detection methods in particle astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/exercises... · detection...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics
Erik Strahler13/05/11
![Page 2: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 2
Outline
• Reminder of Energy Loss Mechanisms• General Detection Methods• Applications in Current Experiments• Dark Matter Detection Methods
– Accelerators– Direct Searches– Indirect Searches
• Exercises – due May 25th
![Page 3: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 3
Energy Loss Mechanisms and General Detector Methods
![Page 4: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 4
Radiation Energy Loss
• Photoelectric effect
3
5
EZCPE ⋅≈σ
![Page 5: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 5
Radiation Energy Loss
• Compton Scattering
KNC Z σσ ⋅≈
![Page 6: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 6
Radiation Energy Loss
• Pair Production
)ln(2 EZCPP ⋅⋅≈σ
![Page 7: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 7
Total Contribution
NaI Z Lead
![Page 8: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 8
Regions of Dominance
![Page 9: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 9
Charged Particle Energy Loss
• Ionization• Synchrotron
– Circular acceleration• Bremsstrahlung
– Linear acceleration
![Page 10: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 10
Proportional Counters• Volume of gas between 2 biased electrodes
– Ionization releases electrons (~30 eV threshold)– Drift to anode (wire)– Free more electrons on the way– Signal proportional to initial energy
• Semiconductor version– Much lower threshold (~3.5 eV)
![Page 11: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 11
Photomultipliers
![Page 12: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 12
Scintillation
• Convert deposited energy to emitted photons• Organic (crystals, plastics, liquids)
– Fast response, low yield– Wavelength shifters– Low Z (compton dominant)
• Inorganic (ionic crystals, glasses)– Slower response, very high yield– High Z
![Page 13: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 13
Cherenkov Counters
nc βθ 1cos =
Exercise!
![Page 14: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 14
Examples of Radiators
![Page 15: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 15
Detector Methods applied to Satellite-based Experiments
![Page 16: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 16
AMS• Antimatter• Dark matter• Large acceptance• Long mission (>10 yr)
![Page 17: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 17
AMS• Antimatter• Dark matter• Large acceptance• Long mission (>10 yr)
![Page 18: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 18
AMS: Magnet
• Permanent– 0.15 T
• Superconducting– 0.75 T– 3 yrs
![Page 19: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 19
AMS: TRD
• Sensitive to E/m• Cross many layers
with sharp changes in index of refraction (plastic/felt and vacuum)
• Electrons emit x-rays, protons do not
![Page 20: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 20
AMS: ToF
• Triggering– 1.5x10-10 s resolution
• 4 Scintillator planes– Alternating directions
![Page 21: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 21
AMS: Silicon Tracker• Measure curvature
(rigidity), charge, direction, momentum
![Page 22: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 22
AMS: RICH
• 0.1% velocity measurement• Aerogel, NaF radiator plane• Cherenkov ring projected
onto PMT sensors
![Page 23: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 23
AMS: ECAL• e/p discrimination• ~500 kg of lead
interleaved with scintillating fibers
• 9 superlayers, criss-crossed
• electrons produce emshowers
• Protons produce hadronicshowers (wider)
![Page 24: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 24
AMS: Anti-coincidence
![Page 25: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 25
AMS: Current Status
• To be mounted on ISS• Launch eminent after long doubts
![Page 26: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 26
Fermi GST
![Page 27: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 27
GBM• NaI
– 8 keV to 1 MeV– Rate dependent on angle,
gives pointing
• BGO– 150 keV to 40 MeV– Dense to provide stopping
power at higher energy
![Page 28: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 28
GRB Skymap
![Page 29: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 29
![Page 30: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 30
LAT Performance
![Page 31: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 31
Gamma Ray Sky
![Page 32: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 32
Point Source Catalogue
![Page 33: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 33
Some Sources
![Page 34: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 34
Leptonic vs. Hadronic Source?
Leptonic Hadronic
![Page 35: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 35
From γ flux to ν prediction: pp
γγπ
ννννμπ
ννννμπ
μμμ
μμμ
+→+→
+++→+→+→
+++→+→+→+−−−
+++
0
X
eX
eXpp
e
e
3/pEE ≈π
![Page 36: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 36
From γ flux to ν prediction: pγ
γγπ
ννννμπγ μμμ
+→+→
+++→+→+→Δ→+ +++
0 p
enp e BR = 1/3
BR = 2/3
K = 4
![Page 37: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 37
Neutrino Event Rates at Earth
• Extremely long baseline (asymptotic) oscillations• Effective Area = size of an ideal detector with
100% efficiency– Function of energy,
declination– Convolve with flux
to get event rate
νν
νν dEtA
dEdNN eff ⋅= ∫
Exercise!
