DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTOF OF

ABANDONEDABANDONED--UNDERGROUND MINES (AUM)UNDERGROUND MINES (AUM)

GISGISCHARLES E. BANKS CHARLES E. BANKS ------ Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, OhioOhio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, OhioJAMES MCDONALD JAMES MCDONALD ------ Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, OhioOhio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio

DOUGLAS L. CROWELL DOUGLAS L. CROWELL ------ Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio LAWRENCE H. WICKSTROM LAWRENCE H. WICKSTROM ------ Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio

44thth Technical Forum: Geologic Hazards Impacting Transportation SystTechnical Forum: Geologic Hazards Impacting Transportation Systems ems in the Appalachian Regionin the Appalachian Region

August 4 August 4 –– 5, 20045, 2004Dublin, Ohio USADublin, Ohio USA

HISTORY of AUM MAPPING and GIS in OHIOHISTORY of AUM MAPPING and GIS in OHIOEARLY MAPPING:

! 1968 – Mapping of Mine Polygons on Planimetric Maps(scale:1:62,500).

! 1973 – U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) microfilmed final abandonmentmaps for all mines on file at the Division of Mines.

EARLY MAPPING:

! 1980-1990’s – AUM maps on file at the Division of Mines werephotographically reduced to a unified scale of 1:4,800 (1inch=400ft)…and further reduced by a Brown, large-format reproduction, copycamera, to a scale of 1:24,000 (1inch=2000ft).

! The Abandoned-Underground-Mine Map Series - outlines of allAUM’s, along with location and type of all mine entries (drift, airshaft, hoisting shaft, or slope), and all known AUM openings, forwhich no detailed mine map exists (mine point locations), wereplotted on Mylar bases of U.S. Geological Survey 71/2-minutetopographic quadrangle maps.

! Placement and location of mines and related features on 71/2 quadmaps was accomplished by extracting geopolitical boundaries,reference points, and cultural features from the mine maps and thancorrelating them to features on the topographic based maps.

Mine EntryMine Entry

Mine PolygonMine Polygon

SuperimposedSuperimposedMine PolygonsMine Polygons

SurfaceSurfaceMineMine

71/271/2--minuteminuteQuad baseQuad basemapmap

EARLY MAPPING:! Middle – Late 1990’s: The U.S. Department of Interior, Office of

Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE), beganconverting the microfilmed-mine maps into TIFF images. Theimages were ungeoreferenced and indexed both with OSM’sindexing numbers and the OGS alpha numeric county indexingstandard ( Ex. AS-021).

Abandoned Mine BTAbandoned Mine BT--005, Pultney Township, Belmont County, Ohio005, Pultney Township, Belmont County, Ohio

Scanning of Images Scanning of Images Provided byProvided byThe Office of SurfaceThe Office of SurfaceMining (OSM) Mining (OSM)

RoomRoom--andand--Pillar Pillar MiningMining

GIS & MAPPING:

! Middle – Late 1990’s: The ODNR, Office of Real Estate and Land Management (REALM) digitized mine polygons, mine entry points,mine point locations and angle orientation of mine entry pointsfrom 71/2-minute quadrangle based maps (Mylar).

! AUM features were digitized into ESRI Arc/Info coverages using adigitizing tablet at a scale of 1:24,000….in the Ohio State Plane FeetSouth (3402), NAD 27 coordinate system and datum. Attributeinformation was also generated.

MineMinePolygonPolygon

71/271/2--minuteminuteQuadrangleQuadrangle

Air ShaftAir Shaft

Mine PointMine Point

Drift EntryDrift EntryMain shaftMain shaft

Slope EntrySlope Entry

! 2000 – ODGS began entering mine information contained on datasheets into Access databases … . AUM Openings and Map Repository Databases.

! Late 2002 : All AUM Arc/Info coverages were converted to an ESRI Personal Geodatabase (AUM Personal Geodatabase) with individualfeature types as feature classes.

Feature Classand DataTables

Geodatabase

! 2003 :

- The editing of AUM feature classes began : mine polygon shapeswere added, altered, re-positioned, and deleted in some instances.Similarly, the editing of entry points and mine point locations were carried out.

