determinants crop diversification in jammu & kashmir-a case study of district kulgam

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ABSTRACTh e p r o c e s s o f c r o p

diversification towards the Thorticultural crops in the State of Jammu and Kashmir has taken place with the introduction of various land reforms introduced at a time to time by the government of India. The cultivation of such crops has made a remarkable impact on the generation of household income, employment and revenue for the state. The study of factors that improved the progress of crop diversification depicts the explicit consideration of geographical s i g n i f i c a n c e i n f o r m u l a t i n g developmental strategies, resulting in the establishment of basic infrastructural services like accessibility to various markets in the neighboring states, high level of price receptive- ness among the farmers and the emergence of timely policies by the government triggered the process of d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n t o w a r d s t h e horticultural crops in the state. The present study will try to provide a detailed account on the determinants of the crop diversification from the food crops (paddy) towards the cash crops (apple) in the region. The regression analysis shows the determining impact of several variables like age, gender, education, years of schooling, family size, family

type, occupation, land owned, and distance from the road on the process of crop diversification in the study area.

diversification, food crops, cash crops, paddy, apple, income, employment, Kulgam, Kashmir.

Crop diversification is a best strategy to achieve the goals of development. It took the attention of policy makers in the country during the recent years. The approach envisages changes in the production activities

KEYWORDS:

INTRODUCTION

DETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU & KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM

1 2Mohd Asif Shah and A. Anbuvel1Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar , Tamil Nadu, India.2Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,

Annamalai University, Annamalainaar , Tamil Nadu, India.

of the farm sector, to adjust to changes in the economic environment and to face the problems like unemployment and depletion of natural resources (Ramesh Chand, 1999). The main objective of this approachis to raise per capita income by means of opening of avenues for p r o l i f i c e m p l o y m e n t opportunities in farm and non-farm sectors and to make the economic growth broad and stable in the long-run (Amitabh Kundu, 2012).The success of the policy lies in the identification of the particular crop for theappro- p r i a te re g i o n - s p e c i f i c , d ivers i f icat ion choices, establishment of physical and institutional infrastructure services and execution of suitable strategies. Another feature of this approach is to prepare thefarmers to

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growexcellent and profitable produce, based on both demand and supply in the long run(Anjani Kumar et al., 2012).

Technology, modern implements, education, bank credit and road connectivity are the important determinants of crop diversification (Anjani Kumar et al., 2012). Diversification is a significant approach to enhance farm income, alleviate poverty, create employment, preserve ecology, promote exports and minimize risks (Chand 1996, Ryan and Spencer, 2001). The diversification towards the cash crops has the ability to change the agricultural set-up by means of income augmentation, employment generation, and export promotion (Braun, 1995; Pingali and Rosergrant 1995; Chand, 1996; Ryan and Spencer, 2001). Agricultural diversification in India is gradually picking up thrust in favour of high-value food commodities, mainly to enhance income rather than the traditional concept of risk management (Joshi, 2014). The contribution of diversification to agricultural growth in India has been a quite substantial, 30 per cent during the 1990s (Joshi et al 2007).

The economy of Jammu &Kashmirprincipally depends on agriculture, having about one-third of its population engaged with thisagriculture and allied sectors. The geography setup of the area is restricting the growth of paddy cultivation.The production of paddy is not increasing in proportion to the cost involved in the farming, so in thisbackground of stagnation in paddy production, which is not able to raise the level of employment in the region, horticulture is a possibleoption for exploration. The area is blessed with the appropriate climatic zones for rising temperate, sub-tropical and tropical fruits throughout the whole year. These fruits are not only the supplemental diet of the local people, but also appear to be the main item of export to other parts of India and the rest of world (Economic Survey, 2014-15).

J&K accounts for about 67 percent of the total apple production and 50 percent of its exports in the country, hence an important foreign exchange earner and vital for economic development of India. India annually exports apple worth RS. 400 million (Nearly US$ 10 million) out of which Rs. 200 million of apples come from Kashmir (Mohmad Iqbal Reshi et al., 2010). The huge natural resource base has helped the primarily agrarian state to extend its base for cultivation of major fruits such apples, walnut, walnut kernels, bitter apricot nuts, pears, almond, plum, cherries and saffron” (Sajad, and Tripathi, 2013).

