development and initial validation of the response to stressful experiences scale (rses)
TRANSCRIPT
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Development and Initial Validation of the Response to Development and Initial Validation of the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale (RSES)Stressful Experiences Scale (RSES)
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Douglas C. JohnsonDouglas C. JohnsonWarfighter PerformanceNaval Health Research Center
Robert H. PietrzakRobert H. PietrzakNational Center for PTSDYale University
Steven M. SouthwickSteven M. SouthwickNational Center for PTSDYale University
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Psychological Resilience
• What is it?
• Why is it important?
• Are we measuring the default?
• Can we teach it?
• Can we train it?
• Can we bottle it up and administer it?
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PathologyPathology HealthyHealthy
High RiskHigh Risk Vulnerable Resilient
Low RiskLow Risk Unique Stressor Resistant
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Why A New Scale?• Assess processprocess of resilience rather than statestate of
being resilient
• Validate in sample known to have exposure to high-magnitudehigh-magnitude stressors
• Additional facets of multi-dimensional construct (i.e., incremental validityincremental validity)
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1st Battalion 25th Marine Combat Infantry UnitNew England USMC Reserve
34th Combat Aviation Brigade Minnesota National Guard
N = 1049
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N = 1049 (Sample Composition) – Active-Duty, Reserve, & National Guard– Officer & Enlisted– USMC, US Navy & US Army– Multiple Combat Deployments & Non-Deployed– Combat Infantry, Support, Aviation,
Technicians, Medical– Time in service range [ 0 – 20+ years]
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Reliability
• Elimination of poor performing items
• Result = 22-item scale
• Cronbach’s alpha = .91-.93
• Test/retest = .87 (1-week)
• Consistency of factor clusters = .67-.87
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Factor Analyses
Best Model = 6 Factor Solution57% of variability (RMSEA = .04)
1. Cognitive Flexibility2. Spirituality3. Active Coping4. Self Efficacy5. Meaning-making6. Restoration
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Cognitive Flexibility
… adjusting beliefs about the self, the world, and the future
… confronting fears
… reframing stressful events as opportunities
… overcoming cognitive and behavioral avoidance
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Spirituality
… belief that life has dimension beyond physical
… power greater than the ‘self’
… power can guide, shape, influence, and inform experiences
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Active Coping
… thoughts, behaviors, emotions
… aimed at altering external or internal sources of stress
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Self-efficacy
… expectation of ability to direct own fate
… expectation of managing reactions effectively
… confidence in ability to respond adaptively in response to threat
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Meaning-making
… appreciating informational value of stressors
… recognizing stress-related thoughts, behaviors as useful
… living with intentionality
… extracting purpose from suffering and trials
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Restoration
… self-care intended to maintain stability and rejuvenate
… repair of stress related damage
… preparation for anticipated stressors
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Validity• Connor Davidson (CD-RISC): r = .61-.81• Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS): r = .38
• MMPI-2 (Neuroticism): r = -.35• Satisfaction with Life Scale: r = .48
• Unit Cohesion (DRRI): r = .38• Post-deployment Support (DRRI): r = .56
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Validity (continued)• Beck Depression Inventory: r = -.30• Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): r = -.51
• PTSD Checklist (PCL-M): r = -.23 to -.39
• RSES and Combat Experiences:
57% of variance in PTSD symptoms
(in 2 independent military samples)
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Future Directions
• Neural Mechanisms of Optimal Performance (UCSD/Optibrain/NHRC)
• Predictors of Operational Performance in Immersive Training (NHRC/ONR)
• Israeli Defense Force (IDF)
• Civilian sample validation
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Douglas Christian Johnson, Ph.D. Warfighter Performance, NHRC
Melissa Polusny, Ph.D. Minneapolis VA
Christopher Erbes, Ph.D. Minneapolis VA
Dan & Lynda King, Ph.D. NC-PTSD, Boston Univ.
Brett Litz, Ph.D. NC-PTSD, Boston Univ.
Paula Schnurr, Ph.D. NC-PTSD, Dartmouth
Matt Friedman, M.D. NC-PTSD, Dartmouth
Robert Pietrzak, Ph.D. NC-PTSD, Yale
Steve Southwick, M.D. NC-PTSD, Yale
RSES Development Team
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Warfighter PerformanceNaval Health Research CenterNaval Health Research Center
Ph: (818)262-9533Ph: (818)262-9533