat comes out of the tailpipe. Using techniques like EGR brings theexhaust gases back to combustion chamber resulting in sootaccumulation in the oil. This accumulated soot results not only in anincrease in viscosity of the oil and the formation of sludge reducing fueleconomy, but also in enhanced wear.The origin of enhanced wear inthe EGR engines is poorly understood and the role played by dieselsoot is not well understood. In this study we have examined thestructure,morphology and chemistry of diesel soot from a EGR engineand compared it with structure of fresh carbon black as well as carbonblack that has been subjected to oxidation and reaction in a diesel oil.The soot particles and carbon black were extracted from the spentengine oil and oxidized oil and examined using X-ray Absorption NearEdge Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray PhotoelectronSpectroscopy,Transmission Electron Microscopy and High ResolutionTEM. C K-edge, P and S L-edge and K-edge, Ca K-edge, Zn L-edge, Fe-Ledge XANES spectroscopy was used to determine the nature ofphysically and chemically absorbed species on soot and reacted carbonblack.Transmission electron microscopy was used to elucidate thestructure of soot and compared with carbon black. Acknowledgements:XANES work was conducted at Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon,Canada. Other analytical work was conducted at CCMB at UT Arlington.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break



3:30 – 4 pmInvestigation on Antiwear Films Derived FromBio-lubricants by Synchrotron Light BasedTechniquesJ. Zhou, Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Canada

As an alternative lubricant, bio-lubricant with the low ecotoxicity andcomplete biodegradability is steadily gaining attention and significancearound the world. Rather than applying the bio-lubricant as an additivein the mineral diesel, we use it as a base lube in the engine oil. Thelubricity properties of bio-lubricants blended with different anti-wearadditives, ZDDP or ashless additives have been studied on a Plinttribometer under a pin-on- flat configuration.The lubricity has beenmeasured using the friction coefficient and the wear scar on the pin.Tounderstand the tribochemical process the chemical nature of films inthe wear track has been investigated by synchrotron light basedtechniques. X-ray absorption near edge structure XANES at the S, P, O, N,B, and Zn edges were used to investigate the interactions of zincdialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and different dispersants. XANESmeasurements using total electron yield (TEY) and fluorescence yield(FY) allowed us to identify the chemical nature of the above elementsin the surface and the bulk of the antiwear films. Photon energyvariable X-ray photoemission (SR-XPS) has also been used to elucidatethe compositions variation at the top layer of the antiwear film. Finallythe spectromicroscopy, X-PEEM, of the antiwear film resolve the spatialdistribution (at 100 nm scale) maps of different structures. Based onthese results, the antiwear properties of these oil blends have beencorrelated with the chemistry of the antiwear films (at macro and microscales) on the substrate.

4 – 4:30 pmFriction Modifier – Antiwear Film InteractionsB. Papke, R. Herrera, C. Coleen, Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc,Houston,TX

Automotive lubricant friction modifiers function in part by mitigatingthe high friction properties of antiwear films generated from zincdithiophosphate additives on contacting metal surfaces under normalengine operating conditions.The properties of both the antiwear filmand the friction modifier are significantly affected by lubricant aging.The present study evaluates mechanisms through which frictionmodifier performance may change as a function of lubricant aging.

4:30 – 5 pmFriction and Fuel Economy Retention inPassenger Car Motor Oil FormulationsT.Miller,V. Palekar, D. Uppal,Y. Suen, Chevron Oronite Company,Richmond, CA

Fuel economy of internal combustion engines has played an importantrole for engine designers for decades.The interest in fuel economy isdriven by competitive market forces as well as government mandatesand regulations. For PCMO formulations, the Sequence VI engine testhas been optimized over time to evaluate Phase 1 fresh oil fueleconomy as well as Phase 2 aged oil fuel economy. Phase 1 fueleconomy seems to be driven by a combination of lubricant rheologysuch as HTHS viscosity as well as lubricity additives such as frictionmodifiers.With ageing in the engine, the additive package degrades ina thermo-oxidative environment. Consequently the additive package inthe formulation has a greater impact on the fuel economy retentionand Phase 2 fuel economy.This paper addresses lubricant degradationor ageing and the changes that lubricant components go through inthe Sequence VID engine test. The impact of various aspects of engineoil formulations on friction and fuel economy will be discussed.Theevaluations discussed in this paper are based primarily on frictionmeasurements in laboratory test(s).

5 – 5:30 pmTailor-made Polyalkylmethacrylate Additives forFuel Efficient Driveline Lubricants with ImprovedFatigue LifeM.Mueller,T. Bartels, C.Wincierz,T. Stoehr, B. Eisenberg, EvonikRohMax Additives, Darmstadt, Germany

Polyalkylmethacrylates (PAMAs) are widely used as VI improvers inengine and transmission oils. They are able to adsorb from oil solutionon to metal surfaces, to produce thick and viscous boundary filmswhich lead to a significant reduction of friction and wear.This paperexplores the ability of tailor-made film forming PAMAs to increase thefatigue life of lubricants.This is exemplified for low viscosity manualand automatic transmission fluids. A variety of pitting test methodshave been applied in this study to determine the pitting performanceof different PAMA film formers in comparison to conventional VIimprovers. Besides the well known FZG gear pitting test which wasoperated under different test conditions and the FAG FE8 bearingpitting test a newly developed pitting screening test based on a fourball test set up is introduced. Also, recent results generated using a 4disc pitting and micropitting rig are discussed.