Kulgam which famous for the rice productivityonce used to be called as therice bowl of the Kashmir is now amongst the least producers of rice (A. N. Raina, 2012). Paddy land is getting converted into horticultural land as farmers seek to earn more revenue against horticultural products (Mohmad Iqbal Reshi et al., 2010). Farmers feel that sticking only to the water-intensive crops like paddy in times of water-scarcity might prove non-beneficial and they readily switch over to cash crops like apple, almond and walnuts. After 1980s, introduction of horticultural sector brought out major changes, regarding crop cultivation (Arif Malik & Ashaq Hussain, 2012).The introduction of science and technology has changed the old age cropping pattern of paddy to horticultural crops. Apple occupied a sizeable area in the mountainous area of the state, while saffron is grown in Pulwama area (Khan, 2006).

In the beginning, it needs to be understood that a diversified cropping pattern is not possible in a modern commercial farm. A modern commercial farm, specializes in the production of one main crop in every crop season; the crop that is most economicaland profitable on the given land, climate and market environment in which it is cultivated. The cause of the persistentchase of profit maximization induces a modern commercial farmer to cultivate the most profitable crop of the season in the largest possible area. Being a ‘price taker’ in the market, the outcome of the policy is only the maximization of profits. When a large number of crops are cultivated in a region, then the marketed surplus of none of these crops is satisfactorilyprofitable.

The present study is based on primary data, obtained from the survey samples by adopting the stratified random sampling method to choose the households from the selected villages, with the help of an interview schedule by implementing three-stage sampling procedure as follows:(i)Selection of all ten horticultural blocks of district Kulgam. (Manzgam, Waripora, D.K. Marg, Kulgam, Arreh,

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVEProfit Maximisation Theory:

METHODOLOGY

- 6 | - 10 | - 2016Volume Issue November


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Kadder, Qazigund, Devsar, Qaimoh and Yaripora)(ii)Selection of thirty four highly apple populated orchardist villages from all ten blocks on the basis of the number of villages in the respective blocks.(iii)Selection of total of 272 sample respondents ofthe total thirty-four villages, eight sample respondents from each village.

The magnitude and the determinants of diversification at the district level has been carried out using farm level information collected through the interview schedule. The researcher has tested the variables that are considered important for diversification towards the high-value crops. The magnitude of crop diversification is measured by Modified Herfindahl Index or commonly known as Simpson Index for measuring the extent of crop diversification. It is obtained by subtracting the Herfindahl index (HI) from one and has a direct relationship with diversification, such that its zero value indicates specialization and a movement towards one shows an increase in the extent of crop diversification (Malik & Singh 2002).

Herfindahl Index (HI) is computed by taking the sum of squares of acreage proportion to each of the crop in the total cropped area as given by the following formula:

Where N is the total number of crops and Pi = Ai / ∑1Ai represents acreage proportion of i-th crop in the total cropped area. The value of Herfindahl Index is bounded by 0 and 1. The Herfindahl index is bound by zero (complete diversification) to one (complete specialization). With an increase in diversification, Herfindahl Index decreases and vice-versa. Herfindahl Index is a measure of concentration, alternately, an inverse measure of diversification since the Herfindahl Index decreases with an increase in diversification. Thus, for the avoidance of confusion to compare the Herfindahl Index with other indices, the Simpson Index that is (1-Herfindahl Index) has been worked out for measuring the diversification.

Where N is the total number of crops and Pi = Ai / ∑1Ai represents acreage proportion of i-th crop in the total cropped area. Its value also lies between 0 and 1. This index increases with an increase of diversification. It approaches zero when the farm is specialized and takes a maximum value when there is perfect diversification.

The Multiple Linear Regression Model has been used to quantify the determinants of crop diversification. The area under paddy and apple crops were regressed on following given explanatory variables to identify the determinants of crop diversification in the region. The Multiple Linear Regression Model of following type has been used:

Y = a + b X + b X + b X + b X + b X +b X + b X +b X + b X + U1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9

Where the dependent variable, Y = area under the apple cultivation,a = constant,b = regression coefficientsi

X = several attributes of the household headi

X = age 1

X = gender 2

X = educational qualification3

DETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION

Simpson Index (SI) Simpson Index is given by the following formula:

MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL


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- 6 | - 10 | - 2016Volume Issue November DETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU & KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM

X = years of schooling4

X = family size5

X = family type6

X = occupation7

X = total land owned8

X = distance from road9

The results of the Linear Regression Model are presented in Table No. 1. In the table, the regressed variable is the area under the apple cultivation in the year 2014 respectively. And the frequency distribution of the sample respondents according to the different variables and the level of crop diversification is presented in Annexure-1

This table (Table No. 1) represents the key role of various exploratory variables in determining the area of cultivation under apple crop in 2014. From the table, it is noticeable that out of the nine variables discussed already, all of them are found to be either positively or negatively influencing the farmer’s decision to diversify in favor of apple cultivation.

The age of the household-head is an important determinant of crop diversification, as the young farmers are generally more risk takers while the older age famers are largely risk averters and prefer to follow traditional technologies and crops. From the table results also, age is found to have a negative influence (sign of the coefficient being negative and highly influencing) on the farmer’s decision to allocate their land for the cultivation of apple. Therefore lesser the age of the farmer, higher the chances for diversification and higher the age of the farmer, less the chances of diversification.

The next variable is gender, which is found to have a significant influence on the farmer’s decision to diversify their lands in favor of apple cultivation. The sign of the coefficient is positive and highly significant. The female-headed households are seen to have a higher propensity towards diversification. It was also observed from the results that all the female household heads (28 female respondents) have specialized their lands towards apple cultivation, and only a share of 18.9 per (46 male respondents) cent of the male household heads were seen to have specialized their lands towards apple cultivation.

If a household-head is more educated (here more years of schooling), it is found that his decision for sowing a particular crop would be governed by the sound economic estimates of the costs and benefits of that crop. In addition, an educated farmer is more enlightened about the existing options of demand and supply and is more attuned towards the advanced techniques than an illiterate farmer. Here likewise education yielded a positive and significant influence on the farmer’s decision to diversify their lands towards the apple cultivation. So if the farmers are more educated or having more years of schooling, it will definitely help them in taking the conscientious decisions and enable them in accessing several facilities, needed for crop diversification. Hence, it

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table No.: 1DETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE STUDY AREA


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Explanatory Variables

Dependent variable : Area under Apple Cultivation in 2014 Coefficient Standard error

Age (Years) -1.466** 0.178 Gender (Female-1, Male-0) 1.529*** 0.348 Years of Schooling (Years) 0.434** 0.212 Family Size (Number) -1.030* 0.182 Family Type (Nuclear-1, Joint-2) 0.363* 0.302 Occupation (Government Service-1, Others -2) 0.065* 0.156 Total Land Owned (Number in Kanals) -2.036** 0.154 Distance from Road (Number in Meters) -0.206** 0.113 Constant -3.102** 0.800


could be concluded that more the years of schooling more the chances of diversification and less the schooling years, less will be the chances of diversification.

Regarding the family size, it is pertinent that households with larger family size does have the advantage of availability of more assured labor to help them to grow high-value crops like apple, as these crops are highly labor -intensive. So the family size should have a positive association with the crop diversification, but here from the observed results, the family size is negatively influencing the farmer’s decision to diversify their lands towards apple cultivation. 43.6 per cent of the households (68 respondents) with the family size of below 5 have completely specialized their lands towards apple cultivation, while just 6 respondents (7.9 per cent) of the households with the family size of 6-10 have specialized their lands for the cultivation of apple and none of the household heads with the family size of above 10 have gone for specialization. Hence, we can conclude by saying that the small sized family households diversify more as compared to the large sized family households.

The nature of the family (Joint or Nuclear) can influence the farmer’s decision to grow specific crops. Mostly nuclear families are strong decision makers, while in case of a joint family, the role of decision is highly influenced by the presence of a large number of family members. Here also the sign of the coefficient is positive and significant, meaning the influence of family type on the diversification. Nuclear families are seen to have a higher propensity to diversify towards apple cultivation, while as the joint family households are less diversifying towards apple cultivation. 72 out of 194 nuclear family respondents (which forms 37.1 per cent) have specialized their lands for apple cultivation, while as 2 out of 78 (which forms 2.6 per cent) of the joint family households have specialized their lands for apple cultivation. So it can be concluded that nuclear family households diversify more than the joint family households.

The households having agriculture as their main occupation are likely to diversify more than those who are engaged in other activities, say in service and business, with agriculture as their subsidiary occupation. It is evident that the farmers engaged only in agricultural practices can devote more of their time and can utilize their implements well in cultivating a particular crop than those who are not fully engaged in agriculture. But here the story is totally different, as the occupation is significantly influencing the decision of farmer’s to diversify their lands, but regarding the occupation type, households practicing agriculture diversify less as compared to those who are involved in government service. 36 out of the 72 respondents (which forms 50.0 per cent) who are having government service as their main occupation have specialized their lands for apple cultivation. And 32 out of 118 respondents (which forms 27.1 per cent) who are having agriculture as their main occupation have specialized their lands for apple cultivation. So it can be inferred that the farmers who perform non-farm activities diversify more as they don’t have enough time and labor to cultivate the high labor intensive crops like apple, but they make use of their earned income and hire labor to diversify their lands.

From the comprehensive literature, the total land owned (operated area) was believed to have the positive association with the crop diversification. As farmers operating on a bigger piece of land have wider choice and options for cultivating diversified crops as compared to those having a small piece of land. But it was observed from the result that the land size does have a negative influence (sign of the coefficient being negative and highly significant) on the decision of farmer to diversify their lands towards apple cultivation. Cultivation of apple suits the small farmers most. The cultivation of apple is labor intensive and generates a regular flow of income for them. As from the obtained results, 70 (which forms 94.6 per cent) out of the total 74 households who have opted for specialization are having land size below 9 Kanals. And interestingly, none of the 12 households who are having land size more than 16 Kanals have opted for specialization. Hence, it can be concluded that the farmers having small land size diversify more than the big size land holding households.

The existence of infrastructure like road connectivity, access of villagers to market, availability of communication facilities, etc. facilitates a better post-harvest management of the produce. Thus the access to infrastructure like road connectivity helps the farmers to receive a better price for their produce and opens a way to new markets and helps in minimizing the role of middlemen. Therefore, crop diversification should increase with the access to better infrastructural facilities to the farmers. Here also from the result, it is obvious that the distance from the road proves to be negatively influencing the farmer’s decision to diversify their land towards apple cultivation. And the households who are having paddy lands near to roads are readily switching over apple


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cultivation. There are several infrastructural facilities which influence the farmer’s decision towards diversification, but due to the problem of multicollinearity, only the influence of road distance has been calculated and the rest of the variables are not considered in the analysis. Thus, it can be concluded that the road distance is negatively influencing (coefficient being negative and highly significant) the diversification, therefore the households having lands near to the roads diversify more than those having the land far away from the roads.

The study revealed that the farmers in the study area are going faster towards the specialization, rather than diversification. Now the concern is that whether the process would sustain in the long-run, seeing the reality that the apple crop is totally replacing the paddy crop. As rice is the staple food for the people living in the area, so they might get highly dependent on the neighboring states for the need of the rice. The shift towards the apple cultivation will definitely have a number of economic benefits, but it also may turn as a way to food insecurity in the region, and also it may have adverse ecological impacts. So there is the role of the government to check the ongoing speedy specialization of the apple crop on the cost of the paddy crop. The government can strengthen and ensure the supply of the rice needed in the State, so as to boost the horticulture sector. The opening of Public Distribution Centers in every village of the State can help to achieve the target of food security.

Also the study tried to find out the main determinants of the crop diversification in the region. The regression analysis has brought out the importance of several factors, which play a greater role in the diversification and specialization towards the apple cultivation in the study area. Infrastructural facilities like roads and markets are seen playing an important role in the farmer’s decisions towards the diversification and specialization of apple. So there is the role for government to increase the public investment in such infrastructural facilities to boost the economy towards the apple cultivating economy.

Building up an economy as the horticultural capable economy is not enough, as the horticultural crops are more perishable in nature than the food crops, so there is a need to check the post-harvest losses in the sector. Most of the respondents depicted the Scab disease, outburst of the early leaf fall and outbreak of red spider mite, which have declined the quantity as well as the excellence of the apple in the area. As so many studies also point out towards the need of post-harvest management in the horticultural crops, which can be helpful to put a halt in the ongoing trend of 30 per cent of the post-harvest losses in fruits. There is not even a single cold-storage house available in the district, so there is need to build up such structures which can motivate the farmers towards apple cultivation.

Although the horticultural sector is seen growing at the faster rate, but there are still lots of bottlenecks to be covered within the sector. And there is still enough area to be explored for horticulture, according to the data available, as it can be seen that for most of the varieties of apple, the minimum time period of gestation is about 8 years, which means that there is the possibility of cultivation of several types of cereals and pulses along with the cultivation of apple trees (intercropping), and also after the completion of the gestation period of the apple trees the production will be still more as compared to the current period.

There are no any fixed prices laid by the government, as the fluctuating prices create problems for the growers and contractors. While observing, the biggest problem faced by the growers of apple is to carry their produce in unrefrigerated vehicles and the presence of the commission agents also proves non-beneficial for the apple cultivators. Now a day’s ministry of railways is working in order to connect the valley with the rest of India.

Taking the above facts into consideration, if apposite steps are taken, there will surely be progression in the state. In every circumstance, this sector has continuouslyremained an imperative economic sector and a large portion of the population flourishes inthis sector. Hence, if appropriatesteps are taken upon the suggestions given in the study, there will surely be a positive change in the economy and the standard of living of the farmers allied to thissector. In view of the fact that, this sector is one of the important foreign exchange earners of the state, so that the sector will emerge as a vast industry in the State and the requirements should be made for additional exports.

CONCLUSION AND POLICY SUGGESTIONS


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REFERENCES1.Von Braun, Joachim. "Agricultural Commercialization: Impacts on Income and Nutrition and Implications for Policy." Food policy 20.3 (1995): 187-202.2.Chand, Ramesh. "Diversification through High Value Crops in Western Himalayan Region: Evidence from Himachal Pradesh." Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 51.4 (1996): 652.3.Joshi, Pramod K., et al. "Agriculture Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications." Economic and Political Weekly (2004): 2457-2467.4.Joshi, P. K., Ashok Gulati, and Ralph Waldo Cummings. Agricultural Diversification and Smallholders in South Asia. Academic Foundation, New Delhi (2007).5.Joshi, P.K. et al. “Agriculture Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications.” Economic and Political Weekly39.24 (2004): 2457–2467.6.Khan, A. R., A. R. Ganai, and S. A. Bhat. "Geography of India and Kashmir”City Book Centre, Srinagar (2006).7.Kumar, Anjani, Pramod Kumar, and Alakh N. Sharma. "Crop diversification in Eastern India: Status and determinants." Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 67.4 (2012): 600-616.8.Kundu, Amitabh. "Changing Agrarian System and Rural Urban Linkages." Handbook of Agriculture in India” Oxford University Press, U.S.A. (2007)9.Malik, D. P., and I. J. Singh. "Crop diversification-An Economic Analysis." Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 36.1 (2002): 61-64.10.Pingali, Prabhu L., and Mark W. Rosegrant. "Agricultural Commercialization and Diversification: Processes and Policies." Food policy 20.3 (1995): 171-185.11.Raina, A. N. "Geography of Jammu & Kashmir State." Radha Krishan Anand & Co., Pacca Danga, Jammu (2012).12.Chand, Ramesh. "Emerging Crisis in Punjab Agriculture: Severity and Options for Future." Economic and Political Weekly (1999): A2-A10.13.Reshi, Mohmad Iqbal, Muzaffer Ahmad Malik, and Vijay Kumar. "Assessment of Problems and Prospects of Apple Production and Marketing in Kashmir Valley, India." Journal of Environmental Research and Development 4.4 (2010). 1077-108214.Ryan, James G., and D. C. Spencer. Future Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural R&D in the Semi-Arid Tropics. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru (2001).15.Sheikh, Sajad Hussain, and A. K. Tripathi. "Socio-Economic Conditions of Apple Growers of Kashmir Valley: A Case Study of District Anantnag." International Journal of Educational Research and Technology 4.1 (2013): 30-39.16.Government of Jammu and Kashmir, EconomicSurvey 2014-2015, Directorate of Economic and Statistics, J&K.


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Annexure-1FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES

AND THE LEVEL OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION


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Variables Diversification Level

Total Com plete Diversification Low Diversified Moderately Diversified Highly Diversified Complete Specialization

Age (21 to 40) 0

(0)

12

(25)

4

(8.3)

0

(0)

32

(66.7)

48

(100)

Age (41 to 60) 0

(0) 34

(19.8) 94

(54.7) 2

(1.2) 42

(24.4) 172

(100)

Age (Above 60) 0

(0)

28

(53.8)

22

(42.3)

2

(3.8)

0

(0) 52

(100)

Total 0

(0) 74

(27.2) 120

(44.1) 4

(1.5) 74

(27.2) 272

(100)

Gender (Male) 0

(0) 74

(30.3) 120

(49.2) 4

(1.6) 46

(18.9) 244

(100)

Gender (Female) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 28

(100) 28

(100)

Total 0

(0)

74

(27.2)

120

(44.1)

4

(1.5)

74

(27.2)

272

(100)

Education (Illiterate) 0

(0)

22

(27.5)

34

(42.5)

0

(0)

24

(30.0)

80

(100)

Education (Middle) 0

(0)

32

(31.4)

48

(47.1)

4

(3.9)

18

(17.6)

102

(100)

Education (HSC) 0

(0) 12

(33.3) 22

(61.1) 0

(0) 2

(5.6) 36

(100)

Education (Graduation) 0

(0) 6

(27.3) 8

(36.4) 0

(0) 8

(36.4) 22

(100)

Education (PG/Other) 0

(0) 2

(6.3) 8

(25.0) 0

(0) 22

(68.8) 32

(100)

Total 0

(0)

74

(27.2)

120

(44.1)

4

(1.5)

74

(27.2)

272

(100)

Occupation (Agriculture) 0

(0)

36

(30.5)

48

(40.7)

2

(1.7)

32

(27.1)

118

(100)

Occupation (Business) 0

(0)

24

(29.3)

50

(61.0)

2

(2.4)

6

(7.3)

82

(100)

Occupation (Government Service) 0

(0) 14

(19.4) 22

(30.6) 0

(0) 36

(50.0) 72

(100)

Total 0

(0)

74

(27.2)

120

(44.1)

4

(1.5)

74

(27.2)

272

(100)

Family Type (Nuclear Family) 0

(0) 40

(20.6) 80

(41.2) 2

(1.0) 72

(37.1) 194

(100)

Family Type (Joint Fam ily) 0

(0) 34

(43.6) 40

(51.3) 2

(2.6) 2

(2.6) 78

(100)

Total 0

(0)

74

(27.2)

120

(44.1)

4

(1.5)

74

(27.2)

272

(100)

Family Size (Below 5) 0

(0)

22

(14.1)

66

(42.3)

0

(0)

68

(43.6)

156

(100)

Family Size (6-10) 0

(0)

34

(44.7)

34

(44.7)

2

(2.6)

6

(7.9)

76

(100)

Family Size (Above 10) 0

(0)

18

(45.0)

20

(50.0)

2

(5.0)

0

(0)

40

(100)

Total 0

(0)

74

(27.2)

120

(44.1)

4

(1.5)

74

(27.2)

272

(100)

Land Owned (Below 2 Kanals) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 10

(100) 10

(100)

Land Owned (3-4 Kanals) 0

(0) 12

(24.0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 38

(76.0) 50

(100)


(0) 24

(22.2) 62

(57.4) 0

(0) 22

(20.4) 108

(100)


(0)

32

(34.8)

52

(56.5)

4

(4.3)

4

(4.3)

92

(100)

Land Owned (Above 16 Kanals) 0

(0)

6

(50.0)

6

(50.0)

0

(0)

0

(0) 12

(100)

Total 0

(0) 74

(27.2) 120

(44.1) 4

(1.5) 74

(27.2) 272

(100)


Mohd Asif ShahPh.D. Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar , Tamil Nadu, India.

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