determination of volatile organic · bio-fuel classification wood fuels agro fuels solid liquid...
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Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted From
Softwood Pellets During Storage
Mehrdad Arshadi,Unit of Biomass Technology &
Chemistry
Fuel pellets as an energy resource
Mehrdad Arshadi,Unit of Biomass Technology &
Chemistry
Bio-fuel Classification
Wood Fuels Agro Fuels
Solid Liquid LiquidSolid
Chips, Sawdust,
Charcoal, Briquettes, Pellets
Black Liquor, EthanolMethanol, Pyrolytic Oil
Straw, Stalks, Briquettes,
Powder, Pellets
Raw Vegetable Oil,Bio-Diesel, Methanol,
Ethanol,
Biogas
GasesGases
Wood pellets• Made of sawdust• Mainly of pine and spruce • Energy resource for heating
houses and some industries
• Renewable • Today 30 wood pellets
productions companies producing about 1400 000 tons of pellets per year in Sweden (price 188-248 Euro/ton)
Fuel pellets can be made of:• Sawdust,• Bark,• Reed canary grass• Cotton,• Cutter shaving • Olive oil seeds• Eucalyptus leaves• Rape seed cakes• Peat• Salix (Willow) • etc
Different kind of pellets
Salix
Cotton plant (bushes)
Eucalyptus leaves
Olive seeds
Hungarian grass
Reed canary grass
Different kind of pellets, cont.
Peat,10 mm
Peat,6 mm
Cotton residue,leaves & flowers
Cotton seed residueafter pressed oil
Hemp
Wood,pine/spruce
Wheat straw Bark (pine) Bark (spruce)
Different kind of pellets, cont.
Bio-Fuel Technology Centre
Dosage screw
Silo
Mixing screw
Air separator for metal, gravel reduction
Fan
Cyclone
Bale moving belt
Course mill (shredder)
Fine mill
Pellets press Mixing screw
Bio-Fuel Technology Centre (BTC), a pilot plant for pellets production
Metal & gravel material
Fan
Cyclone Air separationtable
material + Air
Air
Input Screw
Material+ air
Material out
Shaking table
Air separator & Cyclone
DryerMixer/balance
Pellet press
Pellet cooler
Mill
Conveyor
Steam generator
Bio-Fuel Technology Centre (BTC), the second line
Why using wood pellets and not sawdust directly?
• Lower moisture content (no risk for mould formation)
• Low transport costs• Higher energy content per volume• Easy to feed in burners• Low storage costs• Higher density and better combustion• Homogeneity, less variations in moisture
content
Pellets compared to other FuelsAdvantages with pellets Disadvantages with
pelletsOil Renewable Needs larger storage place
Domestic production New, needs for establishment
Cheaper Ashes
Electricity Cheaper Need for storage room
Electricity can be used in more important aspects Ashes
New marketing
Emissions
Wood Less work with production More expensive fuel
Higher energy density
Automatic feed of the fuel to burner
Smaller equipment needs with combustion
Easier to transport
Usage of pellets as fuel
• Household sector• Industrial sector• Heat and power generation• Heating government official building
like hospitals, schools, etc• Other commercial sectors• Transport of raw material for ethanol
production from cellulose (wood)
Energy content (Net calorific heat values MJ/kg Dry Substances)
• Reed canary grass 17.2 • Straw 17.4 • Willow 18.3 • Sawdust 19.2• Wood Pellets 19.2 • Wood 19.2• Peat 21.5• Coal 27.2• Oil 42.7
Development of Swedish Pellet Market (energy production)
0
1
2
3
4
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6
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Pelle
t del
iver
ies
(TW
h)
Swedish Pellet Market Development
• 2003 1,1 million tons• 2004 1,2 million tons• 2005 1,4 million tons• 2006 1,7 million tons• 2007 2,0 million tons• 2008 2,3 million tons
Prognosis
Source: The bio-energy
international
Source: The bio-energy
international
Source: The bio-energy
international
Pellets production in Denmark
Source: The bio-energy
international
Other raw material such as reed canary grass
Pellets Production
• Small Scale, productions capacity around 500 kg of pellets per hour (4000 tons/year).
• Medium Scale, productions capacity 5 000-50 000 tons/year.
• Large scale, productions capacity more than 50 000 tons/year. Sometimes heat & power at the same time.
The Commercial pellet Mills• SCA BioNorr AB in
Härnösand, 150 000 tons/year
• Skellefteå Kraft AB, 90 000-115 000 tons/year
• Bioenergi i Luleå AB,120 000 tons/year
Fuel pellets properties
• Length (mm) • Moisture content (%) • Ash content (% dry wt)• Calorific value (MJ/kg dry wt)• Density (kg/m3)• Durability (%)• Particle size distribution in raw material (%wt)
One example of technical data for pellets
• Moisture content is about 6-8 %• Energy value in 1 ton of pellets is about 5.0
MWh, which is about 0.5 m3 oil• 1 m3 oil = 2 tons pellets = 3.16 m3 pellets• Bulk density (Weight) = 630 kg per m3
• Individual density = 1200 kg per m3
• Dimension: 6 or 8 mm i diameterLength: 5 — 15 mm.
• No binding or other additives used in Sweden• Ashes: about 0.3 % of weight
Sieving
Wood Pellets process
Sawdust Drying Grinding
Pressing
CoolingSievingStoring
Sieving Pellets
Wood pellets process
• Drying of wet sawdust (~ 45-55 % water) to 5-15 % moisture content, requires a lot of energy,
• Grinding to particle size < 3 mm,• Pressed through cylindrical holes in a
pellets matrix, temperature rise to above 100 °C,
• Cooling the pellets & storage
Sawdust
Pressing of pellets
Matrix & die
Sieving
Pellets transport
• Pellets in bulk by boat, train and lorry
• Pellets in large sacks (600 kg)
• Pellets in small sacks (16 kg)
Burner (Eco Tec 30 kW)
Burning of pellets
Boilers for ash rich pellets
Welcome to Umeå and Vasa and enjoy the nearly continuous 24 hour sunlight!
NIR 2007
Spreading the Light
•Spectroscopy•Chemometrics•Sampling / Sample Presentation•Imaging•Process / Online•Food / Feed•PAT•Frontier / Emerging New Instruments
13th International Conference Near Infrared Spectroscopy 15-21 June 2007 Vasa, Finland & Umeå Sweden