development of high temperature membranes and improved ... · technical accomplishments: pt alloys...
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2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Development of High Temperature Development of High Temperature Membranes and Improved CathodeMembranes and Improved Cathode
Catalysts for PEM Fuel CellsCatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells
Lesia ProtsailoUTC Fuel Cells
DoE Agreement DE-FC04C-02-A1-67608Program Manager – Amy Manheim
Project ID#: FC4
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Objectives and ApproachObjectives and Approach
Improved Cathode CatalystsGoals:
To improve power densityLower cost, $/kW
Approach:Higher activity cathode catalyst systems: binary and ternary alloys. High loading of noble metal to decrease electrode thickness and achieve mass transport benefit
High Temperature Fundamentals and Membrane Development (100-120 C, 1.0-1.5 atm):
Goals to improve:Anode CO toleranceAnode and cathode kineticsSystem heat management
Approach:Collaboration with leading polymer chemists to develop new membrane systems: poly(arylene ether sulfone), PEEK, multiblock polymers and inorganic solid conductor filled Nafion®
Fundamental understanding of HT operation limitations and possible solutions through modeling and experimental work
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Barriers and TargetsTechnical Barriers and Targets
Characteristic Units Calendar Year
2002 2005 2010
Membrane Areal Resistance in cell, operating temperature
Ω-cm2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Cost $/kW 200 100 10
Operating Temperature oC 80 120(100) 120(100)
Durability hours 1000 >4000 >5000
Total catalyst loading (both electrodes) mg/cm2 0.8 0.4 0.1
Performance @ 0.25 power (0.8V) mA/cm2
mW/cm2125100
250200
400320
Performance @ full power mW/cm2 400 800 1280
Extend of performance degradation over lifetime
% 10 10 10
• DoE Technical Barriers for Fuel Cell Components– P. Durability– Q. Electrode Performance– R. Thermal and Water Management
• DoE Technical Targets for Catalyst Coated Membranes
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Budget and PartnersBudget and Partners
• UTC FC (Dr. L.Protsailo): general coordination, catalyst development, modeling, fuel cell testing, fundamentals and stack development
• UTRC (Dr. N.Cipollini): MEA optimization and fabrication• VaTech (Prof. J. McGrath): membrane development, fundamentals of
membrane architecture• UCONN (Prof. J.Fenton/R.Kunz): membrane development, MEA
fabrication, HT fundamentals• NorthEastern University (Prof. S. Mukerjee): catalyst development,
durability studies
YearTotal $M
DoE $M
UTC$M
Overall Program 2002-2006 9.500 7.600 1.900FY04 (actual) 2.983 2.387 .593FY05 (planned) 1.875 1.500 .375
Program Team:
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Program ScheduleProgram Schedule
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8TASK
Phase 1
Task 1.1 Membrane Requirement
Task 1.2 Membrane Synthesis
9 10 11 12 13 14
Task 1.3 Membrane Characterization
Task 2.0 Sub-Scale MEA Catalyst
Phase 3 Stack Demonstration and HT Fundamentals
Task 3.0 Stack MEA Fabrication
Task 3.1, Stack Testing and
15
16
3.2 Demonstration
10
2002 2003 2004
TASK DESCRIPTION
Membrane Chemistry and
Specification
Phase 2 MEA Development & Testing
15 16
6
7
2005
12
9
8
1.0 Catalyst Development
1.01 Catalyst Modeling
1.02 Catalyst Characterization
1.03 Catalyst Synthesis
5
4
32
1
Fabrication and Testing
Catalyst Development
Task 2.1 Sub-Scale High TemperatureMEA Fabrication
Task 2.2 Sub-Scale Testing
Task 2.3 MEA Optimization andSelection
11
11
13
14
Membrane Down select
Catalyst Down select
Task 3.3 Fuel Cell HT Performance Demonstration
Fuel Cell HT Performance and Durability Demonstration
Task 3.3
17
18
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Preliminary model completedBegin alloy synthesisComplete alloy synthesisComplete characterization and down-selectionComplete modeling + correlationMembrane specification to team membersInitial sample membraneCharacterization of initial membrane samplesSynthesis of final membrane samplesSelect membrane for Phase 2
Phase 1Membrane Chemistryand CatalystDevelopment
PHASE MILESTONE # MILESTONE
123456789
10
Phase 2MEA Development and Testing
Phase 3Stack Demonstration and High Temperature Fundamentals
1112
1516
Complete stack and test stand assemblyComplete stack verification test
Initial electrode fabricationComplete subscale testing for cathode catalyst and down-select catalystsComplete subscale testing for membranes and down-select membrane(s)Select optimum catalyst-membrane combinationfor Phase 3
13
14
17
18
Fuel cell demonstration of the best performing high temperature materialsFuel cell demonstration of performance and durability best MEA materials for HT operation
Program MilestonesProgram Milestones
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Project SafetyProject Safety
• Safety reviews of test equipment design and of test processes– Codes and Standards, Hazard Analysis, FTA, HAZOP– Readiness reviews required for major changes, new equipment and
chemicals
• New Catalyst Preparation– Only low environmental impact reagents and materials are used =
greater level of safety from reduction of chemical hazards and procedures
• Tests Safety– All testing is done in well-ventilated automated test stands – Hydrogen detection and emergency stop capabilities– Alarms– All test hardware for the program has been tested and evaluated in
contractor safety review process
• No unusual safety issues have been encountered to date on this project
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Responses to Previous Year ReviewersResponses to Previous Year Reviewers’’ CommentsComments
• Q1. Insufficient emphasis on lower RH% requirements for HT operation– Emphasis is put on lower %RH. New design point 100oC, 25% RH. Short excursions to
120oC required.
