Detectors in Particle PhysicsClaus Gößling (Dortmund) and Hermann Kolanoski (Berlin)

Web page: http://www-zeuthen.desy.de/~kolanosk/det05/title.html

Joined lecture with participants from HU Berlin, Uni Dortmund,

Uni Lancaster, DESY/Zeuthen

employing video conferencing and internet transmission(originating from a BMBF-funded programme "New Media in Teaching'' ).

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Scope of the lecture

Topic:Physics requirements, methods and techniques for detection of particle radiation;

Explained for the examples of detectors forParticle physics

Astro-particle physicsMedical physics

…

Pre-requisites:Basic physics courses,

desirable: Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics

• WPF Elementarteilchenphysik an der HU:• Obligatorisch: Experimentelle Teilchenphysik• Theor. Einf. In das Standardmodell• Wahl-obligatorisch: Detektoren• (bei exp. Ausrichtung) Beschleuniger

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Lecture, exercises, credits

VL: 2 SWS (Th 11-13): H.Kolanoski (HU), C.Goessling (UniDo)

UE: 2 SWS (fak.). (Th 15-17): HU: Alexander Konopelko

HU: exercises start next week

Leistungsnachweis HU:

Schein nach Bearbeitung von Übungsaufgaben (mindestens 2/3 derAufgaben sind zu lösen), nicht benotet.

Wählbar als Prüfungsfach im Wahlpflichtfach. proof of attendance

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Table of Content

• Introduction (1)

• Interaction of radiation with matter (3)

• Gaseous radiation detectors (6)

• Semiconductor Detectors (6)

• Scintillation Detectors (2)

• Particle Identification (2)

• Energy Measurements (4)

• Electronics and Data Handling (if sufficient time) (2)

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Literature:• C. Grupen: ''Teilchendetektoren'', BI

• K. Kleinknecht: ''Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung'', Teubner

• ''Detectors for particle radiation'', Cambrige Univ. Press

• W.R. Leo: ''Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments'', Springer

• G.F. Knoll: ''Radiation Detection and Measurement'', Wiley

• T. Ferbel: ''Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics'', Addison-Wesley

• F. Sauli: ''Instrumentation in High Energy Physics'', World Scientific

• Delaney, Finch: ''Radiation Detectors'', Clarendon 1992

Review of Particle Physics: Experimental Methods and Colliders

http://pdg.lbl.gov/2002/contents_sports.html#expmethetc

Lehrmodul “Detektoren”: zur Zeit 2 Teile: (in German)Berlin: http://phys2000.physik.hu-berlin.de/Bonn: http://ltphys2k.physik.uni-bonn.de/Halbleiter/p2000/course_overview.html

http://ltphys2k.physik.uni-bonn.de/ (Physik2000-Seite)

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Application of Particle Detectors

Experiments with cosmic rays:

Detection of radiation in medicin, geology, archeology, …

Experiments at accelerators:

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Tasks of Particle Detectors

• Detection, flux measurement, Flussbestimmung(z.B. Geiger counter, film badge, ….)

• Determination of particle kinematics

•Identification of particles

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Condition for Detection : Interaction of Particles with Matter

• Electromagnetic: ionisation, Cherenkov and transition radiation, electromagn. shower (e±, γ)

• Strong: hadronic showers, nuclear reactions (neutron detection)

• Weak: neutrino detection (inverse β-decay)

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Emulsions

Cloud Chamber

Claud and bubble chambers: photographic recording, non-electronical

expanding pistonexpanding piston

observation

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Bubble Chamber

D.A.Glaser, Nobel price 1960

Big European Bubble Chamber

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Proportional Counting Tube

Geiger, Hans, (1882-1945)

Electronic readout!

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Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC)

G.Charpak, Nobel price 1992

Electronic readout! Large number of channels only possible by integrated circuits

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Semiconductor Detectors

Diode

Silicon strip detector

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Scintillation Counters

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Cherenkov Detectors

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Typical Detector

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ALEPH Detector (Collider-Detektor)

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HERA-B Detector (fixed target)

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CMS Detector at LHC

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Requirements on a Detector, Quality Criteria

• Minimal disturbance of the process to be measured

• High acceptance and detection efficiency, ‘hermeticity’

• Good resolution (energy, momentum, angle, …. ), ‘granularity’

• Elektronics and signal processing: fast, deadtime-free

• Online control and monitoring: error diagnosis

• Cost: compromises or clever ideas

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CMS ‘Technical Proposal’

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The Long Way to a Detector1. Physics, good ideas, ….2. How, where, can the idea be realised? 3. Convince the others4. Write a ‘Letter of Intent’ which will be evaluated by a committee 5. If positive: if positive look for collaborators, ..6. Write a ‘Technical Proposal’7. If approved an important hurdle has been taken.8. Gather a Collaboration9. Apply for funding10. Start detector development11. Write a ‘Technical Design Report’12. Build prototyp detector components13. Detector construction14. Commissioning of the detectors15. ‘Do physics’ ….. write publications ….. buy a ticket to Stockholm

Inbetweenagain and again reports To the expert committee

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