development of a comprehensive state monitoring and...
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Standard Operating Procedures: Salt Marsh Assessment, May 8, 2012 DRAFT
Development of a Comprehensive State Monitoring and
Assessment Program for Wetlands in Massachusetts:
Salt Marsh Component
Appendix A
Standard Operating Procedures: Assessment of Salt Marsh
Wetland Communities
Phase 2: 2009-2012
Prepared by:
Marc Carullo
Jan Smith
Adrienne Pappal
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs
Office of Coastal Zone Management
251 Causeway Street, Suite 800, Boston, MA 02114
with
Department of Natural Resources Conservation
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
and
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs
Department of Environmental Protection
Standard Operating Procedures: Salt Marsh Assessment, May 8, 2012 DRAFT
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Standard Operating Procedures: Salt Marsh Assessment
1. Scope and Application
This SOP establishes a standard set of procedures to be followed for data collection
toward the development of a Site Level Assessment Method (SLAM) for Massachusetts
salt marshes and to verify and calibrate the Conservation Assessment and Prioritization
System (CAPS) as a mechanism for a landscape level analysis (Level 1) of ecological
integrity. This project will focus on assessment of wetland biological community
condition in salt marshes.
Described below are the procedures that will be followed in collecting data on
macroinvertebrates, vascular plants, and habitat (e.g. tidal hydrology, marsh zonation,
open water patch composition, etc.) to serve as a basis for development of a SLAM and
Indices of Biological Integrity (IBIs) for salt marsh wetlands.
2. Summary
This SOP is applicable for salt marshes throughout Massachusetts. This wetland
community is known as tidal fringe wetland in the hydrogeomorphic (HGM)
classification and estuarine emergent (E2EM) in the Classification of Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitats of the United States. Data collection for the pilot study (phase 2b)
focused on salt marshes from the NH/MA border in Salisbury, MA, south to Hull, and
Cape Cod. The watersheds included in the site selection process were Cape Cod, Charles
(Boston Harbor), Ipswich, Merrimack, Mystic, Neponset, North Coastal, Parker, and
Weymouth & Weir Watersheds. These watersheds provided an appropriate mix of urban,
suburban, and relatively undeveloped coastal areas. They include salt marshes that are
representative of those found throughout Massachusetts. By limiting field work to these
select watersheds, we were able to sample a greater number of sites toward statistical
validation of the CAPS model. Investigators had conducted previous assessments in these
watersheds and were familiar with the landscape. This local knowledge aided logistical
planning. Target sites for the operational study (phase 2c) are open to all watersheds
containing DEP-mapped salt marsh. Additional watersheds include Buzzards Bay,
Islands, Mount Hope Bay, Narragansett Bay, South Coastal, and Taunton Watersheds.
Sampling sites will again be selected using a stratified random process, as further
described in Section 8. Field data collection will involve sampling of several biotic
communities to determine if 1) there is a dose-dependent response in various attributes of
the biological community to stressors within the landscape and 2) to verify and calibrate
the ecological integrity metrics that are utilized in the CAPS model. Characterization of
the wetland and assessment of its biological condition will be conducted in the field by
assessing habitat, hydrology, macroinvertebrates, and vascular plants.
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3. Safety Considerations
Fieldwork will not be conducted during heavy rain events or unsafe conditions
such as electrical storms or high wind events. Practice ―safety first.‖
Sampling will always be conducted by two or more persons, unless otherwise
approved by the field manager.
All persons must carry cell phones or other emergency communication devices
while sampling. It is recommended they be waterproof or stored in a waterproof
case.
If there is no safe access to a plot point, the field sampling will either be moved to
a location with safe access—following protocol as described in Section 8 of this
SOP—or not be conducted for that site if such a location is unavailable.
Flagging tape will be used to mark access point locations for safe exit, in
instances where such locations could be difficult to find as deemed appropriate by
field crew.
Attempts to access a plot point where an onshore breeze of intensity that results in
a ―small craft warning‖ or above for two or more days, and that creates an
atypical tide condition shall be assessed for safety prior to sampling. At any time
during the sampling, should the incoming tide not recede as predicted (i.e. tide is
still in flood stage when it should be in ebb stage), all monitoring shall stop and
the site evacuated until such a time when the tide has receded to a point where
sampling can safely resume.
If a boat, canoe, or kayak is used to access a plot point, all persons must wear
personal flotation devices while on the water.
All watercraft used must comply with USCG required safety equipment per 46
U.S.C, Chapter 43. An online Vessel Safety Check interactive program is
available from USCG at http:/www.uscgboating.org/safety/vsc.htm.
Good judgment will be used in selecting clothes and personal protection items.
Common items needed include: extra clothing, sunshade, sunscreen, hats, insect
repellent, and waterproof knee boots—chest waders or hip waders for highest
anticipated depths. Any staff not dressed appropriately for field work should not
participate in the survey. Proper footwear is a must (e.g., no ―flip-flops‖ for field
work).
Good judgment will be used in walking on marsh surfaces; mosquito ditches will
be circumvented, or when deemed possible, crossed with caution.
