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Detectors for Tomorrow and After Tomorrow…

Amos BreskinRadiation Detection Physics Group

Weizmann Institute

Amos Breskin

Scientific activities Research topics: Basic detection-related phenomena:

New detector concepts Detector applications: HEP (LHC, ILC, RHIC); “Astro” (DM, SN); Homeland security…

Prostate

Tumor

Zn X-ray beam

X-ray detector

Zn characteristic X-ray

Rectal wall

WIMP

Gas

Liquid

eE

photomultiplier

photomultiplier

Xe

Prostate cancerDNA damage

MAIN INTEREST: GAS-AVALANCHE DETECTORS

e- multipliers

Gasphotomultipliers

Optical-TPC

Noble-liquid detectors

n-imaging

Ionization patterns

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CERN-RD51

Amos Breskin 3

Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM)

SIMPLE, ROBUST, LARGE-AREAPrinted-circuit technology*

1e- in

104- 105 e-s out

E

THGEM

Double-THGEM: 10-100 higher gains

~ 10-fold expanded GEM

A.B. et al. Weizmann

Effective single-electron detectionFew-ns time resolutionSub-mm position resolution>MHz/mm2 rate capabilityCryogenic operation: OKBroad pressure range: 1mbar - few bar

Thickness 0.5-1mm

GOAL: simple detector with moderate (sub-mm) resolution

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* production:• CERN PCB workshop• Print Electronics, Israel

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Double-THGEM photon-imaging detector RICH

UV photon

e-

Segmented readout electrode

CsI photocathode

THGEM

Currently R&D for upgrade of CERN-COMPASS RICH

Important FACTS for RICH:- Single-photon sensitivity- Simple, robust, compact, large area- Fast, good localization- Photon detection efficiency : ~ 20% @ 170 nm- Lower discharge probability than MWPC/CsI UV detector & faster recovery

S. Dalla Torre, INFN Trieste

Amos Breskin

Digital Hadron Calorimetry for ILC(If) ILC: Precision studies of new physics Hadron calorimetry requires 2-fold improved JET-energy resolution:

present 60%/E 30%/E

Digital calorimetry @ SiD:

Requires: thin, efficient, highly-segmented, compact, robust sampling elements. candidates: RPC, D-GEM, Micromegas, THGEM

~7mm

Fe

Fe

Sampling jets + advanced pattern recognition algorithms Very high-precision jet energy measurement. CALICE simulations: σ/Ejet ~3-4%

With Andy White (UTA) + Coimbra & Aveiro 6

Amos Breskin

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Few-mm thin, THGEM-based sampling elements

- High efficiency (>96%/98%) with minimal multiplicity (~1.1/1.2) for muons - Discharges: rare; do not affect electronics- Micro-discharges: do not affect performance - Total thickness (excluding electronics) : 5-6 mm.

Underway: optimization studies & R&D on large-area detectors.

Ne/5%CH4

A competitive robust techniqueAmos Breskin

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cryogenic gas-photomultipliers (GPM)

for noble-liquid scintillators- Generic R&D- Compton camera for medical imaging- UV detectors for DM search (XENON, DARWIN)- Combined fast-neutron & Gamma radiography

Amos Breskin

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XENON100Kg: running with PMTs!PROBLEM: exorbitant cost of future multi-ton detectors!

WIMPinteraction LXe

e-

GPM Detector

Primary scintillation

EG

EL

Secondary scintillation Xe-gas

GPM Detector

UV-window

UV-window

Ne/CF4

RD51: Weizmann/Nantes/Coimbra

Vacuum PhotodetectorsPMTs or QUPID

GPM: Dark Matter search

?

