development of branchial arches - zillanatomy.com arches lecture poweroint 2019.pdf · development...
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DEVELOPMENT OF BRANCHIAL ARCHESOUTLINE
I. EARLY DEVELOPMENT/TERMINOLOGY
II. FATE OF ARCHES(CHART) - CARTILAGES,LIGAMENTS, NERVES,MUSCLES
III. BRANCHIAL POUCHES,GROOVES, MEMBRANES
IV. DEVELOPMENT OFTHYROID
~4 weeks ~11 weeks
- ADULT STRUCTURE IS RESULT OF TRANSFORMATION; - SPECIFIC SYNDROMES OCCUR IF DEVELOPMENT IS ABNORMAL
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- Structures which develop that are similar in origin and structure to gills of fish
- Gill = Branchial
- Ontogeny resemblesPhylogeny
- Reorganize to produce Adult structures
Note Terminology : Branchial Arch = Pharyngeal Arch
Photo of 4 Week Embryo
I. BRANCHIALARCHES
BRANCHIAL ARCHES
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WHERE/WHAT IS THE PHARYNX?
NASALCAVITY
ORALCAVITY
PHARYNX -region behindOral and Nasal Cavities
PHARYNX IS CONNECTED TO TRACHEA (RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) AND ESOPHAGUS (GI) SYSTEMtrachea
esophagus
DERIVED FROM ECTODERM
DERIVED FROM ENDODERM
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SAYAAHH!
PHARYNX
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A. Week 4 - Neural Crest Cells Migrate
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Neural Crest CellsInvade Head and Neck LateralTo Rostral Part of Foregut= PHARYNX
Form Ridges = Branchial Arches
BranchiaMeans GillIn Greek;In fish, similar structuresform Gills
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Gills - located lateral to Rostral (proximal) end of pharynx - covered and protected
GILLS
GILLS OF FISH
FISHblue fish
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Gills have filaments attached to cartilages- arteries pass through filaments for gas exchange- Gills moveable (filter feeding) - each has skeletal muscle and nerve (CRANIAL NERVE)
Large surface area - Mackerel (swim a lot) - surface of gills 10 times surface area of body
GILLS HAVE ARTERIES, MUSCLES AND NERVES
water flow blood flow
Gills
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Structures in Embryonic Branchial Arches Reorganize to form cartilages, nerve, muscles & arteries in fetus.
Forms much of musculatureof head some of neck
5- 6 weeks
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6-7 weeksDevelopingEar
Eye
Mouth
UpperLip
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CongenitalMalformations of Head andNeck Result from incorrectTransformation of BranchialApparatus to Adult Structures
8-10 weeks
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3. Branchial Pouch- endodermal out pocketing from rostral foregut- between adjacent arches
1. Branchial Arches = LUMPS
2. Branchial Grooves (Clefts)- ectodermal clefts between adjacent arches
VIEW OF EXTERIOR OFEMBRYO
VIEW OF EMBRYO BISECTED INSAGITTAL PLANE
TERMINOLOGY: ARCHES, GROOVES, POUCHES, MEMBRANES
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1. Branchial Archcovered by: Ectoderm - externallyEndoderm - lined internally(Mesenchyme - core)
Each arch has own cartilage, nerve, muscle and artery (= aortic arch artery)
Each nerve innervates structures derived from its associated arch
B. BRANCHIAL APPARATUS - 4 elements
PLANE OF CUT
ORIENT: LOOKING DOWN
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2. Branchial Groove(Pharyngeal Cleft)- ectodermal cleft between adjacent arches3. Branchial Pouch -endodermal outpocketing from rostral foregut-between adjacent arches 4. Branchial Membrane- site of contact of Groove (ectoderm)Pouch (endoderm)
GROOVEPOUCH
MEMBRANE
BRANCHIAL APPARATUS - 4 elements
endoderm ectoderm
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First Arch - forms face, has maxillary and mandibular processes - surrounds stomodeum (primitive mouth)
Maxillary
stomodeum
Mandibular
NOTE: LENS PLACODE IS CORRECT
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- Stomodeum formed by Ectoderm; forms Oral Cavity and Nasal Cavity- Contacts Endoderm at Oropharyngeal Membrane- Pharynx – rostral foregut - formed by Endoderm
Oropharyngeal Membrane = BOUNDARY
Stomodeum
Pharynx
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PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH = SITE OF OROPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE= BOUNDARY,BETWEEN ORALCAVITY AND PHARYNX
PALATOGLOSSALARCH**
SAYAAHH!