Private property will be respected using the following guidelines.
o If property is in close proximity to buildings or other heavily used areas,
landowner permission will be sought
o Posted property will not be accessed without permission of the landowner
o Otherwise, sampling will proceed without any special effort to gain
landowner permission
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4. Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling
Macroinvertebrates will be collected and preserved in 90% ethyl alcohol solution and
placed in a cooler with ice until ready to be transported to the laboratory for sorting and
identification or to a storage facility for later processing. Samples will be checked
periodically to ensure that they contain ample alcohol solution if they are not sorted
within 2-3 days. Samples will not be held for more than two weeks before sorting to the
family level. Each sample will be placed in a plastic collecting bag that is labeled with
site number, site name, date of sampling, sample number, sampling method, and name of
sampler. The Macroinvertebrate Samples Record Check form (Appendix C) will be used
to catalog the collection and processing of samples.
The collection of vascular plants will be limited to species that cannot be identified in the
field. For species that cannot be positively identified in the field samples will be collected
for lab identification and photographed for digital preservation. Taxonomic identification
at the species level (preferred) or genus level (if species identification is not possible) will
be achieved in the laboratory through the use of field guides, technical keys, and
reference to regional herbaria housed at research universities such as UMass. Samples
will be labeled in the field with the plant ID (e.g., ―unknown sedge #1‖) site location,
date, and person who collected the sample, and assigned a code in the laboratory for use
in digital preservation.
5. Equipment/Apparatus
Before leaving for the field the Field Manager will confirm the following equipment is
available (m = macroinvertebrates, v = vegetation; habitat complexity and water
chemistry sampling are included with vegetation and macroinvertebrate equipment,
respectively, as they will be conducted alongside those sampling efforts).
Auger (2.5-inch diameter) [m]
Baster (pipette) [m]
Bayonet [v]
Binoculars [v]
Bleach solution (2%, for decontamination of gear) [m,v]
Bucket (2x, 5-gallon) [m]
Bucket (small) [m]
Clipboard [m,v]
Compass [m,v]
Cooler with ice [m]
Data forms [m,v]
Digital camera w/extra batteries [m,v]
D-Net (500 micron mesh size) [m]
Ethyl alcohol (90%) [m]
Field guides and technical keys [v]
Field notebook [m,v]
First aid kit [m,v]
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Forceps [m]
GPS (Global Positioning System) [m,v]
Hard-bristle brush (for decontamination of gear) [m,v]
Labels for samples [m,v]
Lens cloth (for refractometer, soft cotton flannel) [m]
Location maps [m,v]
Magnifying lens [m]
Measuring tapes (2x, 100-meter) [m,v]
Pens and pencils [m,v]
Permanent marker [m,v]
Plastic collecting bags [m,v]
PVC stakes (3x) [m,v]
Protective gloves [m]
Quadrat frame (18‖x18‖) [m]
Refractometer [m]
Scissors or jack knife [m,v]
Sieve (No. 8, 2,360 micron) [m]
Sieve bucket (500 micron) [m]
Spatula [m]
SOP [m,v]
Tap water [m,v]
Thermometer [m]
Tide chart [m,v]
Throw rope [m,v]
Trowel [m]
6. Reagents
Bleach solution (2%)
Ethyl alcohol solution (90%)
Tap water
7. Calibration & Training
Equipment calibration procedures for the GPS units and salinity refractometers will be
done according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. See section 2.6 of the QAPP for
details.
Field crew members will have sufficient previous training and experience to reliably
conduct field data collection or they will receive training from the CZM QA Manager,
CZM Project Manager, and/or other project scientists with relevant expertise. The
Macroinvertebrate Field/Lab Managers will ensure that all macroinvertebrate field crew
members receive specific training on macroinvertebrate sample sorting.
All field crew members will receive training from the CZM QA Manager on appropriate
QA/QC procedures.
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8.0 Procedures
Sampling will occur between June 15 and September 30, to ensure adequate assessment
of the targeted wetland biotic communities. Sample locations for open water/low
marsh/high marsh (i.e., inner marsh) will be selected randomly within salt marshes (as
depicted in MassDEP Wetlands mapping data; 1:12,000 based on photography from
1993-1999), stratified into 100 bins (deciles of the first principal component of CAPS
metrics crossed with deciles of the second principal component; metrics include habitat
loss, watershed habitat loss, wetland buffer insults, traffic intensity, sediment intensity,
toxic pollution, edge predators, imperviousness, salt marsh ditch density, tidal restriction,
connectedness, and similarity, among others). All points, including those sampled in
previous years, will be separated by at least 500 meters. Approximately 500 points will
be selected to allow for rejection based on the following criteria:
o The point is not within 200 meters of a salt marsh creek (each sampling point will
be moved not more than 200 m to the nearest tidal creek suitable for sampling);
o The creek is not suitable for auger and D-Net macroinvertebrate sampling (e.g.
channel width is less than 2 m; bank height is less than 1 m; bank height and/or
condition could compromise safety);
o The point is not accessible due to physical barriers;
o The point is not accessible due to legal barriers (i.e. request to access private
property is denied).
o Sites will be assessed on these criteria by CZM and DEP personnel using 2008
and 2009 orthophotos, 2008 oblique photos, various GIS layers, field
reconnaissance, and local area knowledge.
Sample locations for marsh border will be placed at edges of salt marshes, stratified
across quartiles of the habitat loss metric ( development intensity). One hundred fifty
points will be selected, with a goal of visiting 50 points. All marsh border points will be
separated by at least 500 meters.
A random identifier will be assigned to each point to obscure the CAPS metrics
represented by each point. Field personnel will not have access to the original values until
after the field season, thus sampling will be blind with respect to CAPS predictions.
Field personnel will visit points in (randomly assigned) numerical point order as
consistent with field logistics. For example, the first acceptable (not rejected in aerial
photo surveys, without access problems, and with appropriate habitat on the ground) open
water/low marsh/high marsh points (i.e., inner marsh) will be visited.
GPS navigation will be used to locate each wetland plot. GPS precision must be 10 m or
less and the navigator will stop and establish the plot once the distance to plot center is 0
m. In the case of GPS interference from tree-canopy or atmospheric effects wait 10
minutes for satellite reception to improve.
It will not be necessary to hit the plot exactly (since it's randomly selected) it just needs to
be selected without bias. However, a reasonably precise GPS point is needed of where the
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plot actually ends up. The strategy is to (1) do the best we can when locating the plot and
(2) take a precise location (precision ≤ 10 m RMS) once the plot has been
established. Field workers will keep trying until they get good GPS coverage.
8.1 Establishing Sampling Areas
Assessment Area A: For areas where vegetation (inner marsh only), macroinvertebrate,
habitat complexity, and human disturbance sampling will occur:
A 50 x 100 m rectangular plot will be used to sample the wetland point (Figure 1). A
baseline transect, Transect A, will be created by extending a 100 m tape along the bank of
the salt marsh creek, bay, or salt pond so that the wetland point occurs at 50 m. Stakes
will be placed along Transect A at 0 m, 50 m, and 100 m. Three additional transects will
be run perpendicular to Transect A, originating at Transect A and ending at 50 m or the
salt marsh border community, whichever is closer. A consistent compass bearing will be
used to run these transects (e.g., Transects 1, 2, and 3 will be laid on a bearing of 225
degrees from the bank (Transect A) to 50 m or the salt marsh border community,
whichever is closer). The field crew leader based on observed vegetation characteristics,
slope, and elevation will delineate the salt marsh border community. Geographic
coordinates will be collected at the base of each perpendicular transect (i.e., Transects 1,
2, and 3) using a handheld GPS unit.
Transect A will be used to collect macroinvertebrate samples. Site conditions may require
shortening the transect to no less than 70 m. The following locations of macroinvertbrate
sampling stations along Transect A are based on a 100 m transect. They will be adjusted
accordingly if Transect A is shortened. Macroinvertebrates will be sampled using the dip
net method along Transect A at 15-21 m and 75-81 m.
The auger method will be used to sample macroinvertebrates at 15 m and 85 m. In
substrate with a high concentration of organic material, determined by visual inspection,
compositing and sub-sampling methods will be used to collect two additional samples—
one from four auger samples collected equidistant from 20 m to 45 m, and the other from
four auger samples collected equidistant from 55 m to 80 m (Figure 4). In sandy
substrate, compositing will not occur due to the potential for damage to soft-bodied
macroinvertebrates, however two single samples will be collected at 40 m and 60 m.
Quadrat sampling will occur on the marsh surface along Transect A at 25 m and 75 m.
Transects 1, 2, and 3 will be used to collect plant and habitat complexity data using point-
and line-intercept methods, respectively. Plant and macroinvertebrate transects will be
marked with flagging to prevent trampling.
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Figure 1. Example plot diagram for inner marsh sampling. Transect A is a baseline transect from which
Transects 1, 2, and 3 are run to collect vegetation and habitat complexity data. Transect A is run along the
bank of a prominent water feature such as a tidal creek, bay, or salt pond. It is also used to sample macro-
invertebrates and surface water salinity. Transects 1, 2, and 3 are run perpendicular to Transect A at 0 m, 50
m, and 100 m. The location for all samples (vegetation, macroinvertebrates, water chemistry, etc.) will be
noted on the plot diagram.
A sampling point will be moved if any of the following conditions are encountered.
o The length of any perpendicular transect (Transects 1, 2, and 3) is <30 m, as
may occur in narrow wetlands (e.g. fingerlike projections, fringe marshes).
o The length of the baseline transect (Transect A) is <70 m, as may occur in
narrow wetlands, particularly in urban landscapes.
The sampling point will be moved to the nearest location that does not violate the
previously stated conditions, but no greater than 200 m away. If a suitable sampling point
cannot be found within 200 m of the original point the site will be dropped and another
sampling point from the same bin selected.
A site will not be sampled if the field manager determines that the wetland is neither a
salt marsh nor is in transition to/from a salt marsh. This may occur with error in wetland
mapping.
