development. learning objectives ovulation and fertilization implantation embryonic and fetal...
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Development
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Learning objectives
• Ovulation and fertilization• Implantation• Embryonic and fetal development• Labor and birth• Postnatal development
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OvulationSpikes in FSH and LH stimulate ovulation of a secondary oocyte
Secondary oocytes do not complete meiosis until fertilization
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Ovulation of a secondary oocyte
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Egg and sperm
Secondary oocyte has a layer of follicular cells and the protective zona pellucida
Acrosome of sperm contain enzymes for passing the corona radiata and zona pellucida
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The acrosome on sperm requires about 7 hrs for activation
• Enzymes from the acrosome – Disrupt the attachments
between cells of the corona radiata and the zona pellucida
– Allows the sperm to reach the oocyte
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Modern IVF techniques create significant ethical questions
• Combined with PCR, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is possible for 8-cell embryos
• A single cell can be sampled
• What can be learned about an embryo from looking at its DNA?
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• The union of the sperm and the egg that results in a cell with 46 chromosomes is called a(n):
A) embryo. B) zygote. C) fetus. D) trophoblast.
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Fertilization until first cleavage
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Identical and fraternal twins
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Gastrulation allows formation of differential tissues from the inner cell massGastrulation- forming of a gastrula- a primitive gut
Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm are formed
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Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm give rise do different tissues
• The inner cell mass of the blastocyst undergoes gastrulation, forming ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm, which will ultimately give rise to all the tissues of the body
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• When two secondary oocytes are released from the ovaries and are fertilized by different sperm cells, this is called:
• A) fraternal twins. • B) identical twins. • C) conjoined twins. • D) clones.
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ImplantationThe embryo release human chorionic gonadotropin Alerts the mother’s body to its
presence, thereby sustaining the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy
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The outermost layer of blastocyst cells give rise to the extraembryonic membranes- amniotic
sac, umbilical cord and chorionic villi of the placenta
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The placenta is the interface between fetal and maternal circulation
• allows the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood to the fetus
• Prevents the mixing of fetal and maternal blood, allowing for differences in blood type between mother and child
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Sexual development
• Male and female reproductive structures are formed from the same tissue
• Differentiated by the presence of absence of the SRY gene region of the Y chromosome
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• A male has a genetic disease coded for on his Y chromosome. Which parent passed on this trait?
• A) The mom • B) The dad • C) Either the mom or dad • D) Neither parent: it is a spontaneous
mutation
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Because organs such as the lungs are not used in utero, fetal circulation is arranged differently
from the circulatory pathway of adults
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Fetal development is most susceptible to birth-defect causing environmental
insults between weeks 3 and 16
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Growth of the fetus is allometric, and continues to be allometric until
development is complete at adulthood
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Labor is the painful process of birthing a baby, and consists of dilation, expulsion, and placental stages
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Lactation cannot begin until a baby is delivered
• Colostrum and milk both contain antibodies which protect a baby against disease during its infancy
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• Which of the following functions to maintain the corpus luteum and to stimulate it to continue to produce the hormone progesterone?
• A) Human chorionic gonadotropin • B) Progesterone • C) Estrogen • D) Testosterone