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Determining Baseline Concentrations of Perfluorinated Compounds in English Sole Fish (Parophrys vetulus) Livers

Perfluorinated acids, especially those of longer chain lengths, are persistent, bioaccumulative, and carcinogenic compounds. They have been shown to accumulate in the livers of fish. Three of six P. vetulus (English Sole fish) liver samples from the Puget Sound were spiked with 17 perfluorinated compounds. They were then homogenized and analyzed using a liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer. After all samples have been studied, they will be used to establish baseline concentrations in these bottom feeders. A method developed by the EPA could yield alternative results and must be considered before future analysis.

Abstract  

Jessica  Bryan  and  Joyce  Dinglasan-­‐Panlilio,  PhD  

Environmental  Science,  University  of  Washington  Tacoma  

Perfluorinated compounds, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are found in various consumer products, such as water repellents and non-stick pans (Delinsky et al 2010).

They are also used as anti-static agents for surface treatment and as components of fire fighting foams (Becker et al 2008).

Pefluorinated compounds are anthropogenic, and they are resistant to microbial degradation (Weremuik et al 2006).

They are widely distributed throughout the environment in biological tissues of humans and wildlife, though concentrations are low in lower trophic-level organisms (Kannan et al 2005).

Background  

  Nine 15mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes were labeled with sample names and weighed on an analytical balance with the caps on. 4mL of 0.25M sodium carbonate, 1mL of 0.25 tetrabutylammonium sulfate (TBAS), and 25µL of a Recovery standard were added to each tube.

  Approximately 0.5g of P. vetulus liver samples were added to six tubes, but 12.5µL of 200ppb PFAC-MXB in methanol was only added to three tubes.   5mL of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) was added to each tube with a glass pipette, which were then shaken by hand for 5 minutes.

Methods   Results  

Becker AM, Gerstmann S, Hartmut F. 2008. Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Two Fish Species Collected from the Rotar Main River, Bayreuth, Germany. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 84: 132-135.

Delinsky AD, Stryner MJ, McCann PJ, Varns JL, McMillan L, Nakayama SF, Lindstrom AB. Geographical Distribution of Perfluorinated Compounds in Fish from Minnesota Lakes and Rivers. Environmental Science and Technology 44:2549-2554.

Kannan K, Tao L, Sinclair E, Pastva SD, Jude DJ, Giesy JP. Perfluorinated Compounds in Aquatic Organisms at Various Trophic Levels in a Great Lakes Food Chain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48:559-566.

Weremiuk AM, Gerstmann S, Hartmut F. 2006. Quantitative determination of perfluorinated surfactants in water by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Journal of Separation Science 29: 2251-2255.

References  

Acknowledgments  Shristi Prakash for mentoring and guidance on the

methods Chris and Steven LaRocque for providing and

extracting livers for the practice run U.S. Fish and Wildlife for the opportunity to work on

this project

Figure 5: Compounds of interest and chemical structures

  The remaining contents of each tube was reconstituted with 500µL of methanol and placed in a vortex for 30 seconds.   These were then transferred by syringe to 1mL polypropylene vials and analyzed using a liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer.   The data was transferred to a computer and then evaluated to determine the concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in each tube.

  The organic and aqueous layers were separated for 5 minutes at 3500rpm in a centrifuge system.   The MTBE layer was removed from each tube, and placed in a clean centrifuge tube.   These steps were then repeated, leaving approximately 10mL of MTBE in nine new centrifuge tubes.   The MTBE extracts were then brought to dryness using a nitrogen evaporator.

Figure 2: Sole Fish samples prepared with solvents

Figure 1: Sample baseline concentration ratios for a sulfonoic and carboxylic acid

PFTrDa  (663>619)  

PFTeDA  (713>669)  

PFTDHxA  (813>769)  

213.5   65  

287   73   99  

792.5   231  

3101   867  

14803.5   4175.5   1445  

27370   7627.5   2430.5  

PFDoA  /MPFDoA    

PFTrDa  (663>619)  

PFTeDA  (713>669)  

0.075582638   213.5   65  

0.121283624   287   73  

0.286725482   792.5   231  

1.285468616   3101   867  

6.064856533   14803.5   4175.5  

10.72976382   27370   7627.5  

Figure  3:  Sole  Fish  samples  in  Nitrogen  Evaporator  

Figure  1:  Sole  Fish  samples  

Figure  4:  Homogenizer  for  livers  

y  =  0.051x  +  0.1035  R²  =  0.99223  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

0   50   100   150   200   250  

Area  Re

spon

se  

Concentra=on  (ppb)  

PFOS/MPFOS  

y  =  0.046x  +  0.1779  R²  =  0.9962  

0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  

10  

0   50   100   150   200   250  

Area  Re

spon

se  

Concentra=on  (ppb)  

PFNA/MPFOA  

Results  

Figure 2: English Sole Fish in natural environment http://www.scubaboard.com/gallery

Figure 2: Recovery percentages of carboxylic compounds of interest

Name Acronyms Structure

Perfluorobutanoic Acid PFBA C3F7COOH

Perfluoropentanoic Acid PFPeA C4F9COOH

Perfluorohexanoic Acid PFHxA C5F11COOH

Perfluoroheptanoic Acid PFHpA C6F13COOH

Perfluorooctanoic Acid PFOA C7F15COOH

Perfluorononanoic Acid PFNA C8F17COOH

Perfluorodecanoic Acid PFDA C9F19COOH

Perfluoroundecanoic Acid PFUndA C10F21COOH

Perfluorododecanoic Acid PFUndoA C11F23COOH

FF

F F

F F

F F

F F

F

FF

F

FF

F

O

SOH

O

Figure 1: Compounds of interest

-­‐1000  

-­‐800  

-­‐600  

-­‐400  

-­‐200  

0  

200  

400  

600  

800  

1000  

1200  

PFBA

 

PFBA

/MPFHxA  

PFPeA    

PFPeA/M

PFHxA  

PFHxA    

PFHxA/M

PFHxA  

PFHpA

 

PFHpA

/  MPFOA  

PFOA    

PFOA/M

PFOA    

PFNA  

PFNA/M

PFNA    

PFDA  

PFDA/M

PFDA    

PFUdA

 

PFUdA

/MPU

dA    

PFDoA

   

PFDoA

/MPFDoA

   

PFTrDa  

PFTeDA  

PFTD

HxA    

Recovery  (%

)  

Compounds  of  Interest  

Recovery  1  

Recovery  2  

Figure 3: Recovery percentages of sulfanoic compounds of interest

Perfluorinated Sulfonates (PFSAs)

Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)

Conc.(μg/L)  

PFBA   PFBA/MFHxA  

PFPeA   PFPeA/  MPFHxA  

PFHxA   PFHxA/MPFHxA  

PFHpA   PFHpA/MPFOA  

PFOA   PFOA/MPFOA  

PFNA   PFNA/MPFNA  

PFDA   PFDA/MPFDA  

PFUdA   PFUdA/MPUdA  

PFDoA   PFDoA/MPFDoA  

PFTrDa  

Blank  1   54.1   24.1   -­‐0.41   -­‐0.98   -­‐1.31   0.16   -­‐0.45   -­‐1.10   1.75   1.36   -­‐3.20   -­‐3.15   -­‐3.93   -­‐2.29   -­‐5.59   -­‐2.93   -­‐1.32   -­‐1.09   0.59  

Blank  2   191.3   108.9   3.79   1.58   -­‐1.15   0.79   0.14   -­‐0.65   1.86   1.43   -­‐4.78   -­‐3.83   -­‐4.51   -­‐2.87   -­‐6.24   -­‐3.50   -­‐1.75   -­‐1.56   -­‐0.61  

Blank  3   85.3   35.7   3.43   0.62   -­‐0.95   3.83   -­‐0.76   -­‐1.24   2.00   1.48   -­‐4.79   -­‐3.84   -­‐4.29   -­‐2.66   -­‐6.18   -­‐3.47   -­‐1.53   -­‐0.49   -­‐5.94  

0  

50  

100  

150  

200  

250  

300  

350  

400  

450  

PFBS  

PFHxS  

PFHxS/M

PFHxS    

PFOS    

PFDS    

MPFHxS    

Recovery  (%

)  

Compounds  of  Interest  

Recovery  1  

Recovery  2  

Figure 1: Concentrations of sulfanoic and carboxylic controls

Conc.  (μg/L)  

PFBS   PFHxS   PFHxS/MPFHxS  

PFOS   PFDS   MPFHxS  

Blank  1   0   -­‐1.76   -­‐2.08   3.39   0.31   -­‐1.77  

Blank  2   -­‐1.89   -­‐1.79   -­‐2.09   1.37   -­‐0.62   -­‐2.07  

Blank  3   -­‐1.86   -­‐1.79   -­‐2.09   1.83   -­‐0.68   -­‐2.02