Assessment Area B: For areas where vegetation (marsh border only) sampling will occur:
A rectangular plot will be used to sample the wetland point. Transect A will be created by
extending a 70 m tape along the upland/marsh border edge. Three additional transects
will run perpendicular to Transect A at 0 m, 35 m, and 70 m originating at Transect A
and ending at the high marsh/salt marsh border edge or 50 m, whichever is smaller. The
minimum transect length will be 5 m. The salt marsh border community will be
delineated by the field crew leader based on vegetation characteristics. Plants commonly
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found in the salt marsh border communities of New England include Iva frutescens,
Myrica gale, Panicum virgatum, and Solidago sempirvirens, among others.
Figure 2. Example plot diagram for marsh border sampling. Transect A is a baseline transect from which
Transects 1, 2, and 3 are run to collect vegetation data. Transect A is run along the edged shared by upland
and salt marsh border communities. Transects 1, 2, and 3 are run perpendicular to Transect A at 0 m, 35 m,
and 70 m. The location for all samples will be noted on the plot diagram.
8.2 Overview of Wetland Biotic Community and Habitat Assessment
Each point will be sampled for vascular plants and macroinvertebrates. Samples will be
taken within a 50x100 m rectangular plot or a 50 m radius circle-plot. Samples will be
analyzed to determine if the attributes of the biotic communities show a dose-dependent
response to anthropogenic stressors in the landscape as measured by CAPS metrics. In
addition a habitat assessment will be conducted to characterize the assessment area. A
detailed description of the plot (includes hydrology, anthropogenic disturbance, etc.) will
be recorded on field data forms.
8.2.1 Habitat Assessment
(a) Habitat complexity
Patch composition of open water features, plant communities, and marsh zones will
be determined to assist in the characterization of the wetland. Transects 1, 2, and 3
will be walked to observe and record points of transition.
From Transect A, walk three 50 m transects and record the number and types of
natural transitions using the line-intercept method. Habitats are defined as
heterogeneous plant communities (e.g. Spartina patens/Distchlis spicata mix) and
hydrogeomorphic features (e.g. panne, pool, and creek, plus ditch) in each of the
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following marsh zones: low marsh, high marsh, salt marsh border, and brackish
border (Figure 2). Both a plant community and hydrogeomorphic feature can be
recorded at the same location (e.g. Spartina alterniflora-short and panne in the high
marsh zone). Do not record transitions for habitats that measure less than one meter
along the transect.
Record the tape measure reading for each habitat transition to the nearest tenth of a
meter in the appropriate box(s) (e.g. 5.5 m). Separate recorded habitat transitions with
a comma if that habitat occurs more than once on a transect. List no more than three
plant species when describing a community. Record species in order of dominance,
with the first species being the most dominant. For example, record a habitat patch
that includes S. patens (75%), J. gerardii (25%), and P. maritimum (< 1%) as S.
patens / J. gerardii mix. Record start and end distances (range) for all
hydrogeomorphic features (e.g. Panne = 25-30 m). Include patches and features that
are offset up to 1 m from the transect. Complete a Habitat Complexity Form for each
transect.
Figure 3. Plant zonation in northeastern salt marshes. This diagram shows the major plant zones and
dominant species; see text for details and Tiner (1987), Mitsch and Gosselink (1993), or Bertness
(1999) for a description of salt marsh vegetation patterns. (Adapted from Carlisle, et al, 2002).
(b) Tidal hydrology (Sampled in 2009 only)
Tidal flow will be sampled at a subset of known or potential tidal restrictions. The
two main goals are: 1) determine the relative magnitude of tidal restriction at select
sites, and 2) develop a magnitude of tidal restriction data set that will be used to train
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a tidal restriction model developed from remotely sensed data interpretation (for
information about the model see Tidal Restriction – Aerial Photo SOP – Appendix R
of the main project QAPP (Forested Wetlands)). Locations will be identified using a
combination of field observations, remotely sensed data, local knowledge, and best
professional judgment. This effort is being managed under the Tidal Restriction
Assessment Standard Operating Procedures (QAPP, Appendix B).
(c) Salinity
Salinity will be measured concurrently with macroinvertebrate sampling.
Measurements of salinity can help to explain the diversity, distribution, and
abundance of plants (as recognized in zonation patterns) and animals in salt marshes.
Two measurements will be made at each plot using a hand-held refractometer (see the
QAPP, Appendix F for the operation manual).
Take readings from surface water at the start of each D-Net sample collection
(presumably 15 m and 75 m along Transect A, depending on direction of tidal flow).
The minimum distance between readings must be 20 m. Note on the Plot Diagram
form the location along Transect A from which readings were taken.
Remove prism cover, place one or two drops of liquid on the prism surface, and
replace cover. Aim the front end of the refractometer to the direction of bright light,
and adjust the adjusting ring of diopter 5 until the reticle can be seen clearly. The
corresponding reading of the light/dark boundary will give the percent of salt content
of liquid on left and parts per thousand on right.