• Q2. …research areas require more fundamental work …not direct sufficient fundamental analysis to each material regarding failure modes.
– Significant emphasis has been put on fundamental analysis and understanding of HT operation issues – program re-scope in August 2004.
– Direction toward fundamental analysis of failure modes - post-test analysis backed up by modeling work. Post tests include EMPA, XRD, fuel cell exhaust water analysis, post test of failed membranes – GPC, viscosity measurements, etc.
• Q4. The catalyst loading of alternative catalysts is not clear….Catalyst shows greater activity but Pt/C not plotted on durability or performance plots.
– Direct comparison of alternative catalysts to pure Platinum with the emphasis on reduced loading benefit
• Q5. Need to investigate durability of alloys catalysts– Large emphasis on durability aspect of alternative catalyst – including electrode
durability and its implications on membrane durability for wide range of operating conditions
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: Pt Alloys for Improved Performance PEM Pt Alloys for Improved Performance PEM FCsFCs
• ½ of Pt loading without sacrifice in performance is allowed with Pt75Co25/C system
• Reduced noble metal loading
• FC performance improvement
– Expected performance improvement for for Pt75Co25/C and Pt50Ir25Co25/C systems (assuming TS=70 mV/decade):
PtCo – 20-28mVPtIrCo – 12-20mV
0.860.880.9
0.920.940.960.98
11.02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
log i
Vcel
l, IR
free
PtCo 65C Pt 65C Li (Pt65C)
Observed benefit:18-25mV
: MEA: 0.4mgPt/cm2(cathode)
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.05
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0Current Density, mA/cm2
Vcel
l, Vo
lts
PEM 472 Pt 0.4mgPt/cm2 cathode
PEM460 PtCo 0.22mgPt/cm2 cathode
Fuel: H2
Oxidant: O2
Temperature: 65oC
Pressure: 1atm
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: Pt Alloys for Improved Durability of PEM Pt Alloys for Improved Durability of PEM FCsFCs
Potential cycling test between 0.87V and 1.2V
(1.05V for HT) for 2800cycles
Tear down and do EMPA and XRD analysis
Evaluate the performances/ ECAs every 400cycles
MEA performance in subscale fuel cell
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
-1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0pH
Elec
trod
e po
tent
ial (
V)
λ=7 λ=14 λ=22
PtO
Pt
Pt++
Pourbaix diagram [Pt++] = 10-6 M
Pt stability in fuel cell environment
• Membrane: Nafion® 112• Anode: ~46% Pt/C, 0.4mgPt/cm2
• Cathode: 45-49% Pt (Pt / Pt75Co25 / Pt50Ir25Co25) supported on high surface area carbon (BET~800m2/g)
• Electrode Cyclic Durability: normal and HT operating conditions
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: Pt Alloys for Improved Pt Alloys for Improved Durability of PEM Durability of PEM FCsFCs –– Catalyst Dissolution (65Catalyst Dissolution (65ooC)C)
PtIrCo improves cathode durability 5x that of Pt
•EMPA shows no evidence of Co or Ir in the membrane and/or anode.