COATINGS I

Session 4C � Bronze 3

Special Joint Session Sponsored by the Solid Lubrication andSurface Engineering Committees

Session Chair: S. Ingole, Texas A&M at Galveston, Galveston, TX

2 – 2:30 pmAlMgB14-TiB2-C and DLC Coatings to Improvethe Startup Efficiency for Hydraulic MotorsJ. Qu, P. Blau,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge,TN,A. Elmoursi, C. Higdon, Eaton Corporation, Southfield,MI, B. Cook,Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA

The mechanical efficiency of hydraulic motors has a strong relationshipto the motor rotational speed, and drops linearly when the speed isbelow several rpm, as at start-up. As a result, the pump’s power has tobe conservatively derated. In this study, AlMgB14-TiB2-C (BAMC) anddiamond-like-carbon (DLC) coatings were applied to two key bearingcomponents to improve the motor startup efficiency in a simulativebench test. Both coatings were produced by physical vapor deposition(PVD). A special oscillatory sliding test was established to simulate thesliding and rolling motions between the motor bearing components.Test parameters, e.g. load and speed,were determined by correlatingwith the actual motor operation conditions to cover the full range ofcontact stress and rotational speed during startup.Tests wereconducted at room temperature and lubricated by the Mobil DTE-24™hydraulic fluid. Results of tests, using various combinations of coatings,suggested that a combination of DLC and BAMC coatings maysubstantially reduce the startup torque compared to the conventionalsteel-steel contact.The self-mated BAMC contact, however, showedlittle benefit.Modeling of the interactions between the bearingcomponents confirmed the experimental observations.

2:30 – 3 pmSurface Engineering of Aerospace ComponentsUsing Pulsed Laser Texturing and AdaptiveNanocomposite Coating TechnologiesA. Korenyi-Both,Tribologix Inc., Dayton,OH, R. Jacobsen,MoundLaser & Photonics Center, Inc,Miamisburg,OH

We have successfully developed pulsed laser surface texturingmethodologies that, when combined with adaptive nanocompositesolid film lubricant technology, can greatly extend the wear life ofmachine components.We are commercializing these newly developed

Technical Sessions


methods for use for gas turbine engines as well as diverse othermilitary and commercial applications.We are currently refining the laserand coating methodology to raise the Technology Readiness Level.Wehave created newly engineered interfaces with low friction and longwear lives and have provided proof of concept by conductingtribological and other bench level testing in our laboratories. Ouradvanced surface engineering initiatives provide orders of magnitudeimprovements in wear lives, even under highly loaded conditions.Wepresent a brief overview of the technologies used to achieve ourresults, including data from our laboratory investigations and discusssome future directions.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break

3:30 – 4 pmCompositional Effects on the Surface Finish ofthe PS400 Solid Lubricant CoatingC.DellaCorte, NASA, Cleveland,OH

A new solid lubricant coating, NASA PS400, developed for hightemperature tribological applications, exhibits a smoother surface finishthan its predecessors PS200 and PS300. In this paper, the baselinecomposition is perturbed to investigate the role of each individualconstituent on the achievable surface finish through a series of coatingdeposition, grinding and polishing experiments. In addition, severaltribological tests were conducted on PS400 coatings that containedexcess amounts of traditional solid lubricants to determine possibletribological effects.The results showed that PS400 achieves a smoothersurface finish via a reduced fluoride content level. Friction and wearwere not reduced and surface finish was degraded when up to 5wt%graphite,molybdenum disulphide and boron nitride were used assupplementary solid lubricants. Future research will concentrate onseeking methods to ensure a rapid coating “break in”process duringwhich a lubricious glaze forms on the rubbing surface and low frictionand wear are exhibited.

4 – 4:30 pmFriction and Wear Maps of Solid LubricatingCoatings, Films, and PowdersK.Miyoshi, S.Watanabe, R.VanderWal, Nippon Institute ofTechnology,Miyashiro, Japan, K. Street, Pennsylvania StateUniversity, State College, PA

Results of fundamental studies on the coefficients of friction, specificwear rates (dimensional wear coefficients), and/or durability of varioussolid lubricating coatings, films, and powders in sliding contact withdifferent counterpart materials in air, nitrogen, and high-vacuum arepresented.Mapping friction and wear of nano-scale layered compositecoatings (such as sulfides and diamondlike carbons),micro-scalelayered coatings and films (such as soft metals, sulfides, diamond anddiamondlike carbons, and oxides), and powders (such as carbonnanotubes and nano onions) indicated that the coefficient of frictionand wear coefficient or lifetime of any lubricant generally vary with theenvironment.These lubrication systems have different characteristicsunder different conditions. Friction and wear mapping assistsevaluation of the performance for solid lubricants in their operatingenvironment and identify lubricants that could provide extremely lowfriction and negligible wear.

4:30 – 5 pmPerformance and Lifetime Monitoring of SolidLubricated BearingsT. Kuemmerle, H. Birkhofer,Technische Universität Darmstadt,Darmstadt, Germany

When conventional lubricants do not meet the advanced requirementsof modern technology, solid lubricants are applied. Such conditions aree.g. high vacuum and extreme temperatures, aggressive environmentand radiation. Although there are wide fields of application for solid

lubricants, they are not common. Factors which restrict the applicationof solid lubricants are the absence of proper design rules and validatedlifetime estimations.To change this absence a friction energy model forrolling contacts has been developed.This model has been verified ingeneral by test with deep groove ball bearings and coated specimensin a modified dynamic four ball tester. The calculated results aredeterminated by load, contact velocity,material and bearing geometry.The lifetime of solid lubricated contacts are caused by the ware rateand film thickness. Due to this fact the lifetime could be described withthe remaining film.Monitoring the lubricant size could reveal the exactwear rate and thus the influence of many operating conditions.The filmthickness could be measured direct or due to the effects of decreasingfilm thickness, like solid-born sound emission, temperature or frictiontorque.The objective of this paper is to show the performance of solidlubricants for ball bearings and options to determine their remaininglifetime. Further a friction energy model will be described whichestimates the lifetime for MoS2 lubricated rolling contacts.