Adjustment of null: open the cover plate, place one or two drops of distilled water on
the surface of the prism. Close the cover plate, rotate and adjust the correcting screw
to make the light/dark boundary coincide with the null line. Open the cover plate to
clean the water off the prism surface with a soft cotton flannel cloth.
(d) Human disturbance
Visual observations of human disturbance to the wetland will be noted. Investigators
will note the following activities on the Human Disturbance field data form,
describing the type, extent, and severity of each disturbance.
Walk the perimeter of the sample plot and describe on the Human Disturbance Form
the types, extents, and severity of disturbances within a 100 m buffer of the sample
point (200 m diameter circle depicted on the site map). Disturbance types are listed
below. Also record any of these indicators of disturbance when encountered while
implementing other elements of the SOP.
Mark locations of disturbances on the site map according to the Human Disturbance
Form (QAPP, Appendix C).
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Water control structures (culvert, tide gate, dam, weir, storm water input, fill
(road/railroad), ditching, channelization, and other human activity affecting
the hydrology of the site
Soil disturbance (filling, sedimentation, haying)
Obvious spills of pollutants
Direct point or non-point source discharge from agricultural operations, septic
or sewage treatment systems, or storm water affecting water quality of the site
Walking trails, horse trails, and roads (excluding wildlife trails)
Small-craft boating and boat storage
Presence of trash/litter
Presence of garbage dumping
8.2.2 Protocols for Sampling, Sorting, and Identifying Biotic Communities
8.2.2.1 Macroinvertebrates
Macroinvertebrates will be sampled as indicators of changes in tidal flow, vegetation
cover, salinity regime, water quality and community composition, and ecosystem health.
Macroinvertebrates will be sampled from August-September. Three types of samples will
be collected at each assessment area: quadrat samples at the top of the salt marsh creek
bank, and D-Net and auger samples in the creek.
(a) Quadrat sampling
Quadrats are used to sample invertebrates that exist on the upper edge of the
estuarine stream bank or seaward marsh edge. We expect to find crabs, mussels,
barnacles, amphipods, isopods, flies, spiders, grasshoppers, and mites in this
habitat. Two samples will be collected along Transect A at 25 m and 75 m in each
area (Figure 1). If these locations are not typical of the bank condition, sample
collections will be located elsewhere along Transect A, while keeping a minimum
distance of 30 m from each other. Protective gloves are used for this sampling
technique.
At each sampling location, methodically work the hands backwards and forwards
across the surface of the ground within the frame, and identify, count and record
every living invertebrate (to family-level) that you encounter. Since barnacles are
usually too numerous to count, record their abundance with the following
notation: + = rare, ++ = common, and +++ = abundant. Place organisms that
cannot be identified to family-level into a re-sealable plastic bag, and label (see
instructions in Section 8.2.2.1 (d)). Results are recorded on the Quadrat Samples
Record Form (QAPP, Appendix C). If samples are collected, record the
information on the Invertebrate Sample Record Form (QAPP, Appendix C). Mark
actual sample locations on the Plot Diagram. Thoroughly rinse the frame.
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(b) D-Net sampling
D-Nets are used to collect invertebrates from shallow water environments (e.g.,
tidal creeks) at low tide. We expect to find mollusks, polychaete worms,
amphipods, isopods, and other organisms requiring constant inundation with
seawater. Two samples will be collected along Transect A from approximately
15-21 m and 75-81 m in each area (Figure 1). We will aim to collect samples
from different habitat types, such as banks and vegetated margins, different
substrate types, woody debris, and floating alga mats, where possible. Transect
locations may be moved to incorporate these habitats, but a minimum distance of
30 m should be maintained between the D-Net samples, and a minimum distance
of 10 m should be maintained between the D-Net samples and auger samples, as
shown in Figure 1. Sample locations will be recorded.
At each sampling location, place the flat side of the D-Net on the surface substrate
in approximately 0.3 m of water and hold the net perpendicular to the substrate.
Walk against the direction of tidal flow for 6 meters along Transect A while
pulling the net through and over different habitats. Bring the net containing the
sample to the surface for retrieval. Gently swish the net back and forth in the
stream to allow fine silt and sand to pass through the mesh, being careful not to
lose organisms. Place the contents of the inverted net over a bucket half filled
with water and wash all debris and invertebrates off the net and into the bucket.
Use forceps to remove any organisms that remain on the net, and place these in
the bucket. Pour the contents of the bucket through a standard US No. 30 brass
sieve to remove the water. Place the contents of the sieve into a re-sealable plastic
bag, and label (see instructions in Section 8.2.2.1 (d)). Make sure that no
invertebrates are left on the sieve. Sample labels will include information such as
sample number, field site ID, sample station, date, names of collectors, sampling
method, and preservative used. Record the sample information on the
Macroinvertebrate Samples Record Check Form (QAPP, Appendix C). If a large
number of snails and crabs are collected in a sample, identify them in the field,
record the numbers of each family (and if possible, species) on the datasheets, and
then return them back to the water alive. Wash out the D-Net to remove all
remaining debris.