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Note: All authors agree on:1) Fate of Arches 1- 3;2) Arch 5 does not formstructures in humans
Accounts vary onArches 4 and 6 (6 is small)
ARCH 1ARCH 2 ARCH 3
ARCHES 4-6
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BRANCHIAL ARCH CARTILAGES
I First (Mandibular) Arch -1. Malleus2. Incus3. Ant. LigamentOf malleus4. Sphenomandibularligament
II Second (Hyoid) Arch1. Stapes2. Styloid Process3. Stylohyoid Ligament4. Lesser horn, Upper ½ body Hyoid
III Third Arch -Lower ½ Body, Greater Horn Of hyoid
IV Fourth(Sixth) Arch -CartilagesOf larynx
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Muscles of Arches are innervated by Cranial Nerves
1) First Arch – Trigeminal (V)
2) Second Arch – Facial (VII)
3) Third Arch – Glosso-pharyngeal (IX)
4) Fourth Arch – Vagus (X)
5) Caudal Sixth –Accessory (XI)
BRANCHIAL ARCH NERVES
V VII IX X
XI
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MUSCLES OF BRANCHIAL ARCHES
Second -Facial VII
ThirdGlosso-pharyngealIX
First -TrigeminalV
FourthVagusX
SixthAccessoryXI
Innervated by
When muscles migrate, they carry the nerve branch with them.
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FIRSTARCH
SECONDARCH
THIRDARCH
FOURTHARCH
CAUDAL SIXTHARCH
note: Innervation pattern of Cranial Nerves applies to muscles of BRANCHIAL ARCHES: DOES NOT APPLY TO POUCHES OR CLEFTS
KNOW THIS: QUESTIONS ON EXAM, BOARDS
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BRANCHIOMOTOR (SVE) = SKELETAL MUSCLES DERIVED FROM BRANCHIAL ARCHES
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NASAL PLACODE
ARCHI
ARCHII
GROOVE = CLEFT I
GROOVE = CLEFT II
24 DAY HUMAN EMBRYO
MAXILLARYPROCESS
MANDIBULARPROCESS
STOMODEUM =MOUTH
BRANCHIAL ARCHES AND CLEFTS
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BRANCHIAL POUCHES, GROOVES, MEMBRANES
branchialcleft =groove
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2. Branchial Groove(Pharyngeal Cleft)- ectodermal cleft between adjacent arches3. Branchial Pouch -endodermal outpocketing from rostral foregut-between adjacent arches 4. Branchial Membrane- site of contact of Groove (ectoderm)Pouch (endoderm)
GROOVEPOUCH
MEMBRANE
BRANCHIAL APPARATUS - 4 elements
endoderm ectoderm
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BRANCHIAL POUCHES, GROOVES, MEMBRANES
NOTE: CLEFT = GROOVE
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KNOW THIS: QUESTIONS ON EXAM, BOARDS
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SagittalView – embryo6-7 weeks
- OutpocketingsOf pharynxendoderm
ViewInside PharynxEndoderm
IV. BRANCHIAL POUCHES
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A. Pouch 1 - forms Tubotympanic recess - Auditory Tube, Tympanic cavity
B. Pouch 2 - lining (crypts) ofPalatine Tonsils
C. Pouch 3- Inferior ParathyroidGlands and Thymus Gland
D. Pouch 4 - Superior ParathyroidGlands and C-Cells (Calcitonin) of Thyroid
Note: Pouch 3 derivatives migrate caudal to pouch 4
Branchial Pouch
BRANCHIAL POUCH DERIVATIVES
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Only First Branchial Groove and Membrane Normally form Structures in Adult
First Membrane- Tympanic Membrane
First Pouch -AuditoryTube
III. BRANCHIALGROOVES AND MEMBRANES
Ext. Aud.Meatus
First Groove - External Auditory Meatus
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Outer Ear
1) funnel shaped
2) directs sounds to tympanic membrane
3) binaural hearing
Middle Ear
1) bones link tympanic membrane to cochlea amplify pressure 2) muscles can dampen loud sounds
Inner Ear
1) cochlea-hearing vestibular apparatus-gravity
EAR
FIRST GROOVE -Ext. Aud.Meatus
FIRST POUCH -AuditoryTube, Tympanic Cavity
First Membrane- Tympanic Membrane
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Other Grooves develop in longer depressionCervical Sinus
Note: Cervical sinus normally obliterated butcan persist
BRANCHIAL GROOVES
CERVICALSINUS
1
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Branchial Sinus = Blind pouch from PharynxBranchial Fistula = Channel, often connecting Pharynx to skin of neck; usually passes Anterior to Sternocleidomastoid, between Int. and Ext. Carotid A.
BRANCHIAL ANOMALIES
Sinus
Fistula
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BRANCHIAL ANOMALIES
Branchial Fistula - drains to neck Branchial Cyst often remnantof Cervical Sinus
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BRANCHIAL POUCHES, GROOVES, MEMBRANES
NOTE: CLEFT = GROOVE
KNOW THESE CHARTSQUESTIONS ON EXAM, BOARDS
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2) Elongates to form Thyroid Diverticulum; descends ant. to hyoid bone and larynx3) Thyroglossal duct connects Diverticulum to Foramen cecum
V. DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID
1) Thyroid start as Median endodermal Thickening on floor of pharynx at future junction of anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue (marked by Foramen Cecum)
THYROGLOSSALDUCT
TONGUEhyoidbone
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CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Thyroglossal Duct Remnants -can form thyroid tissue (cysts) along path (midline, ant. tohyoid, larynx)
Pyramidal Lobe - 50%of people; attached tohyoid by fibrous strand;no clinical problems
LINGUAL THYROID* - gland in tongue
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