NANO-JOINT SESSION II

Session 4D � Bronze 4

PANEL DISCUSSION: 2-5 pmNano-Colloidal Lubrication Sponsored by the LubricationFundamentals and Nanotribology Technical Committees

Session Chair: A. Malshe, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR

Session Vice Chair: A. Erdemir, Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, IL

Panelists:

R. Herrera, Shell Global Solutions

M. Jungk, Dow Corning GmBH

Niles Fleischer, ApNano Materials

J.M. Martin, Ecole Central

O. Shenderova, International Technology Center

The panel discussion will concentrate on the most recent advances inthis field and address current industrial practices as well as futureprospects. Considering tougher environmental regulations that restrictthe use of current sulfur and phosphorous based additives, this mightbe an opportune time to consider nano-colloidal additives. However,there exist some major hurdles that need to be overcome beforeimplementing these additives in large-scale applications. Accordingly,this panel will address the fundamental questions related to:

• Surfactant research (including surface functionalization) for improveddispersibility of nano-particles.

• Advanced cost-effective synthesis techniques of nano-particles.• Understand nano-particles based lubrication mechanisms.• Discussion on scale-up and blending issues for large-scaleapplications.

• Numerical simulations/theoretical modeling of nano-particlesbehavior under lubricated tribological conditions and comparisonwith experimental results.


Session4C


METALWORKING II

Session 4E � Palace 1

Session Chair: S. Erhan, Polartech Additives, Inc., Bedford Park, IL

Session Vice Chair: R. Butler, Chemtool, Inc., Crystal Lake, IL

2 – 2:30 pmEndotoxin Measurements in DifferentMetalworking Fluid TypesF. Alexandra, Blaser Swisslube AG,Hasle-Rüegsau, Switzerland

Preserved (chemically preserved against all bacterial growth) as well asBio-Concept (colonized by harmless water bacteria) metalworkingfluids may contain endotoxins, which are of concern regarding workers’health. Endotoxin exposure to the skin is proven to have no negativeeffects. However, the inhalation of aerosols is of major concern,therefore the workplace air should be well controlled. All performedaerosol measurements on preserved as well as Bio-Conceptmetalworking fluids, were far below 50 EU/ml (endotoxin units permilliliter), which is the generally accepted/proposed air limit in manyEuropean countries. In addition, comparative measurements wereperformed for endotoxins, i.e. proinflamatory potential using a new testmethod“Monocyte Activation Test” (MAT). Bioaerosol exposure at theworkplace was investigated on both preserved and Bio-Conceptmetalworking fluids. As expected, Bio-Concept metalworking fluidsshowed a distinct, stable concentration of bacteria and endotoxin inthe used fluid. However, all aerosol measurements showed endotoxinconcentrations being well below 50 EU/ml in the workplace air.

2:30 – 3 pmAdvanced Treatment Option for Metal RemovalFluid WastewatersJ. Burke, A. Cross, Houghton International,Valley Forge, PA

The metal removal fluid industry is ever changing due to continuousimprovements in fluid chemistry to extend fluid life and stability. Asthese fluids become more complex, they also become more difficult totreat. Reductions in COD, BOD,TKN, and oils and greases become moreand more difficult as today’s chemists are at the forefront of fluidtechnologies. Recent advancements in the treatment of oily wastewaterare now giving more economically viable and environmentally friendlyoptions to treat these ever changing chemistries.These new treatmentoptions allow metal removal fluid users to reduce the amount of wastesbeing hauled,meet new stringent discharge guidelines, while havingthe ability to recycle portions of the wastewater back to plantprocesses.This paper will discuss traditional options currently in useand advanced options for the treatment of oily wastewaters.Treatmentoptions to be discussed include combinations of chemical treatment,mechanical vapor recompression, and ultrafiltration.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break

3:30 – 4 pmAn Explicit Finite Element Model to Study theInfluence of Friction During Orthogonal MetalCuttingM. Lovell, P.Menezes, University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee,WI, J. Lin, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,F. Higgs, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

Understanding the tribological aspects of machining processes isessential for increasing the dimensional accuracy and surface integrityof products. In the present investigation, orthogonal metal cuttingsimulations were performed using an explicit finite-element code,LS-DYNA. In the simulation, the rigid steel cutter of different rake angleswas moved at different velocities against a stationary aluminum work-piece. A damage material model was utilized for the work-piece tocapture the chip separation behavior and the simultaneous breakage

of the chip into multiple fragments. In addition, the friction factors atthe cutter – work-piece interface were varied in the contact model.Overall, the rake angle had significant effect on the chip morphologyduring metal cutting.Moreover, the cutting forces and thediscontinuous chip formation process were strongly influenced by thefriction factor.

4 – 4:30 pmCorrosion Issues & Test MethodsJ. Byers, Cimcool Industrial Fluids, LLC, Cincinnati, OH

Corrosion can be a major issue for any manufacturer of metal parts.When we think of corrosion, we tend to picture rusty cast iron or steelparts, but industry also makes objects from a wide variety of non-ferrous metal alloys.This talk will examine field conditions that cancause corrosion problems with cast iron, steel, aluminum, copper,magnesium, and titanium. Results from various laboratory corrosiontest methods for metalworking fluids will also be presented.

4:30 – 5 pmStudy of Physical Barrier and Chemical BondingEffects of Semi-Synthetic Coolants on LubricityY. Zhao, Chemetall US,New Providence, NJ

Non-EP lubrication of semi-synthetic coolants comes from 1) physicalbarrier effect which depends on emulsion particle sizes and 2) chemicalbonding effect of lubricity additives which is affected greatly bycoolant pH changes.This lubricity study focused on steel and aluminumat various conditions.The experimental methods were used to controlthe changes of particle sizes and pH, respectively.The physical barriereffect on lubricity was studied by only changing emulsion particle sizesat constant pH.The chemical bonding effect was also investigated byonly changing fluid pH while keeping oil droplets in very small size(~60nm).The results have shown the lubricity of a semi-syntheticcoolant on aluminum greatly depends on the changes of particle sizesand pH.The increase of particle sizes or the decrease of pH can greatlyimprove the lubricity. However, on steel the lubricity is fairly insensitiveto these changes.