ECA reduction
during potential cycling
0
0.2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1.2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
C u r r e n t d e n s ity, m A /cm 2
Vcel
l, V
PEM 456 PtIrCo H2_O2 (BOL)
A f ter 3200 c y c les
IP (BOL)
IR (af ter 3200 c y c les )
3200 cycles0
0.2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1.2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
C u r r e n t d e n s ity, m A /cm 2
Vcel
l, V
PEM 456 PtIrCo H2_O2 (BOL)
A f ter 3200 c y c les
IP (BOL)
IR (af ter 3200 c y c les )
3200 cycles
Pt/C
0
0.2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1.2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
C u r r e n t d e n s ity, m A /cm 2
Vcel
l, V
PEM 456 PtIrCo H2_O2 (BOL)
A f ter 3200 c y c les
IP (BOL)
IR (af ter 3200 c y c les )
3200 cycles0
0.2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1.2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
C u r r e n t d e n s ity, m A /cm 2
Vcel
l, V
PEM 456 PtIrCo H2_O2 (BOL)
A f ter 3200 c y c les
IP (BOL)
IR (af ter 3200 c y c les )
3200 cycles
Pt75Ir25Co25/CPt Co IrPt Co Ir
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Potential cycling conditions:120oC, 50%RH;2800 cycles; H2/N2
0.87-1.05V vs RHE; Diagnostic tests every 400 cycles: ECA, H2/Air, H2/O2
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: Pt Alloys for Improved Pt Alloys for Improved Durability of PEM Durability of PEM FCsFCs -- Catalyst Dissolution at HTCatalyst Dissolution at HT
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600
Cycle No.
Nor
m. E
CA
PtIrCo
PtCoPt
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000Current Density, mA/cm2
Volta
ge, V
Pt/C initialPt/C 1800 cycles
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000Current Density, mA/cm2
Volta
ge, V
PtIrCo/C initial
PtIrCo/C 1800 cycles
H2/O2, 120oCoC, 50%RH, 1.5atm.
Pt/C: ~ 45% ECA decrease; 25mV performance loss
PtIrCo/C: ~ 6% ECA decrease; 3mV performance loss
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
PtIrCo/C cathode
B.S.E. Pt Co Ir
PtCo/C cathode
B.S.E. Pt
Pt/C cathode
•The electron microprobe analysis shows no evidence of Co or Ir in the membrane and/or anode.• The absence of Co/Ir migration demonstrates a benefit of PtCo and PtIrCo alloy systems – will not poison membrane.
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: Pt Alloys for Improved Pt Alloys for Improved Durability of PEM Durability of PEM FCsFCs -- Catalyst Dissolution at HTCatalyst Dissolution at HT
MEA Post-Test: EMPA Analysis
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: Pt Alloys for Improved Pt Alloys for Improved Durability of PEM Durability of PEM FCsFCs –– Peroxide Formation Peroxide Formation
Rate of H2O2 formation:– Pt > PtCo– Low RH% >> High RH%
RRDE experiments
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: HT operation HT operation ––performance improvementsperformance improvements
Performance Curve when varying HTparameters120 C, 25 % RH, 150 kPa (abs)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000CD (A/m2)
Volta
ge, V
NAF112UConn
UConn best case
•Re-optimize cathode–More ionomer–More conductive ionomer–Thinner–More active catalyst
•Thinner membrane, more conductive–UConn has 25 micron membrane–Good Conductivity
Modeling Experimental Verification
40mVactivity
enhancement with PtCo at 120oC
800EW ionomer in electrode shows up
to 45mV improvement at low
current densities compared to 1100EW
120oC, 35%RH,
1atm, H2/O2
0.50.55
0.60.65
0.70.75
0.80.85
0.90.95
1
1 10 100 1000 10000Current Density, mA/cm2
Volta
ge, V
PEM155, Pt/K,UCONN GDL
PEM159, PtCo/K,UCONN GDL
120oC, 50%RH, 1.5 atm, H2/O2
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
• Approach B– First generation: BPSH-XX
– Second generation: BPSH-XX with high molecular weight, partially fluorinated, increased acidity of functional group
– Third generation: multiblock copolymers
• Approach A– First generation: Series II solid
acid doped reinforced Nafion-like membrane
• Nafion®-Teflon®-phosphotungstic acid (NTPA) (Na-form)- Series II membrane
– Second generation: Series IV Cs form in-situ doped reinforced Nafion-like membrane
VaTechUCONN
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: HT Membrane DevelopmentHT Membrane Development
2 different approaches for HT membrane development are currently investigated under this program:
O O SO2 co O O SO2
SO3HSO3H
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
n x1-x