![Page 38: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 38
Dark Matter and how we could observe its properties
![Page 39: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 39
Dark Matter Candidates• Masses, cross sections over
many orders of magnitude
• 10-6 eV to 1015 GeV
• Non-interacting to strongly interacting
• Must not be part of the standard model sector
![Page 40: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 40
WIMPS as Dark Matter• Weakly Interacting Massive Particles
– In thermal equilibrium intially
– Freeze out at some time where Mχ << T– Can have correct relic density (explain missing mass) if the
annihilation cross-section is weak
– Many options (neutralino, lightest KK excitation, …)
XX +↔+ χχ
vscmh
Aσχ1103 13272 −−×≈Ω
![Page 41: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 41
Search Methods• Accelerator, Direct, Indirect
– Complementary!
![Page 42: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 42
Accelerator (LHC)
• Produce WIMPs, measure decay signatures
![Page 43: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 43
Direct Detection Principles• Elastic collisions lead to low
energy nuclear recoil– Need ULTRA-low backgrounds
)cos1(2
222
θμ
−==NN
R mv
mqE
cmsin angle scattering target torelative velocity mean WIMP
mass reduced
transfermomentum
==
+==
=
θ
μχ
χ
vmm
mmq
N
N
![Page 44: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 44
Expected Rates
• N = number of target nuclei in detector • ρχ = local density of WIMPs in the galaxy• <v> = mean WIMP velocity relative to the detector• mχ = WIMP mass• σχΝ = WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering cross section
– Spin-dependent and spin-independent contributions– Dependence on atomic number of the nucleon
vm
NR Nχχ
χ σρ
∝
![Page 45: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 45
Local Density and Flux at Earth• N-body simulations give
galactic DM density profile
• ρhalo= 0.1-0.7 GeV cm-3
• ρdisk= 2-7 GeV cm-3
• With 100 GeV WIMP, gives ~ 3000 m-3
• Flux at Earth is then ~105cm-2s-1
• MEASUREABLE!
![Page 46: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 46
Predicted Cross-Sections (SI)
MSUGRA CMSSM
![Page 47: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 47
Expected Interaction Rates
• Differential rate versus energy depends on masses of WIMP and of target
![Page 48: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 48
Techniques
• Very small signal (few keV)
• Very rare (~1 per ton per year)
• Background is millions of times higher
![Page 49: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 49
Cryogenic Phonon Detection
• Also measure charge from electron drift after excitation
![Page 50: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 50
CDMS-II
![Page 51: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 51
CDMS-II
5x6 Ge/Si Towers
![Page 52: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 52
CDMS-II
cryostat
Lead shield(γ’s from radioactivity)
Polyethylene shield(neutron moderation)
Active muonveto to reject cosmic rays
![Page 53: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 53
Calibration
• electron recoil from most backgrounds (e, μ, γ)• nuclear recoil from WIMPs, neutrons
![Page 54: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 54
Calibration
• electron recoil from most backgrounds (e, μ, γ)• nuclear recoil from WIMPs, neutrons• reduced ionization yield from particles near surface
![Page 55: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 55
Removing Surface Events
![Page 56: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 56
Result
![Page 57: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 57
CDMS-II SI Limit
• Background:
• p=0.23 to observe 2 or more events
(syst) 2.0 (stat) 1.08.0 ±±
![Page 58: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 58
Noble Liquids• Large, scalable,
homogeneous, and self-shielding
• 3D localization by segmentation of top PMT array, and measurement of drift time.