5 – 5:30 pmMWF Management at Caterpillar Analyses,Controls, and TreatmentsD.Hunsicker,M.DeSchepper, Caterpillar, Inc., East Peoria, IL

In this paper we discuss our general philosophy of MWF managementat the Caterpillar Track-Type Tractor Plant in East Peoria, IL, and how wemaintain control of our fluids. Our specific laboratory analyses will bedescribed along with the how the data acquired will be used, thecontrol limits and triggers will also be described, and our treatmentphilosophy will also be discussed.We have been developing andrefining this program since the early 1970s and have been pushing forextreme biological control since the mid 1980s.This paper will give ageneral outline of our chalenges and our sucesses, and should give aninsight into how and why our program developed.

5:30 – 6 pmMetalworking Business Meeting



FLUID FILM BEARINGS II

Session 4F � Palace 2

Session Chair: M. Fillon, Universite De Poitiers, FuturoscopeChasseneuil, France

2 – 2:30 pmCharacteristics of a Ferrofluid Film LubricatedHydrodynamic BearingA. Chandy,M. Braun, C. Laukiavich, University of Akron, Akron,OH

The use of magnetic fluids or ferrofluids for both sealing andlubrication of precision equipment bearings and seals would make itpossible for these mechanical components to achieve higher rotationalspeeds, lower vibration noises, lower frictional heat dissipation andhence a level of controllability that is not presently available inconventional fluid film bearings that employ air or standard lubricatingoils. A more fundamental understanding of the effects of the imposedmagnetic field on the resulting ferrofluid flow, the changes in viscosityand heat dissipation as well as load carrying capacity is a prerequisitefor the use of such fluids in an intelligent controllable bearing or seal.The ultimate outcome would be the integration of design procedureswith control algorithm that render these devices ‘intelligent’ and allowthem to optimize their performance with the changes required by theiroperating regimes.The approach to this problem will be to firstsimulate the ferrofluid flow in a journal bearing at various magneticfield strengths (body force term) and journal angular speeds (variousbearing Reynolds numbers). The immediate objective is to characterizethe flow field, load carrying capacity and resulting stiffness as theyrelate to changes in the viscous forces, and correlate them with thechanges induced in the properties and strength of the imposedmagnetic field.

2:30 – 3 pmControllable Elastohydrodynamics WithExamplesI. Santos,M.Haugaard,Technical University of Denmark, Kgs.Lyngby,Denmark

Due to the development of high performance rotating machinery,growing attention has been paid to the design of new active(mechatronic) devices able to actively control vibrations and improveits dynamic behavior, i.e.magnetic bearings piezoelectric bearingpushers, hydraulic actuator journal bearings, variable impedancebearings, actively controlled bearing surface profiles or simplydeformable bushes, active journal bearings with flexible sleeves, activelubricated bearings or pressurized bearings among others.The activesystems composed of deformable bushes, journal bearings with flexiblesleeves and active lubricated bearings belongs to a special category oftribological devices where “controllable” elastohydrodynamics plays ancrucial role. In such devices the bearing surface profile is intentionallymodified and/or adjusted in order to control rotor vibrations andimprove bearing dynamic properties.The actively controlled bearingsurface profiles can be generated by attaching any kind of actuator(hydraulic, electromagnetic or piezoelectric) to deformable bushes. Inthis paper the elastohydrodynamic model is used to investigate staticand dynamic properties of a tilting-pad journal bearing under hybridelastohydrodynamics (open loop control) as well as controllable radialoil injection (closed loop control). The bearing dynamic coefficients areheavily influenced by the control parameters and pad compliance.Strong synergy between elastohydrodynamics and active control isobserved, in particular for bearings with injection orifices far from thepivot line.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break

3:30 – 4 pmEnergy Savings and Improved Precision withAdjustable Hydrodynamic BearingsJ.Martin,Open University,Milton Keynes, Bucks, United Kingdom

For over 40 years, organizations in the USA and Europe have postulatedthat savings of billions of dollars could be available with improvedpractices in lubrication research, education and application. Suchinitiatives were presented when concerns over energy use and globalwarming were not the mainstream topics they are today.This paperoutlines some of these claims and discusses developments inhydrodynamic journal bearings that address the issues, deliberately orotherwise. In particular, work done by the author and colleagues, andother groups internationally, have shown that the concept of pro-actively adjustable bearings offers both improved energy efficiency andgreater precision of location.These aspects are especially advantageousin long running applications in terms of saving energy, and at lighterloads where conventional fluid film bearings are prone to instability.The centre of rotation position can also be maintained, or moved asdesired, irrespective of loads or changes in load.

4 – 4:30 pmDevelopment of a Self-compensating OilHydrostatic Slideway System for Machine ToolApplicationsH.Huang, P.Yaung, Industrial Technology Research Institute,Taichung,Taiwan

This paper describes the development of an oil hydrostatic slidewaysystem, using self-compensating hydrostatic bearing pads based onlocal film geometry compensation, intended for the applications ofprecision machine tools. Unlike conventional hydrostatic bearing pad, aself-compensating hydrostatic bearing pad, however, without using aflow restrictor, the working principle of this bearing type relies on a sortof local servo-compensation of the bearing gap geometry, and itsbearing face is made as a centrally supported thin plate.This type ofbearing, due to no need for restrictor, therefore has better specific loadfactor. It is claimed to have a better dynamic characteristics thanconventional hydrostatic bearing pad. In this paper, the study on thepossible slide table configurations, design theory, design andfabrication of prototype hydrostatic slideway system, and experimentaltest setup will be discussed in details.Moreover, the experimentaltesting results, including load-carrying capacity and stiffness, of thisprototype will be compared to conventional hydrostatic slidewaysystem made of orifice compensated recess-type bearing pads to verifythe performance improvement.The findings indicate that self-compensating hydrostatic bearing pads can be used for the design ofhydrostatic slideway system of the machine tools.