(c) Auger sampling
A 2.5-inch diameter auger is used to collect a sediment or substrate sample from
the creek. We expect to find a variety of worms, snails, clams, amphipods,
isopods, and other organisms that live on or within the substrate. Where organic
material is the dominant substrate, four samples will be collected along Transect
A in the following manner:
Sample 1: Single sample collected at 15 m.
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Sample 2: Composite sample from four samples collected 5-7 m from each
other beginning at 20 m and ending at 45 m. Composite sample
will be sub-sampled, as described below.
Sample 3: Composite sample from four samples collected 5-7 m from each
other beginning at 55 m and ending at 80 m. Composite sample
will be sub-sampled, as described below.
Sample 4: Single sample collected at 85 m.
Figure 4. Schematic of auger sampling stations along Transect A.
Four samples will be collected along Transect A at 15 m, 40 m, 60 m, and 85 m
when sand is the dominant substrate.
At each sampling location, fill two 5-gallon buckets with seawater to be used
later. Place the No. 8 sieve on the bottom of the sieve bucket. Hold the auger
perpendicular to the water surface above the point from which the sample will be
taken. Push the auger downward into the sediment until the bucket of the auger is
half embedded in the substrate. Turn the auger handle to help force the auger into
the substrate. Carefully pull the auger out of the sediment and quickly place the
sieve bucket beneath the auger so that none of the sample is lost. If the sample is
lost, repeat no less than 5 m away in the direction opposite that which the tide is
flowing (e.g., 5 m upstream if there is an ebb tide). Keep the sieve bucket under
the auger and return to the bank, where the remaining auger contents will be
emptied into the No. 8 sieve.
For composite samples, repeat the above method three times, adding the material
from a total of four auger samples collected from 20-45 m or 55-80 m along
Transect A (see Figure 4) to the No. 8 sieve.
Place the sieve bucket into one of the 5-gallon buckets filled with seawater. With
the spatula, gently scrape large debris off the No. 8 sieve, then stir and mix to
suspend materials and organisms within the sieve bucket. Slowly lift the No. 8
sieve out of the bucket while collecting and mixing the suspended material. Take
the No. 8 sieve out of the sieve bucket and discard its contents.
Replace sediment-laden water with clean seawater if necessary, or switch to a
second 5-gallon bucket filled with seawater. Dip the end of the sieve bucket into
Standard Operating Procedures: Salt Marsh Assessment, May 8, 2012 DRAFT
15
the 5-gallon bucket of water and gently swirl once to redistribute the remaining
material evenly across the sieve bucket while lifting. Drain water and divide the
contents of the sieve in half using your spatula and the dividing line marked on
the bucket. Gently scoop out ½ of the sample, as labeled on the bucket, and
discard. Repeat mixing, sieving, and halving procedure once again for the
material remaining in the sieve bucket. Again, gently scoop out ½ of the sample,
as labeled on the bucket, and discard. Place the remaining half of the material in a
sample bag with a label including the site ID and name, date, and sample ID (see
instructions in Section 8.2.2.1 (d)) and record the sample information on the
Invertebrate Sample Record Form (QAPP, Appendix C).
For single samples, rinse the material in the manner described above, but place
the entire washed contents of the sieve bucket into a labeled sample bag—do not
sub-sample.
Add alcohol as appropriate to preserve. Clean the auger by swishing it back and
forth in the water. Repeat for all samples.
(d) Sample bagging and labeling
Use the following procedures to bag and label samples:
1. Using a permanent ink marker, label all sample bags with the following
information: sample number (begin each sample number with ―A‖ for
auger samples, ―D‖ for D-Net samples, and ―Q‖ for any quadrat samples
collected; e.g., A1, A2, D1, D2), plot identification, site name, and date.
This can be done before going into the field. In addition, record this
information on waterproof paper labels (e.g., Rite in the Rain® paper) and
place in their respective sample bags as back-up labels.
2. Gently flood all bagged samples with 90% concentration ethyl alcohol and
seal carefully.
3. Record the sample information from Step 1 on the Macroinvertebrate
Samples Record Check Form (QAPP, Appendix C).
4. Place each bagged sample in a separate second bag—so that each sample
is double-bagged—and place in a cooler with ice to prevent heating in hot
weather.
5. Transport and store samples in an air-conditioned laboratory (or similar
workspace) or a refrigerator for no longer than two weeks before sorting.
Samples should be checked every 2-3 days if they are not sorted
immediately to ensure they have ample ethyl alcohol preservative.
(e) Sample sorting
Use the following procedures for sorting samples:
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1. Empty the contents of a sample into the standard US #30 sieve. You
should place the sieve over a bucket so that sediment is not washed down
the drain.
2. Gently rinse the sample under tap water to remove fine organic detritus,
silt, and clay. Place the sieved sample into a white sorting tray (one small
handful at a time, if necessary). You must be careful to remove any
organisms that may be stuck on the sieve.
3. Place the sorting tray under a desk light or magnifying lamp, and using the
magnifying lens and forceps, remove invertebrates from the sediment and
place them into a large (40 mL) vial two-thirds filled with 70% or higher
concentration of alcohol.
4. Immediately after you have finished sorting, have the macroinvertebrate
lab manager scan the debris in the sorting tray to double check your work.
Tightly seal and label each vial (two for each sampling station: one for D-
Net and one for auger, and register the sample on the Macroinvertebrate
Samples Record Check Form (QAPP, Appendix C).
5. Samples can be identified and counted any time after the sorting has been
completed, but should not be left for more than six months because
alcohol in the vial sometimes evaporates and ruins the sample. Sample
degradation can be prevented by routine checks and preservative added if
necessary.
(f) Sample Identification
Use the following procedures for identifying samples:
1. Pour the vial contents of the D-Net sample or auger sample into petri dish.
Maintain separate D-Net and auger samples. Make sure that no organisms
remain in the vials.
2. Place the petri dish under the dissecting scope set at 10X magnification,
and in a deliberate, systematic manner, scan back and forth, identifying
organisms as you go. You may need to increase the magnification to see
finer details.
3. Using Weiss (1995), Pollock (1998), and other references, identify the
invertebrates to family level.
4. Record and count each taxon on the Laboratory Bench Form (Appendix
C).
5. Immediately after you identify and record a specimen, return it to a
labeled vial two-thirds filled with 70% or higher concentration alcohol.
There should be one vial per sample.
6. Label and safely pack the vials for return to your project coordinator so
that someone can reexamine specimens or identify them to a lower level of
taxonomy at some future date.
7. If you have doubts about an organism’s identity, consult with a marine
invertebrate specialist. Place the specimen in question in a separate vial
with alcohol and a complete label. Send the specimens to a specialist for
Standard Operating Procedures: Salt Marsh Assessment, May 8, 2012 DRAFT
17
verification, and add to your records later. Alternatively, arrange to have a
taxonomist present during an identification session to provide assistance.
8. Record the completion of this process for each sample on the
Macroinvertebrate Sampling Record Check Form (Appendix C), which
traces the sample collection, sorting, and identification to this stage.
9. On the Laboratory Bench Form (Appendix C), add the data from the
quadrat sample taken from the same sampling station. Enter the total
number of organisms for each family or taxonomic group, the number of
different types of taxa you identified, and the resulting total abundance for
the completed composite sample.
10. Repeat this process for the remaining two sample stations, using a separate
Laboratory Bench Form for each station.
11. Once collecting, sorting, and identifying samples for a site has been
completed, there will be two completed copies of the Laboratory Bench
Form (one for each sample station).
12. Samples and the Sample Record Check Form are to be returned to the
project leader for archival action. Similarly, return all Quadrat Samples
Record Forms and Laboratory Bench Forms to the project leader once
they are completed.
8.2.2.2 Vegetation
Vegetation data will be collected as an indicator of community composition and species
diversity (proportion of native to invasive), and provide useful information on potential
threats to natural systems. Invasive plants named as such in this assessment are those
currently regulated by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Somers et al 2006). Data
collection will occur near average low tide from mid-July to mid-September. The
protocol for sampling inner marsh and marsh border plots is the same.
a. Estimate species richness and relative abundance of all vascular plants in a 50x100m
plot using a modified point-intercept method. A single bayonet (vertical projection)
will be used to record species at fixed intervals along each transect. Walk along the
transect opposite the side used to lie the transect to avoid trampling samples. Set the
transect interval by dividing the transect length by 10; this will produce 11 point
intercept locations along each transect. As stated in section 8.1, the minimum and
maximum vegetation transect lengths will be 30 m and 50 m, respectively. Tally each
plant species intercepted by the bayonet from marsh surface to canopy at each fixed
interval along the transect. Record the transect length and interval along with species
occurrence on the Vegetation Form (QAPP, Appendix C).
b. Following transect sampling conduct a 15-minute walk around (within) the entire plot
and list species not encountered on transects on the Vegetation Form. Enter zero for
intervals 1-11 for these species.
c. Collect unknown species for offsite identification by a second expert. Place each
species in a separate collecting bag labeled with plant ID (e.g., ―Unknown #1, etc.),
plot ID and date. Take digital photographs on site as needed. List PhotoID # next to
unknown plant ID for interval 1 on the Vegetation Form.
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d. Refer to resources on regional flora if necessary (e.g., Tiner, 1987; Gleason &
Cronquist, 1991).
8.3 Protocol for Decontamination of Field Equipment
Inspect all equipment for debris and remove before leaving a site. Dispose of debris in a
trash bag or on dry, high ground. When possible, leave equipment to air dry and inspect
to remove any remaining plant fragments. Scrub and rinse equipment to remove any
additional debris with a hard-bristled brush and 2% bleach solution. Clean the salinity
refractometer according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
9. Quality Control
Compliance with procedures in this SOP will be maintained by following the items
described below. See sections 2.5 and 2.6 of the QAPP for additional details about
QA/QC measures.
Computer aided use of stratified random sampling procedures for site
selection (accuracy, representativeness)
Use of standardized sampling procedures such as transect and time-
constrained sampling (precision, accuracy, representativeness)
Prompt review and documentation of any changes to the SOPs (precision,
accuracy, comparability)
Use of highly qualified field scientists (precision, accuracy, comparability)
Rigorous training and mentoring of less experienced technicians in both
structured and informal settings, the latter on an as needed basis
(precision, accuracy, comparability)
External validation of taxonomic identification for taxa with which the
field crew has had limited prior experience (90% of samples); minimum of
10% of total samples (precision, accuracy)
Daily checks to ensure that data forms are completely filled out
(completeness)
The Quality Assurance Manager is responsible for periodically inspecting the methods
used and inconsistencies will be documented and if possible, corrected. Any significant
changes will be made in coordination with MassDEP and EPA.
10. Interferences
Inclement weather (heavy rain) may interfere with our ability to collect representative
data on a variety of parameters. Severe weather may delay field data collection due to
safety concerns. Access may be a challenging aspect of data collection in more developed
areas of the study area. Posted property or sites that are too difficult to access or unsafe to
sample will be replaced with alternative sites from the same stratified sampling bin.
11. Preventative Maintenance
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19
Field equipment will be inspected by the CZM Field Manager each day before going out
to collect field data. At the field site equipment will be tested prior to data collection to
ensure that it is working properly. Equipment will be subject to regular maintenance as
needed and as recommended by the manufacturer. GPS accuracy will be assessed once a
month by a check of any units used in the field with a known location. See section 2.6 of
the QAPP for more detail.
12. Corrective Actions
Data quality control ensures high quality data, however we are prepared to re-measure
any plots within the same season or period of monitoring as needed (e.g., data are
missing, samples are lost or compromised, etc.). Any plots that contain data that cannot
be resolved will be removed from the data set.
13. Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention
Care will be taken to avoid transport of vegetation and soil to other sites. This will be
done by thorough inspection of all equipment and clothing prior to departure from a site.
Invasive plant samples will be disposed of in a way to avoid accidental release into the
environment.
14. References
Bertness, M.D. 1999. The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Sunderland, MA
Brinson, M. M. 1993. A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Technical Report
WRP-DE-4, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. NTIS No.
AD A270 053.
Carlisle, B.K., A.M. Donovan, A.L. Hicks, V.S. Kooken, J.P. Smith, and A.R. Wilbur. 2002.
A Volunteer’s Handbook for Monitoring New England Salt Marshes. Massachusetts Office of
Coastal Zone Management, Boston, MA.
Carey, J.M. and M.J. Keogh. 2002. Compositing and subsampling to reduce costs and
improve power in benthic infaunal monitoring programs. Estuaries 25(5):1053-1061.
Connors, B. 2006. Protocols for Decontaminating Biomonitoring Sampling Equipment. ME
Department of Environmental Protection DEPLW0641.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and
deepwater habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Washington D.C.
Gleason , H.E. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern
United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd
edition. New York Botanical Garden Press.
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Jackson, Scott. 1995. Delineating Bordering Vegetated Wetlands Under the Massachusetts
Wetlands Protection Act: A Handbook. MA Department of Environmental Protection.
Boston, MA. 89 + 5 pp.
Karr, J.R. and E.W. Chu. 1999. Restoring Life in Running Waters: Better Biological
Monitoring. Island Press, Washington, DC.
McGarigal, K., B.W. Compton, S.D. Jackson, K. Rolih, and E. Ene. 2005. Conservation
Assessment Prioritization System (CAPS) Highland Communities Initiative PHASE 1.
Final Report. Landscape Ecology Program, Department of Natural Resources
Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. URL:
http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/caps/reports/caps_reports.html
Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink. 1993. Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc. New
York, NY.
Neckles, H.A. and M.Dionne, Editors. 2000. Regional standards to identify and evaluate
tidal wetland restoration in the Gulf of Maine. Wells National Estuarine Research
Reserve Technical Report, Wells, ME. URL:
http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/resshow/neckles/gpac.htm
Pollock, L.W. 1998. A Practical Guide to the Marine Animals of North America. Rutgers
University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Scanlon. J. 2006. MassWildlife Landcover Mapping Decision Rules. Internal Document.
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, MA.
Somers, P. K. Lombard, and R. Kramer. 2006. A Guide to Invasive Plants in
Massachusetts. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife, Natural Heritage &
Endangered Species Program, Rabbit Hill Road, Westborough, MA 01581.
Swain, P.C. and J.B. Kearsley. 2001. Classification of the Natural Communities of
Massachusetts. DRAFT - 2001- (version 1.3) Reprinted 2004. Massachusetts Division of
Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, MA.
Tiner, R.W. 1987. A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United
States. The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.
U.S. EPA, 2002. Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition: Developing an Invertebrate
Index of Biological Integrity for Wetlands. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington , DC. EPA-822-R-02-019
Weiss, H.M. 1995. Marine Animals of Southern New England and New York: Identification
keys to common nearshore and shallow water macrofauna. Bulletin 15. State Geological and
Natural History of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT.