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DETERIORATION OF CONCRETEMADE FROM VARIOUS

TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE

DUE TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK

THESIS

Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering

in Materials and Structure

Issued By:

AHMED ALI ABDLKADER ESENOSI

S 941208015

POST GRADUATE

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAMS

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

2015


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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND CONTENT

PUBLICATION OF FINAL PROJECT

I declare actually:

1. Thesis by the title: “DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MADE

FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED

AGGREGATE DUE TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK” is my own work

and has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes, except has

been mentioned on the bibliography as reference of this paper. If in the

future proved there is plagiarism in this paper, I am willing to accept the

sanction appropriate to legislation (Permendiknas No. 17, 2010).

2. Publication of this Thesis on Journal or scientific forum should be

permission and include the counselor as author and PPs UNS as institution.

In the period at least one semester I did not do the publication of part or all

of the contents of this thesis, the Master Civil Engineering Program of UNS

reserves the right to publish a scientific journal published by the Master

Civil Engineering Department of UNS. If I am in violation of the terms of

this publication, then I am willing to receive the applicable academic

sanctions.

Surakarta, …………… 2015

Author,


S 941208015


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FOREWORD

Praise to Allah SWT the lord of the world, who has given mercy and blessing so

that this thesis with a title DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MADE FROM

VARIOUS TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE DUE

TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK can be resolved. This thesis is submitted as a

condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas

Maret University.

Respectfully I say many thanks to:

1. Director of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.

2. Dr. Ir. Mamok Suprapto, M.Eng, as the head of Civil Engineering Master

Program of Sebelas Maret University.

3. Dr. Eng. Syafi‘I, M.T, as secretary of Civil Engineering Master Program

of Sebelas Maret University.

4. , as first supervisor.

5. , as second supervisor.

6. All faculty staff of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret

University who have helped during lectures.

7. My brothers and sisters who always support me at every condition.

8. Student colleagues of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret

University who gave me inspiration and suggestion.

9. All those who helped me in completing this thesis, the author cannot

mention one by one.

I hope this thesis can contribute to the scientific academic community,

practitioners in the field of building materials and benefit the wider community in

general. The assistance that was given may receive just reward from Allah SWT.

Surakarta, January 2015

Writer,



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ABSTRACT

This research is intended to investigate the effect of recycled aggregate concrete

and various types of cement which are OPC, PCC and PPC due to sulphuric attack The

concrete resistance to sulphuric attack is indicated by compressive straight and

concrete deterioration.

Each type of cement was mixed into three dosagesof recycled aggregate 0%,

25% and 100% as replacement of natural coarse aggregate. The specimen test is

cylinder form 7.5cm in diameter and 15cm in high. The 27 samples were tested by

immersion test while 9 others without immersion test.The researcher has cured 27

concrete samples in (H2SO4) 5% and the other concrete samples cured by air. After 28

days of age, the compressive strength test for both the samples which immersed in

solution and by air was conducted. The process continued to the renewal of solution

and measuring weights and diameters of the other samples in the solution every 2

weeks. After 56 days of age, the compressive strength test was conducted. Finally, the

small portions of the surfaces and core of the samples were tested using XRD.

It is noticed from compressive strength result the samples which cured by air

gave better result than others which cured by solution. The higher percentage of

recycled aggregates in the concrete means the less in compressive strength and less in

resistance to acid attack. It is noted that mixtures which contain PPC are the most

resistant to acid attack. Mixtures which contain PCC rank number two related to the

resistance to acid attack. The mixtures which contain PPC have retained their size

throughout the duration of curing.

Keywords. Recycled aggregate, Deterioration, Sulfuric acid


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ABSTRACT

Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk meneliti pengaruh recycled aggregate concrete

dan berbagai tipe semen, yakni OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement), PCC (Portland

Composite Cement), dan PPC (Portland Pozzolan Cement) dikaitkan dengan

―serangan‖ asam sulfur, terhadap compressive strength dan concrete deteroration.

Untuk setiap jenis semen; dibuat campuran menggunakan recycled aggregate

dalam 3 dosis berbeda, yakni 0%, 25%, dan 100%. Untuk pelaksanaan compressive

test dan submerssion test, dibuat cetakan bentuk cylinder berdiameter 7,5 cm dan tinggi

15 cm. Immersion test dilaksanakan terhadap 27 sample, sedangkan untuk sisanya

sejumlah 9 sample tidak dilaksanakan. Peneliti mengawetkan 27 sample concrete itu

dalam (H2SO4) 5%, sedangkan lainnya diawetkan dengan udara. Setelah genap 28 hari

usia sample concrete tersebut, dilaksanakan compresive strenght test terhadap sample-

sample tersebut; baik yang diawetkan dalam larutan maupun yang diawetkan di udara.

Proses dilanjutkan dengan memperbaharui larutan dan kemudian mengukur berat dan

diameter dari sample-sample yang lain setiap dua pekan. Setelah usia sample-sample

concrete itu genap 56 hari; maka dilaksanakan compressive strenght test. Akhirnya,

sebagian kecil dari permukaan dan inti dari sample-sample diuji menggunakan X-Ray

Diffraction

Dapat dilihat bahwa sample-sample concrete yang diawetkan di ruang terbuka

memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dalam compressive strenght; dibandingkan sample-

sample yang diawetkan dalam larutan. Semakin besar persentase recycled aggregate

dalam concrete mix ternyata menunjukkan compressive strenght yang lebih lebih

rendah, dan juga menunjukkan kekuatan resistensi yang lebih rendah terhadap acid

attack. Tercatat bahwa concrete mixture yang mengandung PPC paling resisten

terhadap acid attack. Sedangkan concrete mixture yang mengandung PCC berada di

urutan kedua resistensinya terhadap acid attack. Concrete mixture yang mengandung

PPC bentuknya tidak mengalami perubahan selama proses pengawetan

Keywords: Recycled Aggregate, Deterioration, Sulfuric acid


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LIST OF CONTENT

TITLE......................................................................................................................................i

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................i

LIST OF CONTENT…..........................................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURE……...........................................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLE...................................................................................................................iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1

1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………………...1

1.2 Problems of Research…..…………………………………...……….……….……..…..4

1.3 Objectives of Research………...……………………………...…………….……..……4

1.4 Research Limitations….………………..……………….............………….…….……..4

1.5 Benefit of Research………………………………………………...…..……….………5

CHAPTER II Literature Reviewand BASIC THEORY ……………………………...….....6

2.1 Literature Review……………………………………….……............……….…..….…6

2.1.1 The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Environment on Concrete.............................................6

2.1.2 Compressive Strength ...............................................................................................8

2.1.3 Recycled Aggregate...................................................................................................8

2.1.4 Cement………………………………………………………………….…………..9

2.2 Basic Theory…………………………………………..…………………….…..……..10

2.2.1 The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Environment on Concrete ……...…………….......…10

2.2.2 Compressive Strength ……………………...…………………….………….…....14

2.2.3 Recycled Aggregate…………………………………………..………..……….....15

2.2.4 Cement……………...……………………………………………………………..20

2.2.5 Concrete Durability……………………………………………………………….22

2.3 Hypothesis…..………………………………………………………………….…...…22

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………..……......23

3.1 Location……………………………………………………………….….….……...…23

3.2 Parameter and Variable…...……………..…………..………………………………...23

3.2.1 Parameter……………………………………………………………..…………...23

3.2.2 Variable……………………………………………………………………………23

3.3 Validation Data………………………………………………………………….……..24

3.4 Materials………………………………………………………………………….……24

3.4.1. Recycled Aggregate………………………………………………..………….…..24

3.4.2. Cement…………………………………………………………………………….25

3.5 Concrete Mix Design…..………………………………………………………...…....25

3.6 Laboratory Test………………………………………………………………………..27

3.6.1. Concrete Materials Test …………………………………......………………..…..27

1. Los Angeles Abrasion Test ……………………………………..……….….…….27

2. Water Absorption Test…………………………………………………............….28

3. Sieve Analysis Test ……………………………………….……..……….…….....28

4. Specific Gravity Test ……………………….……………………….....………....28

3.6.2. Analysis…………………………..………………………………………….……29

1. Compressive Strength Test…………………………………..…………….…...…29

2. Immersion Test………………………………….……………..……….………....30

3. X-Ray Diffraction………………………………………………….………..….…31


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3.7 Systematic Research Methods…………………………………………………………33

CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION.………………...…………………….…...….34

4.1 Properties Test……………………………………………………………...……….34

4.1.1 Material Tests…………………...…………………………………….…..…….……34

1. Cement.........................................................................................................................34

2. Natural Fine Aggregate Test........................................................................................34

3. Natural Coarse Aggregate Test....................................................................................36

4. Recycled Aggregate Test.............................................................................................38

5. Compressive Strength Test……………………………………..………..…….…….40

6. Samples Deterioration by Sulfuric Acid………………………………….………….41

7. X-R Diffraction Test……………………………………………..………...….……..49

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……………………….…….…...….…55

5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….....……..55

5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………………….…....……..56

References ………………………………………………………………………….….57

Appendix


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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1 Los Angeles Sanitary Sewer System. Deterioration of concrete pipe from acid

H2S attack ……………………………………….……………………………….………..13

Figure 2.2 Concrete dimension ……………………………………………………….…...14

Figure 3.1 Recycled aggregate (RCA)………………...……………………………..….…24

Figure 3.2 Los Angeles Test Machine…………………………………………..................27

Figure 3.3 Coarse specific gravity tests ……………………………………………..….....29

Figure 3.4 Compressive strength testing machine ……...…………………………..…..…29

Figure 3.5 Example of immersion test ………...…………………………………….....….31

Figure 3.6 Flow chart of research method …………………………………………..….....33

Figure 4.1 Fine aggregate gradation…………..……………………………………....……36

Figure 4.2 Coarse aggregate gradation..................................................................................38

Figure 4.3 Recycled aggregate gradation..............................................................................39

Figure 4.4 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with OPC........41

Figure 4.5 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with OPC........42

Figure 4.6 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........42




Figure 4.10 Weight reduction of 0% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of

cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…45


cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…45


cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…46

Figure 4.13 Diameter reduction of 0% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of

cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…47


cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…48


cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…48

Figure 4.16 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with OPC…..…...................50

Figure 4.17 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with OPC…….................50

Figure 4.18 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PPC….…….................51

Figure 4.19 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PPC…….................52

Figure 4.20 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PPC….…….................53

Figure 4.21 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PPC…….................53

Figure 4.22 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PCC……….................54

Figure 4.23 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PCC…….................54


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LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1The percentage chemical compositions of cement types..........................................21

Table 3.1 Weights of concrete materials..................................................................................26

Table 3.2 Number of Sample....................................................................................................27

Table 4.1The percentage chemical compositions of cement types..........................................34

Table 4.2 Specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate..........................................34

Table 4.3 The Results of natural fine aggregate test................................................................35

Table 4.4 Gradation of natural fine aggregate..........................................................................35

Table 4.5 The Results of natural coarse aggregate test............................................................36

Table 4.6 Gradation of natural coarse aggregate......................................................................37

Table 4.7The results of recycled aggregate tests.....................................................................38

Table 4.8 Gradation of recycled aggregate...............................................................................39

Table 4.9 Compressive Strength Test Results…………………………..………...……….....40

Table 4.10 The Weight of concrete samples from 1 day of their age until 56

Days...................................................................................................................................44

Table 4.11 The Diameter of concrete samples from 1 day of their age until 56

Days……………………………………………………………………………….……..47

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