4:30 – 5 pmPerformance of Noncircular 2-Lobe MultirecessConstant Flow Valve Compensated HybridJournal Bearing by Considering WearS. Sharma,V. Phalle, S. Jain, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee,Roorkee, India

The work presented in the paper is aimed to study theoretically theinfluence of wear on the performance of a non-circular 2-lobe four-pocket multirecess hybrid journal bearing system.The Reynoldsequation governing the flow of lubricant in the clearance space of anon-circular 2-lobe multirecess worn hybrid journal bearing system hasbeen solved using FEM together with appropriate boundary conditions.The bearing performance characteristics have been presented for awide range of values of non-dimensional external load and wear depthparameter.The numerically simulated results have been presented interms of maximum fluid film pressure,minimum fluid film thickness,lubricant flow rate, direct fluid film stiffness and damping coefficients .The results indicates that as offset factor and wear parameter increases,in general, the bearing dynamic characteristics deteriorates.The results

Technical Sessions


presented in the paper are expected to be quite useful to the bearingdesigners and to the academic community.

5 – 5:30 pmCombined Influence of Journal Misalignment andWear on the Performance of Orifice CompensatedNon-Recessed Hybrid Journal Bearing inTurbulent RegimeS. Sharma,N. Ram, S. Jain, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee,India

In recent years, with an ever increasing trend in operating speeds ofmachines the bearings are generally required to operate in turbulentregime. Further in recent years several studies have been reported inliterature that addresses the influence of wear in fluid film bearings.These studies clearly demonstrate that wear greatly affects the bearingperformance. Further, it may also be realized that in a practicalsituations the journal is not perfectly aligned with the bearing.Therefore, for realistic prediction of bearing performance the influenceof wear and journal misalignment is essential to be considered in theanalysis. The present work is aimed to theoretically study theperformance of a worn non-recessed misaligned hybrid journal bearingsystem operating in turbulent regime.The numerically simulated resultshave been presented for a wide range of bearing operating andgeometric parameters, wear depth parameter and misalignedparameters for the various values of Reynolds numbers.

SEALS IV

Session 4G � Palace 3

Session Chair: W. Anderson, Rexnord Corp, Wheeling, IL

2 – 2:30 pmExperimental Investigation of a Compliant3-Layer Padded Finger SealS.Moldovan, A. Balasoiu,M. Braun,University of Akron, Akron,OH

One way to improve the efficiency of a jet engine is by reducing theleakage around the turbine and compressor shafts. Labyrinth seals donot provide a compliant surface and this leads to increasing leakage intime. Brush seals are compliant and have better sealing characteristicsbut they are expensive and wear down due to their contacting nature.An alternative is the modified finger seal which is compliant and,potentially, has an unlimited lifespan due to its hydrodynamic liftingcharacteristics. This paper presents an experimental investigation of thesealing characteristics of a compliant finger seal. The finger seal iscomposed of a high and a low pressure laminates.The high pressurezone contains the front plate, the first row of pad-less fingers and thefirst of the two staggered rows of fingers with pads.The low pressurezone contains the second of the two staggered rows of fingers and aback plate. Inlet pressure, back pressure,mass flow, rotational speed andthe temperature of the pads are the parameters considered.Theperformance of this new non-contacting seal is presented.

2:30 – 3 pmShear Heat Included Hydrodynamic Lift ClearanceDerivation for Brush SealsE.Duran,M.Aksit, Sabanci University, Istanbul,Turkey

Derivation of closed form function for oil temperature has beenperformed and the shear heat dissipation effect has been successfullyintegrated into the lift force formulation. Oil pressure is successfullyderived by tracking three different ways, all of which give very similarresults to each other (Duran et. al.,“AIAA-2006-4755_Effect of ShearHeat on Hydrodynamic Lift of Brush Seals in Oil Sealing”,“Oil Temperature Analysis of Brush Seals”, IJTC2007-44397,“A Study ofBrush Seal Oil Pressure Profile Including Temperature-Viscosity Effects”,

AIAA-2008-4622) . All these analyses are advanced fluid mechanics andheat transfer analyses, which give consistent results with real-lifeapplications.In this study, function of shear heating effect included inhydrodynamic lift clearance formulation. For a different pressure loads,change of hydrodynamic lift clearance with rotor surface speed andtemperature can be found without requiring any experimental leakagedata.Theoretic lift clearance gives correlated results with theexperimental lift data.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break

3:30 – 4 pmCavitation in Mechanical Seal and its Effects onSealing PerformanceY. Li,W.Huang, S. Suo,Y. Liu,Y.Wang, State Key Lab. of Tribology,Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Cavitation in mechanical seal with grooves over one of its mating ringsis numerically and experimentally investigated.The surface groovesinduce a series of pressure fluctuation and cavitation occurs around theend of the groove’s windward edge as the local pressure drop.Thehydrodynamic pressure effect is enhanced by the cavitation.Optimization of the surface grooves to obtain maximum hydrodynamiceffect is performed basing on the CFD simulation. A test rig withfriction torque and temperature sensors is used to validate the effect ofthe surface grooves. Additionally, a digital camera is adopted toobserve the cavitation over the grooved mating ring. It is found thatcavitation decreases the friction and heat substantially.Moreover, thecavitation can partially obstruct the water film between the matingrings and reduce the leakage of the mechanical seal.

4 – 4:30 pmParametric Study on Two-stage Tandem DryGas Seals with Closed InterspaceW.Huang,Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Two-stage tandem spiral-grooved dry gas seals with closed interspaceports were numerically investigated based on Reynolds equation.Thebalance-state interspace pressure which was automatically establishedwas calculated by using the condition of mass flow continuity.The sealperformance parameters such as leakage, film stiffness and balanceclearance of the two stages were obtained in the balance state.Theinfluence of inlet pressure, rotational speed and spiral groove parameterson the balance-state interspace pressure and the seal performance wasstudied. It was found that when the seal dam extent was larger than acritical value, the balance state of the two-stage dry gas seal could notestablish, it means only one stage would work normally.

4:30 – 5 pmEffect of Oil Volume to Seal Volume on ElastomerPerformanceK. Cooper, A. Galiano-Roth, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering,Paulsboro ,NJ

Performance considerations for industrial gear lubricants include theeffect they have on elastomers used within the machinery.Compatibility between the lubricant and elastomer must be accountedfor since the fluid comes in intimate contact with the mechanical sealfaces. Interactions between the elastomer and lubricant are commonlyevaluated by various static seal industry test methods that determinethe change in elastomer properties.The ability of elastomers to retaintheir properties and provide adequate protection against fluid leakageis impacted by the design and composition of the seal, conditions ofequipment operation and lubricant composition.This presentation willdiscuss the influence that oil volume has for 2 key elastomercharacteristics; volume change and hardness change.


Session4F


PRACTICAL LUBRICATION APPLICATIONS

Session 4H � Palace 4/5

Session Chair: W. Needelman, Filtration Science Solutions,Huntington Bay, NY

Session Vice Chair: T. Schiff, ExxonMobil Lubricants &Specialties, Fairfax, VA

2 – 2:30 pmMulti-Level Used Oil ManagementD. Smolenski, General Motors R&D,Warren,MI

In the late 1990’s, General Motors Worldwide Facilities Group (WFG) hada vision of recycling used industrial oils from the plants and returningthe recycled oil products to the plants for cost savings and improvedenvironmental performance. Concurrently, the GM LS2 MaintenanceLubricant Standards committee developed comprehensive physicaland chemical property and performance requirements for the mostcommonly used plant lubricants, either virgin or recycled.The LS2committee also developed a used oil management protocol thatprovides opportunities for better oil management at several levels,including, product selection, re-conditioning lubricants at theproduction machine, careful collection and segregation of used oilstreams, and off-site reprocessing and re-refining.The presentationsummarizes the successful implementation of this program, includingsignificant volumes of on-site oil re-conditioning and the purchase of50% recycled oil in GM US and Canadian operations. Substantial costsavings were realized – the program is sustainable.

2:30 – 3 pmDry Air Blankets: An Effective and EconomicalMethod for Eradicating Water Contamination.Part I: Principles of OperationW.Needelman,G. LaVallee, Donaldson Company, Inc.,Minneapolis,MN

Water is a harmful oil contaminant leading to: corrosion, additive drop-out, increased friction,metal fatigue, and microbial growth.Traditionalmethods for controlling water contamination are limited. Desiccantdryers have low water-holding capacity.Water absorbing filters,coalescers, and centrifuges remove only free water.Vacuumdehydrators are labor intensive and have high capital costs.This paperdescribes a novel and robust technology for both inhibiting wateringression and for effectively and economically removing watercontamination from lubricating and hydraulic oils. Under all operatingconditions, a blanket of -40 C dew point dry air is supplied that sweepsover the surface of oil in reservoirs. Ingression of humid air is prevented.All free and most dissolved water is rapidly removed from the oil. Part Iof this series describes the operating principles of this water controltechnology, presents laboratory data, and quantifies rates of waterremoval. Part II presents two case studies.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break

3:30 – 4 pmDry Air Blankets: An Effective and EconomicalMethod for Eradicating Water Contamination.Part II: Case StudiesG. LaVallee,W.Needelman,Donaldson Company, Inc.,Minneapolis,MN

As discussed in Part I, a blanket of -40C dew point air sweeping over thesurface of a reservoir is an effective and economical method forpreventing humidity ingression and for water removal. Part II of thisseries presents two industrial case studies in which watercontamination problems were solved by this technology. In one study,water contamination in a large recirculating lubrication system wascontrolled to under 200 ppm (30% saturation), in spite of major steam

leak ingressions. Corrosion of metal parts was abolished, and rollingbearing life increased.The second case study is of a hydraulic presssystem operating in a humid environment.Water levels weresuccessfully maintained to less than 100 ppm (5-10% saturation).Corrosion and stoppage-causing deposits due to water contaminationwere eliminated.The paper concludes with sizing and implementationguidelines for end-users.

4 – 4:30 pmA New Method for the Determination of VolatileOrganic Compounds in Metalworking Fluids,Vanishing Oils and Rust InhibitorsJ. Burke, B. Blithe, J. Howell, Houghton International,Valley Forge,PA,M. Pearce,W. S. Dodge Oil Company, Inc,Maywood, CA

Since the inception of the US EPA Clean Air Act of 1970, the scientificcommunity has been struggling to create a definitive method tomeasure the volatile organic compounds (VOC) in semi-volatilecompounds such as metalworking fluids, rust inhibitors and machinelubricants. In fact, there is debate on what is a VOC in these lubricantcategories. One common method is EPA Method 24; however thismethod does not produce reliable results on low VOC containingcompounds. EPA specifically states that Method 24 should only beapplied to coating and printing type sources. Several membercompanies of the Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association(ILMA) worked together to develop a reliable measurement method. Apreferred method is the use of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) at aspecific time and temperature criteria.This paper will summarize theprogress on this activity, show results on various lubricants and explainthe rationale for selection of TGA.

4:30 – 5 pmWear Behaviour of PTFE Seals Under DiffernentPressure Conditions in a Gasoline Pumping andMeasurment SystemY. Liu, J. Liu,Y. Chen, Advance Manufacture Engineering,Guangzhou, China

The main elements of the flowmeter in fuel dispensers are a piston withPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) seals and a stainless steel liner.The workconditions of flow meter will affect the dispenser’s stability andreliability.Wear of PTFE seals is a much more important factor indetermining the life of flowmeter.This paper reports the effect ofdifferent pressure conditions in a gasoline pumping and measurementsystem on the wear response of PTFE seals. The pressure signals at thepump inlet, the pump outlet and the flowmeter outlet, after detectedby pressure transducers and sampled by the data acquisition card, aretransmitted to computer for analysis. It is shown that the Larger scalepressure variation causing the worse PTFE seals worn and the earlierthe failure of sealing systems. Possible explanation for thisphenomenon is pressure oscillations obstacle the formation of uniformtransfer film, and then Affect the frictional properties of PTFE seals,which reduces the life of meter finally.

5 – 6 pmPractical Lubrication Business Meeting

Technical Sessions


ENGINE AND DRIVETRAIN II/WEAR II

Session 4I � Silver Room

JOINT SESSIONSession Chair: J. Truhan, Caterpillar Inc., East Peoria, IL

Session Vice Chair: A. Rocha, Texas A&M University, CollegeStation, TX

2 – 2:30 pmWear of Crankshaft Journal of ReciprocatingEngine and Wear-Particle Releasing BehaviorK.Matsumoto,Honda R & D Co., Ltd, Haga-machi, Haga-gun, Japan

This research is intended to accurately predict operating life of acrankshaft journal of a reciprocating engine. High reliability and longoperating life are desired in an automotive and an aircraft engine. Inthe traditional design process of a crankshaft journal, engineers usemaximum load,maximum velocity, and maximum oil temperaturebased on the assumption that wear of a journal occurs at the entiresliding surface of the journal at the same wear rate. Acceleration testsare conducted based on those conservative values, from which wearrate is calculated to obtain its life.The author has developed havedeveloped a test method to accurately measure the load on the slidingsurface of a journal with thin film sensors at a various operatingconditions. From the measured load, pressure distribution on thesurface was obtained to predict operating life of a journal moreaccurately. In order to verify the pressure distribution, simulation testswere conducted and the wear-particle releasing behaviors at the start-stop condition and at the steady-state operation were confirmed.Thispaper introduces the newly developed method to measure the load onthe sliding surface of a journal with thin film sensors.

2:30 – 3 pmThe Influence of Base Fluids on Antiwear AdditiveFilm Formation Behaviour in AutomotiveLubricant DegradationJ. Choo,N. Zulkepli, S. Supandi, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd.,Kajang,Malaysia

Automotive crankcase lubricants can be formulated to give futherimproved tribological performances by choice of base oil slate andadjustment to base oil blend composition – complementing advancesin extending lubricant performances to meet requirements of nextgeneration lubricant specifications normally achieved by thedevelopment of new additive or base oil technology and byreformulation strategies employing existing technologies. Base fluidswithin the same API group classifications have been shown to influencethe growth rates and thicknesses of antiwear films where a near-parabolic variation with the blend ratio is exhibited, and where thechoice of processing slate ultimately determines inversions to thisresponse. Individual ZDDP types behave differently to these variationsand their responses can be dominant, or weak, when mixed or in a fully-formulated lubricant system. Both allow new formulation methods anda novel avenue to control individual antiwear components in alubricant. In this work, the antiwear films of fully formulated lubricantssubjected to the API SM and ILSAC GF-4 Sequence IIIG hightemperature oxidation engine test are mapped over their degradationlife to reveal base fluid influences on the retention of antiwearperformance. Statistical analyses on ZDDP base oil responses thoughtto be governed by “base fluid-additive type”mechanisms show thatthese behaviour correlate to (i) base fluid physical-chemical properties,(ii) composition of base fluid molecular structures, and (iii) valve trainwear results of Sequence IIIG engine tests.

3 – 3:30 pm � Break

3:30 – 4 pmHandling the Impact of Biodiesel Fuel onLubricantsM.Egiziaco, P. Fasano,D. Chasan, Ciba part of BASF,Tarrytown,NY

Biodiesel or FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters) from renewable sourcesare of increasing interest for use in mixtures with petroleum-baseddiesel fuel. Biodiesel fuel blends generally will not negatively affect themechanical workings of an engine. However, high molecular weightbiodiesel-containing fuel can accumulate within the lubricant as aresult of engine blow-by.The functionality of the lubricant cantherefore be compromised. Potential problems were observed inlaboratory testing of a commercial diesel oil contaminated with 1-6% ofvarious FAMEs.The negative impact of soy, rapeseed, palm and coconutmethyl esters on the lubricant were compared in oxidation, depositcontrol, and copper/lead corrosion bench tests. Four synergisticantioxidant mixtures were evaluated for their ability to control theoxidation problems induced by each of the FAMEs. A blend of metaldeactivators was also developed to handle the copper/lead corrosionissues.

4 – 4:30 pmEco-marathon Vehicle Engine and DrivetrainEfficiency ImprovementsM.Siniawski, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA

Loyola Marymount University students have participated in the 2008and 2009 Shell Eco-marathon Competitions. In 2008, the vehicle placed15 out of 29 schools in the prototype combustion class, with an overallfuel efficiency of 313.4 mpg. In 2009, two vehicles were entered andplaced 9 and 15 out of 43 schools, with fuel efficiencies of 858.4 and531.1 mpg, respectively.This talk will present some of the drivetrain andengine efficiency improvement efforts that occurred within thevehicles as a result of improved tribological design. In particular,drivetrain component superfinishing and engine component coatingswill be discussed.

4:30 – 5 pmCorrelation of Tribology and TribochemistryBetween Fired Operating Engine and a BenchtopTribometer TestsP. Lee, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Bench top tribometers are regularly used to screen lubricants and helpunderstand the tribology and tribochemistry processes in an engine.However, recent work by the authors (Lee and Morina) presented at theSTLE 2009 Annual Meeting showed that the tribofilms formed on acylinder liner in a simulated bench top tribometer have significantdifferences to those formed in an operating engine.The current studyaims to evaluate the tribology and tribochemistry performance of arange of oils in fired engine tests and to evaluate the ability ofdesigned bench tribometer to simulate this performance in laboratoryconditions.This study focuses on understanding the key factors thatdetermine the tribology and chemistry of surfaces produced from anengine test and from a TE-77 reciprocating bench tribometer using oilswith conventional additives.The tribological contact of interest is thering/liner contact and TE-77 is a common tribometer used forinvestigating tribological performance of a ring/liner system. Liner andring samples were produced from engine tests as well as from TE-77tests using same oils. TE-77 tests were also run using aged oils collectedfollowing the engine test. Tribofilms formed on all surfaces werechemically characterized using the Fourier Transform InfraredSpectroscopy (FTIR) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) whilethe wear was evaluated using 3D Talysurf. In this paper, results obtainedfrom the engine and bench tribometer tests are discussed in detail withthe aim of demonstrating the extent to which the TE-77 benchtribometer can simulate the tribology performance and tribochemicalreactions that occur in engine ring/liner contact.


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Recent hot papers from this journal:• Optimum shape design for surface of a porous slider bearing lubricated with couple stress

fluid Abdallah A. Elsharkawy, Sulaiman F. Alyaqout (Kuwait University)

• Occurrence limit of stick-slip: dimensionless analysis for fundamental design ofrobust-stable systems Ken Nakano, Satoru Maegawa (Yokohama National University, Japan)

• Observation of lubrication conditions using an ultrasonic technique A. Takeuchi(Kochi University of Technology, Japan)

• Soot-additive interactions in engine oils Dairene Uy, A. E. O’Neill, Steven J. Simko,Arup K. Gangopadhyay (Ford Research and Advanced Engineering, USA)

• Correlation between friction and flow of lubricating greases in a new tribometer devicePatrick Heyer, Jörg Läuger (Anton Paar Germany GmbH)

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Publish an article in Lubrication ScienceLubrication Science welcomes research papers, reviews, short communications and letters tothe Editor on all aspects of tribology and lubrication science.

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SYNTHETIC LUBRICATION EDITORCarl E. Snyder, Jr, Air ForceResearch Laboratory, Dayton,Ohio, USA

to bring you the latest tribology research

EDITORH. A. Spikes, Imperial College,


COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM IV

Session 4J � Gold Room

Session Chair: R. Austin, Master Chemical Corp., Perrysberg, OH

2 – 3 pmAfton Chemical’s 6th Annual Key Driver Seminar –Uncertain Energy and Climate Policy: What is aLube Marketer to Do?O.Kean, American Chemistry Council, Arlington,VA, P. Rohrer,Afton Chemical, Richmond,VA

Lubricants play a crucial role in many aspects of our everyday lives,contributing to industrial efficiency and effectiveness, helpingindustry address our current energy and climate challenges. Whilethere remains uncertainty around what energy and climate policy willsurvive the current legislative process, there are common themes anddrivers to consider in your marketing plans. Come hear a Washingtoninsider’s perspective on how developing energy and climate policiesare creating opportunities for lubricants in your marketplace. We willconsider how you can take advantage of these drivers to grow yourlubricants business while helping industry respond to these challenges.

3 – 3:30 � Break

3:30 – 4 pmMarket Demands New Approach to RustPreventive FluidsJ. Ineman,Metalworking Additives,The Lubrizol Corporation,Wickliffe, OH

At the end of the day,manufacturers who work with metals want onething from rust preventive (RP) technologies: the assurance that theirmetal products will arrive at their destinations free of rust or stain.Environmental concerns and competitive pressures have complicatedthat challenge for blenders and formulators in recent years withadditional,more complex requirements.Today’s RPs are frequentlyexpected to:

• Be compliant with the divergent standards and availabilityrequirements of a global market

• Be compatible with a wide range of metal substrates• Eliminate workplace and disposal hazards associated with heavymetal exposure

• Reduce the processing time associated with cleaning protective films• Deliver competitive advantage by providing exceptional resistance tosalt spray and other corrosive challenges

• Remain stable at cold temperatures without crystallizing orseparating

This presentation will explore these challenges and the next generationRP technologies designed to meet them.

4 – 4:30 pmThe Use of Optimal Alkanolamine Blends andAdditives for Improved Metalworking FluidStabilityM.Gernon, K. Buyse, C. Dowling,Taminco

Structurally optimized alkanolamines and alkanolamine derivatives areknown to provide significant supplementary biostability, colloidstability and corrosion inhibiting benefits to metalworking fluids, butthe exclusive use of certain pure alkanolamines can sometimes beprohibitively expensive. More economically feasible formulations maybe obtained by using only the requisite amount of a “specialty”alkanolamine and/or alkanolamine derivative along with a greateramount of a cheaper bulk neutralizing amine. This talk will describelogical approaches to the development of optimal alkanolamine and/oralkanolamine based additive blends based on obtaining the maximumperformance for minimum cost. The specific utility of amine blendsbased on Taminco’s SynergexÒ alkanolamines will be described indetail along with some methods for producing effective emulsionstabilizing and corrosion inhibiting derivatives from Synergex™alkanolamines. A consideration of the potential impact of emergingVOC (volatile organic content) regulations on the use of alkanolaminesin metalworking formulations will be included.

4:30 – 5 pmA Review of Croda Lubricant Additive ProductsS.Davis, Croda Lubricant Additives, Chicago, IL

Croda Lubricant Additives is a global supplier of a broad range ofproducts designed for use in industrial and automotive lubricantsincluding esters and surfactants. In a continuing effort to helpcustomers meet formulation challenges, Croda has developed newproducts including: high activity, oil soluble Perfad™ corrosioninhibitors; a new Priolube™ water soluble ester for metal forming; and anew polymeric friction modifier – Perfad™3000. This presentation willreview the range of Croda Lubricant Additive products.


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