development of cmyk color display: display by chromogenic effect to control painted color on paper
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8/13/2019 Development of CMYK Color Display: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
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ternational Jour
ManuscriptReceived:30, June, 2011
Revised:
13, July, 2011
Accepted:27, July, 2011
Published:10, August, 2011
Keywordsdisplay
technology,
subtractive
color model,
CMYK color
mode,
temperature
control,
infrared light,
simulation,
media art,
hothothermal
conversion
In the couchanical en
plays such a
en spread innsmission. N
d paintingscumstances.nting, papernsmission of
ange the inerefore, we
ily life.As an att
ital imagesvel system t
normal inkcontrast to
resent anding anyh-resolution,h update ra
Di
al of Advanced
Abstract
novel ima
ainted
(Red-Gree
of light's
render di
CMYK (
subtractive
rinting o
here we pr
color mod
images by
irritation-s
roperty
digitally c
physical o
achieve t
high-resol
high updat
LED (Lig
control th
developme
introduce o
1. Intrrse of the raineering techs monitors, m
our daily lifevertheless,
n papers arSince Gutenwith ink hinformation
ormation priuse both dig
mpt to creaand analogcontrol the
nd external irevious wor
hange coloright emittilow power
te while a p
play b
Hiroki
Computer Scien
In this pape
e display tec
colors on
-Blue), an ad
hree primar
ital images
yan-Magent
color mode
painting to
pose the syst
l and digitall
chromogenic
ensitive inks.
f the ink, t
ange painted
jects dynam
e color co
tion, low- ow
e rate, peltier
t Emitting D
rmochromic
t of two
ur vision of
oductionid progressnology, widobile phones
as new meandwritings,
still preferberg has des been a pountil now. H
nted on aital devices
te a bridgeimages, weMYK color
rritation-senss, this syste
of objectsng devicesconsumptionaper keeps i
evelo
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e, Vol. 1, No. 1,
r, we describ
hnology to c
paper.
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colors is us
and images
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papers. Ho
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controls col
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Due to the s
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colors of eve
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inks. Throug
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MYK displa
f informatiovariety of d
or projectors
ia for inforprintings, pi
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aper as weand papers i
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mogeCol
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11.
alness.
2. B
The purpose
ology that rut any lightof physical
ctors, monitove color mixtRGB is an
blue lights
duce a broadonent gives t), and full inrd to see Rs have to bity to visuali
. 1. An examp
2.2.erein, we
ology, whiccal object anight conditio
MYK displion-sensitive
ion.he princip
ding multi-cantiality of i
GB lights dphysically e
ct with the
YK C
ect toapermohiro Ta
ckgroun
2.1. Bacof our stud
nders CMYemission. Geobjects, wers or otherure of light'sdditive colore added to
array of colhe darkest coensity of eacB lights in
e projectede RGB lights
e of artwork
ision of Cpropose theh enables
high perfor. We define
y uses a chroink to render
al differenclor e-ink disformation.
es not haveists in real
nformation.
lor D
Contr
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and Vis
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colors anderally, whenxpose visiblelectronic dethree primary
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ors. Zero intlor (no light,h gives a whthe bright sin a dark roin bright lig
ith a projector
YK Dispvision of
CMYK coloance of dis
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mogenic reaccolors inste
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hile inform
physical suborld and we
CMYK displ
splay:
l Pai
ichitaka
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op the displ
performs wwe change tlights throu
vices usingcolors, RGBich red, grerious ways
ensity for eaconsidered tte. Thereforenlight and t
om due to tt (Fig. 1).
in a dark room.
laynovel displr-alterationlay even undisplay.
tion of exterd of RGB li
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ation express
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irose
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The CMYKtion-sensitivarance of ink.
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r-changing teed. Reach [mic ink. Shichnology fo] is a flexibl
sing liquid cral appearanc
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[1, 2, 5, 6, 7,d representatind high uto achieve h
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chitectu
stem consisthe system
. 41-51, Jul. 201
Group (IJPG)
tiles where t2] is dynamering Flownon-emissi
, non-emissi
stal ink. Thee of images
omic ink. Sln display usials to provi
Print [17] is
MYK ink we pass witho
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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 41-51, Jul. 2011.
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)
44
4. Implementation
4.1. Prototype 1This prototype uses two monochromic thermochromic
inks whose threshold temperatures are different (27 and 35degrees Celsius) to realize multi-layer display.
Peltier Device Grid
To control the temperature of the thermochromic inks,the system uses a number of peltier devices. Being chargedelectricity, the peltier device heats or cools according to itselectrical polarity. We applied small peltier deivice (30square millimetre-sized and 5 amperes at a maximum) to
make the prototype. All peltier devices are connected to themicrocontroller (PIC) and assigned to the grid (7 row, 5column) under a paper where the characters or images arepre-painted. This means the resolution of the prototypedisplay is 7x5 (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. The grid of peltier devices under a paper.
When the signal to disappear the ink is send to the
grid point, the microcontroller supply positive voltage to thepeltier device set on the grid point and the peltier device
changes its function to disappear (heating) and increasethe temperature of the side in contact with a paper and theink disappears. On the contrary, when the signal to appearthe ink is send to the grid point, the peltier device of thegrid point changes its function to appear (cooling) anddecrease the temperature of the side in contact with a paper
and the ink appears. This means the system can control theappearance of the ink by only 1-bit signal from themicrocontroller.
Touch SensorTo enables users to interact with the system, we
implemented the input devices, capacitance sensors. Fig. 6
shows the capacitance sensor. Two pairs of copper foilsheets are put on a peltier device and a woody sheet andconnected to the microcontroller (PSoC). This means thatthe resolution of the capacitance sensors grid is same as the
peltier devices grid (7x5). The temperature sensor is set inthe grid point to measure the temperature of the surface ofthe paper and it sends signals to the microcontroller to stop
overheating. The paper with the thermochromic inky imageis put on the grid.
Fig. 6. The capacitance sensor.
However, if the user touches the paper directly, there isa possibility that the temperature of the ink changes due to
the bodily temperature of the user. So we set the paper in aframe with glass (Fig. 7). The capacitance sensors can
detect the users touch through the glass when highresistance units are embedded in the system.
Fig. 7. The user can interact with the paper with his/her finger over
the glass cover of the frame.
4.2. Prototype 2This prototype consists of layers of monochromic
thermochromic ink and liquid crystal ink and uses a numberof infrared LEDs to control the temperature of these inks.To use LED as a device to transfer heat to the ink, thermal
property of black ink is very useful. Black ink efficientlyabsorbs heat from infrared light, so we have painted black
ink on the back of the paper and put infrared LEDs underthe paper.
Design of Infrared LED Array
We have designed infrared LED arrays to transfer heatefficiently (Fig. 8). Maximum allowable current of eachLED is 100[mA]. Next, we have calculated the distancebetween LED arrays and paper.
Viewing angle of the infrared LED is 30. Fig. 9 showsthe side view of the infrared LED arrays and Fig. 10 showsthe top view of the irradiation area of each LED. Diameterof the infrared LED is 5[mm]. The pitch of the board is2.54[mm] so distance between sources of LED light is about
3.54[mm] (parameter kin Fig. 10).
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Fig. 9. Positi
Fig. 10. Positi
We definetween papere irradiation
rom Fig. 9,
o heat up wh
rom (Equ. 1)
Fig. 11 sstem to cont
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g. 8. Infrared L
onal relationshicircuit boa
onal relationshcircuit boa
ed parameteand source
area of infrar
l = dta
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and (Equ.2) ,
d =l
tan
hows the desol each LED.
YK Color Disp
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ED arrays on a
p of infrared Lrd. (side view).
ip of infraredrd. (top view).
s as followsf LED light,d light.
15
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[mm]
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This value i
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Fig. 11. Desi
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Fig. 12 show
As we mentiochromic in
hold temperaThe paper isrb heat effic
ochromic inof paper in vIn Fig. 12,nd liquid cryd crystal inkal ink is tr
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Pattern 3, riochromic in
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per
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um. Microc
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to control the
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ly, monochrorystal ink ha
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ink are paints of layers.most one isis pattern, thelor from blad to purple
a layer of li
is a layer ocolor ink. Inthermochronal color of
s.
rapidly switn of this circ
] (Equ. 4
ontroller (PI
utput signal
LED array.
er of colors.
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45
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International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)
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When turning off each LED, the temperature of theinks naturally comes back to room temperature. The speed
of cooling is dependent on room temperature. Refer to nextsection, Simulation for the details of cooling speed.
Simulation
We have run a simulation of heat-transfer distributionof LED light by FEM (Finite Element Method) with an
analysis tool [13].We set constant numbers for FEM simulation as
follows: Air temperature is 20 degree Celsius. Distancebetween paper and source of LED light is 0.268[mm] from
(Equ. 3).Definition of parameters is as follows: Heat-transfer
coefficient as h1 (the side of the LED array) and h2(another side). The coefficient of thermal conductivity of airas k. The thinness of paper asL ( 0.06[mm] ). The thermalflow rate of paper as q. The coefficient of thermal
conductivity of paper as ka ( 0.06[ W /m2
K] ) [14]. Thepapers surface temperature of the side of the LED array as
. The temperature of source of LED light as T.
h1 = h2 =Nuk
L(Equ. 5)
Coefficient of thermal conductivity of air is [14],
k = 0.0241 (Equ. 6)Nusselt number (Nu) without convection is,
u =1 (Equ. 7)
From equation (Equ. 5) to (Equ. 6), h1 and h2 are,
h1 =h2 = 0.402[W /m2K] (Equ. 8)
Thermal flow rate of paper is,
(Equ. 9)
Thermal flow rate of paper is,
q =h 2 (T (Equ. 10)
From (Equ. 8) to (Equ. 10), the relationship between and Tis,
=T 0.416 (Equ. 11)From (Equ. 1) to (Equ. 11), we have run FEM (Finite
Element Method) simulation.Fig. 13 shows the result of FEM simulation of
temperature distribution of paper of 1.000[sec], 2.000[sec],3.000[sec], and 4.000[sec] later after start of heating.
Fig. 14 shows the result temperature distribution of1.000[sec], 2.000[sec], 3.000[sec], 4.000[sec] (left side of
figure), 5.000[sec], 6.000[sec], 7.000[sec], and 8.000[sec](right side of figure) later after start of natural cooling.
The results of heating simulation show that thetemperature of the inks reaches;
1) 27 degrees Celsius, the temperature wherecolor-alteration of monochromic thermochromic ink starts
within one second.
2) 30 degrees Celsius, the temperature wherecolor-alteration of liquid crystal ink starts within one
second.3) 45 degrees Celsius, the temperature where
color-alteration of liquid crystal ink ends within fourseconds.
Fig. 13. Result of FEM simulation (heating).
q =1
1
h1+
1
h2+
L
ka
T100( )
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We have imp15, Fig. 16, aloped for picerature was s
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ochromic theentioned at son the boar
[mm] thickne
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Fig. 15. P
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ll pictures wof normal ink, and liquid12. The sizeheight, 72.00
two patternsater).two patternse).ne layer (pat
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ttern A.
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hin eight
mic ink starts
and tested it.tion we have. The roomsame value
re painted byks,crystal ink a
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f layer (patt
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8/13/2019 Development of CMYK Color Display: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
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Yamada et al.:Development of CMYK Color Display: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)
51
Hiroki Yamada was born in Kanagawa,Japan, in 1984. He received the B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees from Osaka University in2007 and 2009. He is currently the Ph.D.
candidate at Research Center forAdvanced Science and Technology, The
University of Tokyo. He is with CyberInterface Lab which studies virtual
reality, human interface, and multimodalinterfaces since 2009. His research interests include product
design, information visualization, tangible user interface, andmedia arts. He belongs to Tokyo Interaction Center as a
researcher.
Kunihiro Nishimura was born inTokyo, Japan, in 1978. He received theB.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in
Engineering from The University ofTokyo in 2001, in 2003, in 2006
respectively. He was the assistantprofessor at Graduate School ofInformation Science and Technology,
The university of Tokyo until 2011. Heis currently the researcher at Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo. He is withCyber Interface Lab which studies virtual reality, human interface,
and multimodal interfaces since 2000. His research interestsinclude information visualization, virtual reality, data analysis,
bioinformatics, and media arts. He served as a technical producerat the Digital Public Art exhibition named "AIR-HARBOR" at
Haneda Airport in 2009 which aimes to integrate media art, publicart, and information technology.
Tomohiro Tanikawa received Ph.D.degrees from The University of Tokyo in
2002. Since 2005 he has been with CyberInterface Lab as a lecturer. His research
interests include virtual reality, augmentedreality and its applications.
Michitaka Hirose was born in
Kanagawa, Japan, in 1954. He receivedthe B.S. degree in engineering from The
University of Tokyo in 1977, and Ph.D.degrees in 1982, respectively. He
currently is the professor of TheUniversity of Tokyo. His research
interests include virtual reality,augmented reality and their applications.