Developing a Spray ProgramDeveloping a Spray Program

Stephen JordanStephen Jordan UW-Madison UW-Madison

Considerations when developing a spray program

Varietal susceptibility to disease Vineyard disease history Fungicide options

Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) Certified pesticide applicators or persons under their direct

supervision http://ipcm.wisc.edu/Default.aspx?alias=ipcm.wisc.edu/pat

Organic Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)

Environmental impact Fungicide resistance management Cost vs product efficacy Re-entry Interval (REI) and Pre-harvest Interval (PHI)

Variety Susceptibility

Resistant? Yes. Immune? Probably Not!

Variety Black Rot Downy Mildew Powdery Mildew Phomopsis Anthracnose Botrytis Sulfur sensitiveCopper

SensitiveBrianna ++ + + ? + ++ NO ?Edelwiess ? ++ ++ ? ? ? ? ?Frontenac ++ + ++ + + ++ NO ?Frontenac Gris ++ + ++ + + ++ NO ?LaCrescent ++ ++ ++ + + + ? ?LaCrosse +++ ++ ++ ++ + +++ ? ?Leon Millot + + ++ + + +++ YES ?Marechal Foch ++ + ++ + ++ + YES ?Marquette ++ + + ? ++ +++ ? ?St. Croix ? ++ ++ ? + ++ ? ?St. Pepin + +/++ +++ + + ++ NO NOValiant ? +++ +++ ? +++ ? ? ?

+=slightly susceptible or sensitive; ++=moderately susceptible or sensitive; +++=highly susceptible or sensitive; No=not

Most of these ratings were taken from research and observations from other states

Unsure about a variety? talk to someone nearby who is growing it

Protectant and Systemic Fungicides Protectant fungicides act as a barrier to

infection on the surface of the tissue Must be applied prior to inoculum reaching the vine Does not protect new growth and must be re-applied Prone to environmental degradation

Rain, UV etc..

Systemic fungicides enter the plant tissue Varying levels of penetration Varying levels of “curative” power (dose dependent) Can act as a protectant Limited protection of new growth after application Less prone to environmental degradation

Fungicide Resistance Management

Multi-target mode of action vs single target mode of action

Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code on labels (not all!)

Mix at-risk materials with materials that have different modes of action

Alternate at-risk materials with materials that have different modes of action (different FRAC codes)

Avoid using low rates with marginal control. Get complete coverage so that all parts of the plant

receive an effective dose.

Anne DeMarsay, PhD

FRAC Code

FRAC Code

Dithane, Dithane DF Rainshield , Manex II, Manzate, Penncozeb

ethylene(bis) dithiocarbamate (EBCD fungicide)

Broad spectrum protectant, no worries about resistance

Workhorse of early-season disease control 66 day Post-harvet Interval (PHI) 24 hr Restricted Entry Period (REI)

Mancozeb

Alternatives to mancozeb Captan

Can be used later in the season than mancozeb (0 day PHI)

Protectant 3 day REI can make working in the vineyard a

problem 24 lb/acre/year limit Can not be used with crop oils

Ziram Protectant 48h REI, 21 day PHI Great for black rot Overall less effective than mancozeb

The other work horse Also known as DMI fungicides Systemic, excellent post-infection activity (“kick-

back”) requires fungicide resistance management Relatively affordable Highly effective against black rot and powdery mildew,

effective against phomopsis Rally (Nova) (myclobutanil)

24h REI, 14 day PHI Elite (tebuconazole)

12h REI, 14 day PHI

Sterol inhibitor fungicides

Very effective, great protectant activity, poor “kick-back” activity

Slightly systemic

Tend to be more expensive

Must use fungicide resistance management (no more than 2 applications in a row, and do not rotate with another strobilurin)

Limited to 3 applications in a season (at max label rate)

Strobilurins

Strobilurins Abound (azoxystrobin)

4 hr REI, 14 day PHI.

Sovran (kresoxim methyl) 12 hr REI, 14 day PHI

Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) 12 hr REI, 14 day PHI, 5 day REI when cane tying,

turning, girdling Potentially phytotoxic to labrusca

Flint (trifloxystrobin) Less effective

Mefenoxam

Ridomil formulations with mancozeb, copper

Expensive

Very effective for downy mildew control

Very systemic, curative

With copper, effective against powdery mildew (but PHI of 42 days)

Sulfur Sulfur is very effective for powdery mildew control

Can be mixed with most other fungicides except crop oils

Does not work well below 65°F and can be phytotoxic to vines at temperatures over 85°F

Some cultivars are sulfur sensitive (Foch)

Ask your winemaker

Coppers Several different formulations (copper sulfate,

copper hydroxide)

Cool temperatures can lead to phytotoxicity

Work well in controlling downy mildew infections, ok control of powdery mildew

Only use on copper-tolerant cultivars

Ask your winemaker

Phosphorous acid fungicides Agri-fos (potassium phosphate)

Aliette (fosetyl-Al)

Phostrol, Prophyt (Na, K, NH3 phosphites, phosphorous acids)

Work very well against downy mildew (good products for cleaning up foliage), some efficacy against other grape pathogens,

Broad spectrum fungicides (?)

Phosphonates

Other fungicide options Vangard, Elevate, Endura, and Rovral

Most effective for Botrytis bunch rot control Quintec

Powdery mildew product, protectant Topsin M

Effective for powdery mildew, anthracnose, not effective for black rot and downy mildew control

Quadris Top, (new product for grape) Mix of an SI fungicide and a strobilurin

Revus Top (new product for grapes) Mix of mandipropamid and difenoconazole (SI fungicide) University efficacy trials show excellent control of black

rot, downy and powdery mildew

Other fungicide options Crop Oils (JMS Stylet Oil, Saf-T-Side, etc)

Effective for powdery mildew control and some insects Can remove the “bloom” from berries, not advisable for

table grapes Biologicals

Serenade, Sonata May play a role in organic production, not as effective as

conventional fungicides Potassium Salts

Armicarb, Nutrol Some efficacy for powdery mildew only, short-lived

protectants Hydrogen Peroxide (Oxidate)

Surface anti-sporulant, not a protectant

Approximate fungicide costs/acre (2010)

Cost ($)/Acre Cost ($)/Acre

Broad Sprectrum Protectants Low RateHigh Rate Phosphonates

Low Rate

High Rate

ZIRAM 76 12.00 16.00 PHOSTROL 11.01 22.01PENNCOZEB 8.04 21.44CAPTEC 4L 10.75 21.50 CopperCAPTAN 50W/MF 10.82 21.64 KOCIDE 3000 7.64 17.83

CHAMP 10.50 21.00SI FungicidesELITE 45 WP - 15.19 SulfurRALLY 14.37 23.95 KUMULUS 3.34 16.70

SULFUR MICROFINE 2.77 18.25Strobilurin Fungicides LIME SULFUR 70.96 177.40SOVRAN 18.00 27.00 (Dormant)ABOUND 24.08 37.32 OthersFLINT 25.54 51.08 TOPSIN M 13.95 27.90

RIDOMIL GOLD MZ - 37.58PRISTINE 25.95 40.54 OXIDATE 12.87 42.91

SERENADE MAX 14.89 44.67VANGARD 23.45 46.90

Red = OMRI approved

Spray program options No spraying

Prepare to be disappointed Calendar Schedule

Fungicide application every x number of days 10-14 day intervals is the norm In areas with high disease pressure and susceptible varieties, this

could be every 7 days

Phenological Schedule Sprays are based on the growth stage of the vines

Can be problematic with vines at different stages

Ideally, we would use a combination of the calendar and phenological schedules with a large dose of flexibility

Non-bearing vs bearing fruit

Dormant spray Recommended for anthracnose, phomopsis and some

insects

Might decrease powdery mildew inoculum Won’t eliminate the disease from your vineyard

Lime sulfur Caustic (hard on sprayer) Expensive when used as a dormant spray Does not store well (crystallizes, need hot water to mix) Stinks!

Is anthracnose and phomopsis a problem in your vineyard? Yes, Apply lime sulfur No, Save your money

1” Shoots to pre-bloom

1” Shoots to pre-bloom Goal is to protect the young, growing shoots

Black rot, powdery mildew, anthracnose, Phomopsis, downy mildew

14 day spray intervals should be adequate

Use a good protectant such as mancozeb or captan Black rot problems or variety susceptibility, use mancozeb Downy mildew problems, use captan

If you miss a spray, or wet weather is delaying a spray, add an SI fungicide (Rally, Elite, etc…) to the tank mix for “kick-back” or post-infection activity

Pre-bloom to 5-6 weeks post-bloom

Immediate prebloom through 5 to 6 weeks post-bloom is the most critical period for fungicide sprays

Pre-bloom to 5-6 weeks post-bloom

Pre-bloom to 5-6 weeks post-bloom Primary goal is to protect the young, susceptible fruit

we want the rest of the vine to be protected as well 3 sprays should cover this period (14 day intervals)

mancozeb or captan + SI fungicide (captan for the last spray?)

strobilurin in the rotation Rainy, warm weather and susceptible variety,

shorten to 10 days (strobilurin more rain fast) Don’t rely only on a strobilurin fungicide during this

period 3 applications total for the season, only 2 sprays in a row fungicide resistance management

5-6 weeks post-bloom to harvest (and beyond)

5-6 weeks post-bloom to harvest (and beyond) Fruit should now be resistant to most pathogens Powdery and downy mildew on foliage

How much disease can you tolerate Reduce over-wintering inoculum

Bunch rots Botrytis, sour rot, ripe rot

Switching from mancozeb (66 day PHI) to captan as primary protectant

Typically, a drier late summer can help you reduce # of sprays

Strobilurin fungicides are good for powdery mildew, downy mildew and bunch rots

Example program – vines bearing fruit 1” shoots, May 1st , mancozeb ($20) 6” shoots, May 15th mancozeb ($20) Prebloom/bloom, June 1st mancozeb + SI ($35) 1st Cover Spray, June 15th strobilurin ($40) 2nd Cover Spray, July 1st captan + SI ($35) 3rd Cover Spray, July 15th strobilurin ($40) 4th Cover Spray, (veraison) Spray August 1st,

captan ($20) Clean-up Spray for downy mildew in

September, Phosphorous Acid ($20)

Total cost per acre in fungicides - $230

Fungicide program for non-bearing fruit

Not worried about fruit or harvest, so PHI goes out the window

Grow tubes are an ideal environment for disease Warm and humid

Scout for foliar symptoms Downy and powdery mildew are the greatest

threat Anthracnose, black rot, and phomopsis may have

come in on the nursery stock Spray as needed

What I would keep in my fungicide storage shed

mancozeb and captan mancozeb for early season, captan for late season

A sterol-inhibitor fungicide Rally, Elevate, etc… Tank mix with one of the above protectants during the

“CRITICAL PERIODCRITICAL PERIOD” A strobilurin or strobilurin containing product

Effective for both powdery and downy mildew Good for late season control of bunch rots

Perhaps a Phosphorus acid fungicide (Phostrol, Prophyt, etc..) Good for downy mildew on the leaves and affordable

A powdery mildew fungicide

What about insects? Scouting is critical Scouting for phylloxera at the end of May Insecticides are applied as needed with

scheduled fungicide sprays 2011 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray

Guide is a great reference

Phylloxera insecticide trial - 2010

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All foliar applications 2x after bloom

Making tank mixes Fill the tank ¼ - ½ full and begin agitation When mixing chemicals, add in the following

order:1. Wettable Powders 2. Dispersible Granules3. Flowables4. Emulsifiable Concentrates5. Solutions6. Crop oils or surfactants

The mixture should be agitated after each addition.

Reminders for proper tank mixing Familiarize yourself with the adjustments specific

to your sprayer, not all sprayers operate the same and are adjusted differently

Be sure the sprayer is parked on a level surface Know the exact tank volume Mark the tank volumes where they can easily be

read Calibrate the sprayer Choose a formulation that best meets the need of

a particular application Read the label and be aware of mixing

precautions and personal protection equipment Mix only what is needed for that day Fill half the tank with clean water, never add

concentrated chemicals to an empty tank Start the agitation before adding any

chemicals

Reminders for proper tank mixing To avoid back-siphoning of chemicals, there should be

no direct connection between the water source and the sprayer tank

Properly measure and add the chemicals to the tank If using different formulations, follow the mixing order

above Sometimes it is easier to premix the chemicals into a

slurry before adding to the tank Rinse any mixing containers and pour the rinsate into

the tank Fill the tank to its final volume, avoid over-filling the

tank Properly dispose of all empty pesticide containers Properly clean-up and dispose of any spilled chemical or

pesticide solution Apply the pesticide according to labeled directions

Stephen Jordan608-228-6932sjordan3@wisc.edu