- AUM “mined-out” areas were digitized off 71/2-minute quadrangleand added as a feature class to the Personal Geodatabase.

- Issues involving superimposed mines were resolved.

- Mine polygons, “mined-out’ areas, and entry points were assignedunique ID numbers based on the American Petroleum Institute(API) 12- number indexing standard.

- Microsoft Access database tables containing mine attribute info-rmation extracted from data sheets were incorporated withinthe AUM Personal Geodatabase. Individual mine attribute info-rmation was also assigned unique ID numbers based on the APIindexing standard.

- Microsoft Access database tables were linked to feature classgeo-spatial features within the AUM Personal Geodatabase viaAPI number.

MinedMined--Out AreaOut Area MinedMined--Out AreasOut Areas

New Mine Polygon

Old Mine Polygon

New Mine PolygonsNew Mine Polygons

Original Mine PolygonsOriginal Mine Polygons

(Less mine polygons, (Less mine polygons, same mine area)same mine area)

CoveragesShapefiles

Raster Datasetand

dBase Tables

AdoptedMineColor

Adopted Symbols API Number

- The AUM Personal Geodatabase was later migrated to a multi-user geodatabase in ArcSDE running on a SQL Server Data-base Management System (DBMS).

! Georeferencing AUM TIFF Images in ESRI ArcMap:

Geo-RectifiedMine

! AUM TIFF Image Clipping, Enhancement and Mosaicingin ERDAS IMAGINE:- Georeferenced Tiff image is brought into Erdas viewer as a raster

layer.

- Tiff image of mine workings only is clipped using Erdas AOI (areaof interest) tool.

The clipped image is subset into a new image which is then saved.- Under Erdas image Interpreter… Spatial Enhancement… Non-

Directional Edge enhancement procedure, this image is then enhanced using either the Sobel or Prewitt enhancement filtersfor edge detection… resulting in the final mine map image.

Sobel and Prewitt are two very common filters which use orthogonalkernels convolved separately with the original image, and thencombined.

- For mines having several georeferenced Tiff images, mine workingsare clipped from individual images and saved separately. Eachimage is then enhanced. All images are then mosaiced. Theresulting image is then enhanced in order to produce the final minemap image.

- The final mine map image can than be brought into a GIS andmapped.

••Approx. Number of AUM Polygons = 4,166Approx. Number of AUM Polygons = 4,166

••Mine Point Locations = 1,945Mine Point Locations = 1,945

••MinedMined--Out Areas = 889Out Areas = 889

••Air/Pumping Shaft entry pointsAir/Pumping Shaft entry points = = 2,8782,878

••Main Shaft entry pointsMain Shaft entry points = = 585585

••Drift entry pointsDrift entry points = = 9,475 9,475

••Slope entry points Slope entry points = = 564564

••Georeferenced, Enhanced and CleanedGeoreferenced, Enhanced and Cleaned--up Tiff mine map up Tiff mine map images images = = 592592

AUM StatisticsAUM Statistics

- 43 of Ohio’s Counties have AUM.

WHY ALL THIS WORK, TIMEAND MONEY???

- To identify, document, and map the location of AUM’s.

- To provide information that would aid in solving environmentalissues and problems (acid mine drainage, stream pollution, etc…

- To provide assistance to state agencies such as ODOT, OSM,MRM, EPA, etc…

- To provide information to home/land owners, real estateagencies, and land developers.

- To provide resources to regional and city planners.

- To provide information, data, and maps to oil and gas operators.

- An important resource for insurance agencies.

- Information could serve as a valuable resource for the identificationof potential coal-bed-methane sinks.

Underground Mine Related Hazards Underground Mine Related Hazards

8 ft Deep8 ft Deep

6 ft Across6 ft Across

Yellow Highway Yellow Highway MarkingMarking

Interstate 70 Abandoned Underground Mine Interstate 70 Abandoned Underground Mine SubsidenceSubsidence

1995, I1995, I--70, Pit Subsidence in the 70, Pit Subsidence in the Eastbound Lane, OHEastbound Lane, OH

Repair Totaled 3.6 Million DollarsRepair Totaled 3.6 Million Dollars

North Canton, Stark County in 1995. Subsidence pit measured: 35North Canton, Stark County in 1995. Subsidence pit measured: 35feet across and 25 feet deep.feet across and 25 feet deep.

