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Determination of Silicate

Minerals in Acid Sulfate

Soils Using X-ray

Diffraction Analysis

Najim Muhammad

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Department of Land

Management

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Outline

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

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Aluminum toxicity throughout the

world

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Acid sulfate soils are categorized

by two things:

Having a pH less than 3.5

Having high Aluminumconcentration

Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) give

acid sulfate soils a high toxicity,

and it affects the bio-chemical

properties of the soil.

It is difficult to grow in these soils

unless the soil is effectively

augmented.

Methods to

improve acid

sulfate soil include

liming (GML),

leeching anddrainage by water,

and submergence.

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Acid Sulfate Soils in Malaysia

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

PeninsularMalaysia

Under ricecultivation

Kelantan

Area(ha)

110,000

20,000 10,000

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X-ray diffraction can be used to

analyze results of soil samples.

The composition of a single

grain or crystal can be

determined

Small areas of the crystal can

have size, shape, and stress

measured.

Crystal structure of an unknown

material can be identified.

D-spacing

X-ray Diffraction

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Materials and Methods

Two soil samples

were used.

Sample 1 is soil

from Semerak,

Kelantan,

Malaysia.

Sample 2 is soil

from Merbok

Kedah, Malaysia.

Both acid sulfate

soils.

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Preparation of Sample

Collection of soil

Ground the soil

Sieve through 2mm sift

Weigh out 30g Put in beaker and wet

with water

Add 50mL of hydrogen

peroxide Let sit in beaker for 30

min

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Had to let soil sit in peroxide

longer than 30 min.

Soil was continually bubbling to

the top of beaker, used alcohol toneutralize the bubbling.

Placed samples on hot plate at

130C for increased reaction time.

After one hour took samples off

hot plate and put in sink with

water to cool off.

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Added water to sample

Remove water from clay

Use pipette to collect10mL of the sample and

put on sample slides

Let sample slides dry

Put samples in x-ray

diffraction machine

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Saturation of Sample

Saturate soil samples in

Potassium Chloride

(KCl)

Determine how much

KCl to use for saturation.

250mL flask

74.56g KCl=1000mL

Combine KCl with

250mL of water

Weigh out 3g of soil in 3

containers. Twocontainers contained 3g

of sample one and one

container had 3g of

sample two

Place three containers in

centrifuge

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Wash saturated soil samples two times

with 30mL of alcohol and once with 30mL

of water

Used pipette to obtain sample then

released onto sample slides

Let sample dry for 24 hours

Put sample slides in x-ray diffraction

machine

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Saturation of Sample

Saturate soil samples in

Magnesium Chloride

(MgCl2)

Determine how much MgCl2

to use for saturation.

250mL flask

203.30gMgCl2=1000mL

I repeated same process

as I did for KCl saturation

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Heated Magnesium Sample

Used pipette to obtain sample 2 then put

on sample slide

Let the slide dry for 24 hours

Put in furnace at 100 for 8 hours

Put in x-ray diffraction machine

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Sample 1 Graph

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Sample 1 Chart

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Common Mineral D-spacing

D-spacings of mica are 10,5, and 3.33A. D-spacings of kaolinite are 7.2

and 3.57A. D-spacings of quartz are 4.26 and 3.3A.

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Sample 2 Graph

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Sample 2 Chart

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Sample 1 KCl

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Sample 1 KCl Chart

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Sample 2 KCl Heated Graph

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Sample 2 KCl Heated Chart

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Sample 1 MgCl2Graph

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Sample 1 MgCl2Chart

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Sample 2 MgCl2Graph

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Conclusion

In conclusion, I have recorded that quartz

is the most prevalent mineral in all of the

samples I had. In this case it seems all

the samples had a similar make up of

100% quartz mineral. All the samples alsohad appropriate amounts on mica and

kaolinite in them.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Shamshuddin Jusop

Dr. Qurban Ali Panhwhar

Dr. Azali

Dr. Ponzarina

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