development of diaphragm, skull, vertebrae & limbs (special embryology)
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Development of Diaphragm
(Page 157)
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Anatomy of Diaphragm
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Lower Aspect Inferior vena cava
Esophagus
Aorta
Rt. crusLt. crus
Central tendon
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM It is developed from the following structures.It is developed from the following structures.
1-1- Septum transversum:Septum transversum: It lies firstly infront the neck It lies firstly infront the neck and forms central tendon.and forms central tendon.
2- 2- Cervical myotomes (C3,4,5):Cervical myotomes (C3,4,5): Forms the muscular Forms the muscular part around the central tendon and supplied by part around the central tendon and supplied by phrenic nervephrenic nerve..
3- 3- Pleuro-peritoneal membrane:Pleuro-peritoneal membrane: forms the postero-forms the postero-lateral parts of the diaphragm.lateral parts of the diaphragm.
4- 4- Meso-esophagus:Meso-esophagus: forms the median posterior forms the median posterior part.part.
5- 5- Mesoderm of thoracic wall:Mesoderm of thoracic wall: forms the periphery forms the periphery of diaphragm.of diaphragm.
6- 6- Mesoderm around aorta:Mesoderm around aorta: forms the crura.forms the crura. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Bucco-pharyngeal membrane
Cloacal membrane
Cardiogenic area
Notochord
Septum transversumPericardium
Pleura
Pleuro-peritoneal membrane
PeritoneumIntra-embryonic ceolom
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Bucco-pharyngeal membrane
heart
Pericardium
Septum transversum
Pharynx
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
• 1- Congenital Hernia of Bochdalek: due to failure of formation of pleuro-peritoneal membrane.
• 2- Esophageal (Hiatus) Hernia: due to wide esophageal opening or short esophagus.
• 3- Parasternal hernia (of Morgagni): wide gap between sternal and costal origin of diaphragm.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Development of Skull(Page 159)
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Development of SkullSkull is formed by 2 parts:1- Neurocranium.2- Viscerocranium.
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A- Neurocranium (Brain box)
Is divided into:I- Cartilagenous neurocranium which forms skull base. 2- Membranous neurocranium which skull cap.
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SKULL BASE
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Skull Vault
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B- Viscero-craniumIs divided into:1- Membranous viscero-cranium.2- Cartilagenous viscero-cranium
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Pharyngeal Arches
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Maxillary & Mandibular processes of 1st Pharyngeal Arch
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Skull Vault & Viscerocranium
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Anomalies of Skull
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Acrania
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Craniosynostosis
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Scaphocephaly
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Oxycephaly
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Development of Vertebral Column
(page 161)
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Stages of Vertebral Column Development
1- First stage: represented by notochord.2- Second stage: Sclerotomes surround the notochord. Formation of vertebral body from upper ½ of one sclerotome and lower ½ of the previous one.3- Third stage: Transformation of mesenchymal bodies into cartilage.4- Fourth stage: Ossification of vertebral bodies. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Differentiation of a Somite
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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CentrumNotochord
Dorsal processes
Lateral proces
Costal process
Formation of processes
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Chondrification of a Vertebra
Chondrification center
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Ossification of a Vertebra
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Steps of vertebral formation:Formation of centrum:It is formed by fusion of sclerotomes of both sides.Formation of processes:1- Dorsal process: forms lamina and spine.2- Lateral process: forms transverse process.3- Costal process: forms:- Anterior boundary of foramen transversium in cervical vertebra.- Ribs in thoracic region.-Fuse with transverse process in lumbar vertebra.-Forms anterior part of lateral mass of sacrum.
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Anomalies of Vertebrae
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Development of The Limbs
(Page 165)
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Development of Limbs• Limb buds appear at the end of 4th
week as outpoketing from ventro-lateral aspect of body.
• Each bud is composed of a core of mesoderm which is covered by ectoderm.
• At 7th week, upper limb rotates 90 degree laterally while lower limb rotates 90 degree medially.
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Development of the Limbs
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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LIMB DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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LIMB DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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Anomalies of Limbs• Amelia: Absence of a limb.• Phocomelia: Hand or foot are attached to
the body.• Polydactyly: Presence of extra-finger.• Syndactyly: Fusion between 2 fingers.
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PhocomeliaDr. Sherif Fahmy
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Polydactyly
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
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ClubfootDr. Sherif Fahmy
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Lobster hand
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SyndactylyDr. Sherif Fahmy
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy