Geographic Scales• Global, regional, country, city scales2. Regional Inequalities of Development– Examples of Africa and Europe:

Map 4: Regional HDI African Continent

How can you explain these regional differences in Africa?

Map 5: Discrepancies in HDI Ranking in Europe

Describe the regional discrepancies in Europe

3. On a Country/City Scale:• Case of the NorthUnited States – Wealth Distribution

video TED

Map 6: Number of High Income Households for Each County in the

US 2007-2011Where is wealth concentrated geographically in the U.S.?

Map 6: Annual per Capital Income by Province in China (blue above the mean (= average), orange below the

mean

How would you characterize the distribution of wealth in China?

Case of the South:

Contrast between development in China on the coast and inland, concentration of wealth in urban areas (Beijing and Shanghai) BUT map does not show the concentration of poorest population in slums or insolubrious conditions in cities

III. Changing needs for 9 B people in 2050

A. World population growth increases development disparities

1. Demographic growth at different pacesDemographic transition – spread throughout southern

countries from 1900 to 1950 – ceased in the first half of the 20th

century in industrialized countries

Consequences:

– Today part of subsaharan Africa and the Middle East are still in the stage of demographic explosion

– In India and China, demographic transition is coming to an end but it has caused an effect of inertia. Even if fertility rates have decreased, the generation at an age to procreate remains numerous

A comparison of the % change in projected population 2004-2050

Annual natural growth rates for LEDCs and MEDCs

Country Birth rate Death rate Infant Mortality

rate

Annual natural growth rate (%)

United Kingdom

11.3 10.2 5.2 0.11

France 12.8 9 4.2 0.38

Italy 9.4 9.8 4.5 -0.04

Hungary 9.5 13.1 7.2 -0.36

United States

13.9 8.5 7 0.54

Argentina 19 8 17 1.1

Egypt 27 6 44 2.1

Botswana 28 25 60 0.3

Pakistan 37 10 91 2.7

India 25 8 66 1.7

Which countries have the highest rate? The lowest rate? Why?

2. Increased Needs:• Vital necessities (food, water, energy and medical care)• Lack of resources for the largest number

3. Bigger Gaps:• Between northern and southern countries• Between southern countries who have completed their demographic transition and those who are still undergoing demographic transition

Population pyramid• graphical illustration that shows the

distribution of various age groups in a population which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. It is also used to determine the overall age distribution of a population;

• population plotted on the X-axis and age on the Y-axis, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups

Population Pyramids and Demographic Transition

Stage 1: balance between birth rate and death rate, very slow increase of the population

Stage 2: decline in the death rate while the birth rate remains high. Causes: improvement in food supplies and public health

Stage 3: decline in the birth rate, Causes: birth control, children become an added expense for the familyStage 4: birth rate and death rate at the same level: stability of the population.

Video: Demographic Transition and Population Pyramids

High stationary Early expanding Late expanding Low stationary/decling

Population Pyramid India

In what stage of demographic transition is India?

Stage 2: expanding

Population Pyramid Japan 2009

In what stage of demographic transition is Japan? Stage 4: contracting

Annual natural growth rates for LEDCs and MEDCs

Country Birth rate Death rate Infant Mortality

rate

Annual natural growth rate (%)

Demographic Transition

Stage

United Kingdom

11.3 10.2 5.2 0.11

France 12.8 9 4.2 0.38

Italy 9.4 9.8 4.5 -0.04

Hungary 9.5 13.1 7.2 -0.36

United States

13.9 8.5 7 0.54

Argentina 19 8 17 1.1

Egypt 27 6 44 2.1

Botswana 28 25 60 0.3

Pakistan 37 10 91 2.7

India 25 8 66 1.7

At which stage of the demographic transition are these countries?

• Between towns and countryside: in 2010, more than 50% urban dwellers on earth (should go to 70% in 2050); population will be concentrated in cities

Urbanization

• If urbanization is stabilized in the North, it is exploding in the south• Causes?

– Massive rural flight and natural growth rates in cities

• Giant agglomerations are multiplying in emerging countries. In Asia, the urban population is rising at the rate of 1 million inhabitants per week.

Homework for Nov. 2nd & 4th• DST Population distribution and growth• Urban Growth: BBC website worksheetReadingMastering Modern World History by

Norman Lowe (see blog)• Part VI Global Problems– The changing world economy since 1900,

pp. 583-602– The World’s Population, pp. 604-614