ResidentialResidentialHomeHome

PlaygroundPlaygroundAreaArea

Pit Subsidence in Residential AreaPit Subsidence in Residential Area

Two Homes in Wellston, Jackson County , 1994.Two Homes in Wellston, Jackson County , 1994.

Structural Damage due to Mine SubsidenceStructural Damage due to Mine Subsidence

TensionTension--Surface CracksSurface CracksDeveloped over a Developed over a LongwallLongwallMine, 1983.Mine, 1983.

Rice Mine, Carbondale,Rice Mine, Carbondale,Athens County, OHAthens County, OH

Acid Mine Drainage from Abandoned Underground MinesAcid Mine Drainage from Abandoned Underground Mines

CURRENT APPLICATIONS

- ABANDONED-UNDERGROUND MINE INVENTORY andRISK ASSESSMENT (AUMIRA) FIELD MAPPING

ODOT requirements:

- To provide field maps for ODOT’s twelve districts depicting thelocation of AUM’s, mined-out areas, entry points, and minepoint locations that underlie all state routes, federal routes, andinterstate highways within a 500 foot buffer of AUM’s andmined-out areas.

- To indicate points of intersection and coordinates of suchpoints where all roadways intersected buffer areas, minepolygons, and mine-out areas.

- To provide geo-referenced images of mine workings on maps.

- Intersect calibrated routes with buffer areas, mine polygons, and mined-out areas. Extract only roadways that overlie such features.Additionally, extract mine ID,s that fit this requirement.

GIS ANALYSIS:- Extraction of all state routes, federal routes, and interstate

highways from ODOT’s GIS roadway network of Ohio.

- Buffer all mine polygons and mined-out areas by 500 feet.

- Conversion of desired roadway network to routes and calibratethe routes based on ODOT’s county mile post point coverage.

- Convert resulting roadways to route and recalibrate to countymile post.

- Generate intersection points along polygon boundaries.

500 footbuffer

AUM

Highways Intersecting

Mines, BufferAreas and Mined-Out

Areas

IntersectionPoints

- Resulting in the AUMIRA Field Maps

AngleAngleOrientationOrientation

ToolTool

ExportExportToolTool

PopulatedPopulatedAttributeAttribute

FormFormButtonButton

BlankBlankAttributeAttribute

FormFormButtonButton HyperlinkHyperlink

ToolToolAssociationAssociation

ToolTool

OverburdenOverburdenApplicationApplication

Query/ZoomQuery/ZoomToolTool

BufferBufferToolTool

Placement Within the ArcGIS ArcMap EnvironmentPlacement Within the ArcGIS ArcMap Environment

- The AUM System, Overburden Application and PlottingTemplates Tools

DEM DEM ElevationElevation

Bedrock Bedrock ElevationElevation

Mine Mine ElevationElevation

Digitized LineDigitized Line

DigitalDigitalElevationElevationModelModel

BedrockBedrockContourContour

StructuralStructuralContourContour

MineMine

InterstateInterstateHighwayHighway

- Abandoned Underground Mine GIS and Address LocatorSystem

http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/website/geosurvey/omsiua/

1: 240001: 24000with Mine Mapwith Mine MapImagesImages

- Abandoned Underground Mine Maps Provided by theOhio Geological Survey

1: 250,0001: 250,000

1:500,0001:500,000

1: 240001: 24000

1: 62,5001: 62,500PortraitPortraitandandLandscapeLandscape

- The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT)

- The Ohio Mine Subsidence Insurance UnderwritingAssociation (OMSIUA)

- The Ohio Department of Natural Resources/ MineralResources Management (MRM)

- The Ohio Department of Natural Resources/ RealEstate and Land Management (REALM)

- The U.S. Department of Interior, Office of SurfaceMining, Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)

FUNDING AGENCIES AND SOURCES: