detecting earth-skimming and mountain-penetrating tau neutrinos
DESCRIPTION
ISMD04. Detecting Earth-Skimming and Mountain-Penetrating Tau Neutrinos. G.-L.Lin National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan. Outline. Neutrino oscillations and Astrophysical Tau Neutrino Fluxes The Rationale for Detecting Earth-Skimming/Mountain-Penetrating - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Detecting Earth-Skimming and Mountain-Penetrating Tau Neut
rinos G.-L.Lin
National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan
ISMD04
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Outline
• Neutrino oscillations and Astrophysical Tau Neutrino Fluxes
• The Rationale for Detecting Earth-Skimming/Mountain-Penetrating
• The Conversion Efficiency for • The Simultaneous Detections of Earth-Skimmi
ng and Mountain-Penetrating
• The Event Rate • Conclusions
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Neutrino oscillations and astrophysical fluxes
• Although flux from the source is generally suppressed compared to that of and e, the oscillation effects make the flux of each flavor comparable at the Earth.
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The idea of observing in view of neutrino oscillations, was suggested sometime ago. Learned and Pakvasa 1995
For a source in a cosmological distance, with e : : =1:2:0 , the oscillationeffects taking place as the neutrinosreach the terrestrial detector make e : : =1:1:1.
Athar, Jezabek, Yasuda 2000
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Tau neutrino fluxes
Athar, Tseng and Lin, ICRC 2003
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Detecting Earth-Skimming/Mountain-
Penetrating
The Rationale
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The Earth-skimming detection strategy….
Domokos and Kovesi-Domokos, 1998Fargion, 1997, 2002Bertou et al., 2001Feng et al., 2001Bottai and Giurgola, 2002Tseng et al., 2003
Mountain-penetrating idea:
Hou and Huang, 2002
Auger, TA,…
Ashra-NuTel
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N inelasticity
Energy losses and decays
N only scatters once. produced near the earth surface.effective interaction region– 1 tau range!
Earth-Skimming
fluorescence
Cherenkov
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The “effective” tau lepton production probability=Tau Range(R) / N interaction length()
R increases with energy, while decreases with energy. Hence it is favorable to detect neutrinos of higher energies! Flux?
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The calculation of tau lepton range requires the consideration of…
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The tau lepton loses its energy in the rock through 4 kinds of interactions:
(1). Ionization (): the tau lepton excites the atomic electrons. H. A. Bethe 1934
(2). Bremsstrahlung ():
(3). Pair Production ():
AA. A. Petrukhin &V.V. Shestakov, 1968
AR. P. Kokoulin & A. A. Petrukhin, 1971
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(4). Photo-nuclear interaction:
N
X
Basic component
F2(x,Q2)
The nucleus shadowing effect is considered:
),(
),(),,(
22
222
QxAF
QxFQxAa
N
A
Brodsky & Lu, 1990; Mueller & Qiu 1986;E665 Collab. Adams et al., 1992;
Iyer Dutta, Reno, Sarcevic &Seckel, 2001.
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Iyer Dutta, Reno, Sarcevic, & Seckel, 01Tseng, Yeh, Athar, Huang, Lee, & Lin, 03
Log(E/GeV)
Tau lepton range approaches to 20 km in rock.Mountain-penetrating is sufficient!
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Mountain-penetrating and Earth-skimming tau neutrinos/tau leptons
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The N interaction length:
rockin g/cm 65.2,eV 10
cm/1km102 3
363.0
15
34
Eg
Gandhi, Quigg, Reno, Sarcevic, 1998
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The “effective” tau lepton production probability
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The Conversion Efficiency for
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and propagations inside the Earth
NC
CC Energy loss
DecayCC
NC
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Iong, master thesis, NCTU 04
20 km in rock
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100 km in rock
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20 km in rock
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100 km in rock minor absorptions
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Simultaneous Detection of Mountain-Penetrating and
Earth-Skimming ---sensitive to new physics
TeV scale gravity, KK excitations…
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Log(E’/eV)
E: initial energy, E’: final energy, r=Log(E/E’)New physics-- a factor of 10 enhancement on N
Mountain-PenetratingRough estimate
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Log(E’/eV)
E: initial energy, E’: final energy, r=Log(E/E’)
Earth-SkimmingRough estimate
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From 30 100 km, a drastic change onthe effect of enhanced (NX)!Comparison of event rates in 2 medium lengths probes the new physics.
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For the mountain-penetrating case:
The solid angle is
1.0
km 20
km 22022
2
W=20 kmL=20 kmH=2 km
LH
Not small
O
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The Event Rate
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Log(E/GeV)
AGN flux from Kalashev, Kuzmin, Semikoz, and Sigl, 03
Tseng et al., 03 EddNF 10log/
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Log(E/GeV)
GRB flux from Waxman and Bahcall 1997
Tseng et al., 03
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Log(E/GeV)
GZK flux from Engel, Seckel, and Stanev, 01
Tseng et al., 03
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Energy & flux
AGN GRB GZK
1015-1016 eV
2.2 9.610-3 7.410-5
1016-1017 eV
4.9 7.110-3 1.110-2
1017-1018 eV
0.2 5.410-4 8.210-2
1018-1019 eV
1.110-5 3.310-2
Integrated tau lepton flux in units ofkm-2yr-1sr-1
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Energy & Aperture(km2 sr)
AGN GRB GZK
1015-1016 eV
4.5 1000
1016-1017 eV
2.0 1400 910
1017-1018 eV
50 19000 120
1018-1019 eV
290
Effective aperture (A)eff required for1 event/yr, assuming a 10% duty cycle.
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Conclusions
• We have presented the essential features of detecting Earth-skimming and mountain-penetrating .
• The tau lepton flux already reaches its maximum for a 20 km medium length. This motivates the detections of mountain-penetrating , in addition to the Earth-skimming ones.
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Simultaneous detections of mountain-penetratingand Earth-skimming probes the anomalous NX cross section.
We give effective aperture required for detecting 1 event/yr assuming a 10% duty cycle.