Two-phase XENON1t Dark Matter Detector

concept E. Aprile/XENON(incl. Weizmann)

1m

S1

S2

S2/S1 background rejection

LXe

Amos Breskin

γ

γ & FAST-n CONVERTER

GAS PHOTOMULTIPLIER

LXe

CsI- PHOTOCATODEDouble-THGEM

READOUTELECTRODE

Pulsed γ/fast-n beam

hνfast-n

UV-WINDOW

hν

γ

γ & FAST-n CONVERTER

GAS PHOTOMULTIPLIER

LXe

CsI- PHOTOCATODEDouble-THGEM

READOUTELECTRODE

Pulsed γ/fast-n beam

hνfast-n

UV-WINDOW

hν

Combined gamma & fast-neutron imaging detector. Gammas and neutrons interact with liquid-xenon; the resulting UV photons are detected with a double-THGEM, CsI-coated gaseous photomultiplier.

Great Challenge: Combined g/n imaging detectors

possibly thin capillaries filled with liquid xenon (LXe)

10m TOF:Gammas: ~30nsFast-n: ~200-500ns “Moderate” electronics

LXe SCINTILLATOR:- High density (3 g/cm3)- Fast (2ns)- Good spectral match w CsI-photocathode: QE~30% @ 175nm- 3cm LXe: high efficiencies:- n: 15-25%- g: 30-40%

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Detection of explosives & nuclear materials

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Cryo-GPM with LXe

Duval 2011 JINST 6 P4007

GPM: THGEM/PIM/Micromegas

GPM

200 ns 200 ns

Gain 106 @ 170K

FIRST Scintillation induced signals in LXe by 5.5MeV alphas GPM vs PMT @ 173K

INTENSE R&D in a novel LXe Cryostat @ WeizmannAmos Breskin

Weizmann Institute Liquid Xenon Facility (WILiX) TPC-GPM testing ground

Inner chamber (LXe)

Vacuum insulation

Gate valveGPM load-lock

GPM guide, gas, cables

Xe heat exchangerXe liquefier

TPC

Basic consideration: allow frequent modifications in GPM without breaking the LXe equilibrium state

GPM

L Arazi, M Rappaport

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Towards single-phase TPCs

• Simpler techniques?• Sufficient signals?• Lower thresholds?• Cheaper?• How to record best scintillation & ionization S1, S2?

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Cascaded Liquid Hole-Multipliers LHMModest charge multiplication + Light-amplification in sensors immersed in the noble liquid, applied to the detection of both scintillation UV-photons (S1) and ionization electrons (S2). - UV-photons impinge on CsI-coated

THGEM electrode; - extracted photoelectrons are

trapped into the holes, where high fields induce electroluminescence (+possibly small charge gain);

- resulting photons are further amplified by a cascade of CsI-coated THGEMs.

- Similarly, drifting S2 electrons are focused into the hole and follow the same amplification path.

- S1 and S2 signals are recorded optically by an immersed GPM or by charge collected on pads.

Holes:- Small- or no charge-gain- Electroluminescence (optical gain)

ETPC Anode

S1 photon S2 Ionization electrons

Light or charge readout (GPM or pads)

CsI

Liquid xenon

E

E

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S1 & S2 with LHM

Detects S1&S2

Detects S1&S2

A dual-sided single-phase TPC DM detector with top, bottom and side THGEM-LHMs. The prompt S1 scintillation signals are detected with all LHMs. The S2 signals are recorded with bottom and top LHMs.

Highlights:• Higher S1 signals lower expected detection threshold• Shorter drift lengths lower HV applied & lower e- losses

Amos Breskin

Liquid xenon

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CSCADED LHMs

L

E

LHM

LHM

LHM

LHM

LHM

S1, S2

S1

LOW HV for large-volumeRelaxed electron lifetimeNeed: low radioactivity and pad-readout

C

C

C

C

Amos Breskin

Liquid xenon

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SUMMARY• Advances in Detector Physics• Main trend: THGEM R&D, production and applications• RT: RICH & DHCAL• CRYO: UV photons & charge detection in noble liquids for: DM, Medical, Inspection

Amos Breskin