• Ratio of light and charge signals gives particle ID
![Page 59: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 59
Noble LiquidsIonization
Scintillation
![Page 60: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 60
Xenon 100
![Page 61: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 61
Xenon 100
![Page 62: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 62
Xenon 100
![Page 63: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 63
Xenon 100• Internal Background
– Move components outside shield
– Material screening– Kr distillation column
• External Background– Copper shield versus
polyethylene contribution– 105 kg LXe active veto,
with 65 kg target
![Page 64: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 64
Typical Signals
S1 S2
![Page 65: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 65
Background Rejection
![Page 66: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 66
Background Rejection• Factor 100 times lower than previous experiments
![Page 67: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 67
Latest Results (April 2011)
![Page 68: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 68
Xenon 100 SI Limit
• Background:
• p=0.28 to observe 3 or more events
neutron 04.008.01.0gamma 6.08.1±±
±
![Page 69: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 69
Future of Direct Detection
• SuperCDMS, Xenon1T, Darwin (far future)
![Page 70: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 70
Indirect Searches
• Search for decay producs of WIMP self-annihilation– Fermi (photons, positrons)– IceCube (neutrinos)
• Sources– Galactic Center / Halo– Centers of massive astrophysical objects (Sun, Earth)
![Page 71: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 71
Dark Matter from the Galaxy• Select halo density profile
Halo
dEdN
mRJ
dEd scscA ν
χ
ν
πρψυσ
2
2
4)(
2><
=Φ
Earth
![Page 72: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 72
Dark Matter from the Galaxy• Select halo density profile• Compute Line-of-Sight Integral
Halo
dEdN
mRJ
dEd scscA ν
χ
ν
πρψυσ
2
2
4)(
2><
=Φ
![Page 73: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 73
Dark Matter from the Galaxy• Select halo density profile• Compute Line-of-Sight Integral• Select SUSY model to determine
annihilations and neutrino spectrum
Halo SUSY
dEdN
mRJ
dEd scscA ν
χ
ν
πρψυσ
2
2
4)(
2><
=Φ
![Page 74: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 74
Dark Matter from the Galaxy• Select halo density profile• Compute Line-of-Sight Integral• Select SUSY model to determine
annihilations and neutrino spectrum• Measure flux at Earth
Measure Halo SUSY
dEdN
mRJ
dEd scscA ν
χ
ν
πρψυσ
2
2
4)(
2><
=Φ
![Page 75: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 75
Dark Matter from the Galaxy• Select halo density profile• Compute Line-of-Sight Integral• Select SUSY model to determine
annihilations and neutrino spectrum• Measure flux at Earth• Constrain the self-annihilation cross
section
Measure Constrain Halo SUSY
dEdN
mRJ
dEd scscA ν
χ
ν
πρψυσ
2
2
4)(
2><
=Φ
![Page 76: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 76
Dark Matter Capture in the Sun
• DM swept up from the halo by the Sun’s passage over its history
• Scattering with protons leads to capture• Measurement of the neutrino flux
probes the scattering cross-section
ν
χ
sunA
psun
C
mvC
21
23
=Γ
∝χχ
χχσρ
Exercise!
![Page 77: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 77
Resultant Energy Spectrum
νχχ →→ −+WW νχχ →→ bb
![Page 78: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 78
WIMPs with IceCube• 86 strings deployed
– Completed Dec. 2010– >5000 detector modules– 1450-2450 m depth– ~km3 instrumented volume
• DeepCore– More densely instrumented– Closer string spacing– High quantum efficiency PMTs– Deployed in the deepest, clearest
ice
![Page 79: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 79
Background Rejection
• Exploit differences in observable distributions to reduce the muon and atmospheric neutrino backgrounds
![Page 80: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 80
Halo and GC Searches
![Page 81: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 81
Self-Annihilation Cross Section Limits
• Initial limits for various annihilation channels shown in blue
• Method improved using 40-string dataset (red)– Specially filtered to look at
GC– Hint of improvements to
come with DeepCore
![Page 82: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 82
Multiwavelength Comparison
![Page 83: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 83
Correlation to the Sun• Apply likelihood analysis to determine the flux from the
direction of the Sun
![Page 84: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 84
From a Measurement to a Limit
Effective VolumeEffective Volume
Experiment Livetime
Upper limit on neutrinos from sun position
![Page 85: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 85
From a Measurement to a Limit
Annihilation Rate
Neutrino-ice interaction cross section
Decay Branching Ratio
Target (ice) density
Decay Energy Spectrum
![Page 86: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 86
From a Measurement to a Limit
Neutrino-induced muon flux from sun
Muon energy spectrum
![Page 87: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 87
From a Measurement to a Limit
Neutrino-induced muon flux from sun
Muon energy spectrum
![Page 88: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 88
Neutralino SD Cross Section Limit
![Page 89: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 89
The DeepCore Advantage
![Page 90: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 90
Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter
• In single extra dimension model, first KK excitation of B(1) can be a stable LKP.
• SI scattering cross-sections are small, but SD can be large enough to probe
• Similar energy spectrum to “hard” neutralino models
![Page 91: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 91
KK SD Cross Section Limit
![Page 92: Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysicscdeclerc/astroparticles/2010-11/Exercises... · Detection Methods in Particle Astrophysics Erik Strahler 13/05/11. 13/05/11 Erik Strahler](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042419/5f357dfee9b670719859e656/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
13/05/11 Erik Strahler - Particle Astrophysics 92
SummaryDirect Detection
Discover relic particleConstrain (mχ, ρ x σ)
With input from accelerators determine ρlocal
Indirect Detection
Discover relic particleConstrain (mχ, ρ2 x σ)
With input from accelerators determine ρGC/halo
Accelerators
Discover new particlesDeterming physics model and mχ
Predict cross sections