detente and europe 1963-1984
TRANSCRIPT
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Dtente and
Europe, 1963-1984
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Dtente
A lessening of tensions in the Cold War
After the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1963, many
countries pulled back from confrontation to reducethe chances of nuclear war
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) Prohibited testing in outer space, in the
atmosphere, and underwater
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1964) Nations agreed not to develop nuclear weapons
Nations such as France, China, India,Pakistan, and other nations refused to sign
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U.S. and U.S.S.R. Influence
Western European nations became less
dependent on the U.S. (especially France)
The Sino-Soviet split allowed manyEastern European states more autonomy
The Peoples Republic of China exploded a
nuclear bomb in 1964, changing thebalance
The bipolarU.S.-Soviet global rivalry
moved into a multipolar balance of power.
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BetterU.S./Soviet Relations
1963 -- Hot line
A hot line was installed so
that the U.S. president andSoviet premier could defuse
a potential crisis
Kennedy and Khrushchev
were often forced to
communicate through public
broadcasts during the Cuban
Missile Crisis.
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BetterU.S./Soviet Relations
In 1963, the U.S. agreed to sell large
quantities of wheat to the Soviet Union.
This new trade relation would expandto include other goods.
Tourism was encouraged.
Culture exchanges.
(Ex. Bolshoi Ballet & Louis Armstrong)
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The Common Market in
Europe European Community (1967)
Worked to end tariffs between member
nation and create a free flow of trade Members: France, West Germany, Italy,
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark joined
in 1973; Greece in 1981 The EC helped continue the postwar
recovery and break Western Europeseconomic dependence on the U.S.
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Charles de Gaulle
(President of France)1958-69 Wanted to end Western Europes political
dependence on the U.S.
Encouraged France to develop nuclear capability Tested bomb in 1960
Began withdrawing French troops from U.S.-dominated NATO in 1959; All French removed by 1967
Demanded that all NATO troops leave France Envisioned France had head of the Third Force
that would stand between the U.S. and the SovietUnion De Gaulle never realized his goal and resigned in
1969.
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Soviet Union
Khrushchev was ousted from powerin 1964 and replaced byLeonid Brezhnev
The Brezhnev Era, 1964-82 Military spending remained top priority
Put an end to Khrushchevs de-Stalinizationcampaign
Had a stroke in 1976
Economic and political decline; corruption,favoritism, and alcoholism increase
Between 1982-85, Yuri Andropov and
Konstantin Chernenko both die in office
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Eastern Europe
Many Eastern European countries attempted to gain
some level of autonomy during the 1960s
Czechoslovakia tried to adopt liberal reforms
The Prague Spring of 1968 hoped to produce a more
humane socialism
The Soviet Union invaded and Alexander Dubek resigned.
The Soviet invasion involved about 500,000 Warsaw Pact
troops and was remarkably well-planned and executed.Only a handful of soldiers died.
More than 80 Czechoslovak citizens were killed and
several hundred wounded during a month of clashes
following the invasion.
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Germany and Dtente
Willy Brandt
Chancellor of West Germany
(1969-74) Proposed Ostpolitik (A hand
offered to the East)
In 1972, East and West Germany
recognized each other and wereboth admitted to the U.N.
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U.S. and China
Richard Nixon became president in1969 and wanted to ease cold wartensions; relied on diplomatic skills ofHenry Kissinger
Chinese/U.S. relations improved In 1971, Henry Kissinger secretly visited
China.
In 1971, the U.N. expelled Taiwan and
seated the PeoplesR
epublic; theU.S.
didnot veto
In 1972, Nixon traveled to Beijing to meetMao and made recognition an official andpublic act.
Before leaving he was given two giantpandas, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling
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Ping Pong Diplomacy
The two countries established
cultural, economic, and diplomatic
relations U.S. Ping Pong team visits China.
U.S. ends restrictions on travel to
China, ends trade embargo
Agreed to the one-China policy
(Tawain was part of China)
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Dtente Agreements
Nixon and Brezhnev signed a series ofagreements
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (
SALT)
Suspended the building of ICBMs, capped thenumber of a variety of weapons.
ABM Treaty Limited the deployment of antiballistic missiles,
designed to destroy incoming missiles
Helsinki Agreements (1975) 33 European nations plus the U.S. & Canada
ratified the results of WWII (boundaries)
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Economic Problems and
Politics In 1974-75, an increase in food and petroleum
prices combined with an economic recession tocreate severe inflation in Western Europe.
Conservative governments
Helmut Kohl becomes chancellor of West Germanyin 1982.
Margaret Thatcher becomes prime minister of G.B.
in 1979. Socialist governments
Francois Mitterrand elected president of France in1981
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Collapse of Dtente
By the late 1970s, the optimism that the Cold
War had virtually ended had faded.
The continued Soviet military buildup and theSoviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 soured
relations with the U.S.
As a result the U.S.
Failed to ratify the 1979 SALT II Treaty.
Boycotted the Olympics in Moscow in 1980.
Placed and embargo on U.S. grain
shipments to the Soviet Union.