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Composite membranes based on Nafion® and solid proton conductor – retain conductivity at low RH%
• Nafion®-Teflon®-phosphotungstic acid (NTPA) (Na-form)- Series II membrane• Nafion®-Teflon®-phosphotungstic acid (NTPA) (Cs-form) – Series IV membrane
• Smaller uniform particle size• Solid acid proton conductor is precipitated in-situ• Cs-form is insoluble• Processed at higher ToC
– durability +
Series IV MembraneSeries II Membrane
Series IV
Series IISeries II
Series IV
Series IISeries II
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: HT Membrane HT Membrane Development Development -- Approach AApproach A
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: HT Membrane Development HT Membrane Development Approach BApproach B
283272BPSH-50
272268BPSH-40
270259BPSH-30
223BPS-0
M2M1
TgCopolymer
• Pros:– Higher stability with post-sulfonation– High conductivity at high RH%– Low O2 permeability mitigates membrane decomposition caused by
peroxide attack– Excellent thermal stability– Commercially available monomers - $$$++
• Cons:– Improvements of conductivity at
low RH% and mechanical strength improvement needed –higher molecular weightpolymer was developed
Sulfonated Biphenyl Sulfones (BPSH)
Target Mn(kg/mol)
Cond. (mS/cm2)
20 72
30 78
40 85
50 92
1:1 Stoich 120Results consistent with conductivity measurements
0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6
0 .7
0 .8
0 .9
1
0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0
C u rren t D en s ity , m A/cm 2
Volta
ge, V
0
0 .02
0 .04
0 .06
0 .08
0 .1
0 .12
0 .14
0 .16
0 .18
0 .2
Con
duct
ivity
, S/c
m
8 0 C , 1 0 0 % R H
N A F 112
1 2 0 C , 5 0 % R H
B PS H -35
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
• BPSH O2 permeability is 10x lower that of PSFA-like membrane - significantly increases durability
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: HT Membrane HT Membrane Development Approach BDevelopment Approach B
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 50 100 150 200 250O2 Partial pressure, kPa
Perm
eabi
lity
x 10
12, m
ol/c
m/s
Gore 56XNAF111BPSH35UConnLinear (Gore 56X)
Oxygen Permeability Measurements
Accelerated Membrane Degradation Test
Accelerated Membrane
Degradation Test Conditions:
100oC, 25%RH, 1.5atm
H2/O20.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400Time, hours
OC
V, V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Xove
r, m
A/c
m2
N112
BPSH35
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Technical Accomplishments: Technical Accomplishments: HT Membrane Development HT Membrane Development Approach B Approach B –– Path ForwardPath Forward
Transmission Electron Micrographs:Transmission Electron Micrographs:PMMAPMMA--gg--PDMS Copolymer PDMS Copolymer –– Path to Cocontinuous Path to Cocontinuous
MultiblocksMultiblocks
/ b /
F
F F
F
F
O
FF
F
CF3
CF3
On
F
F F
F
F
O
FF
F
CF3
CF3
O
F
F F
F
F
FF
F
FFn
+M-O O SO
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
O-M+
n
mO S
O
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
Solvent90-110C4-6 h
/ b /
F
F F
F
F
O
FF
F
CF3
CF3
On
F
F F
F
F
O
FF
F
CF3
CF3
O
F
F F
F
F
FF
F
FFn
+M-O O SO
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
O-M+
n
mO S
O
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
Solvent90-110C4-6 h
F
F F
F
F
O
FF
F
CF3
CF3
On
F
F F
F
F
O
FF
F
CF3
CF3
O
F
F F
F
F
FF
F
FFn
+M-O O SO
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
O-M+
n
mO S
O
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
Solvent90-110C4-6 h
F
F F
F
F
O
FF
F
CF3
CF3
O
F
F F
F
F
FF
F
FFn
+M-O O SO
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
O-M+
n
mO S
O
OO
SO3-M+
SO3-M+
Solvent90-110C4-6 h
XU 1 : 3:3 block length XU 1 : 5:5 block length
Cocontinuous multiblock polymers –path forward for HT membranes
development
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Relative Humidity (% RH)
Con
duct
ivity
(mS/
cm)
_
BPSH 35 Random Copolymer8.8K Block CopolymerN112
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Summary of 05/04Summary of 05/04--05/05 Technical Achievements05/05 Technical Achievements
• PtCo and PtIrCo showed x1.5-2.5 specific activity improvement• PtCo MEAs were optimized and benefit of minimum 20mV was shown in-cell• Two-fold reduction of Pt loading is achieved with PtCo without loss in performance • Up to x5 extension of cyclic durability of electrodes was shown with PtIrCo/C
cathode systems• Durability at high temperature operation was shown to be possible through use of
Pt alloy catalyst systems• Significant membrane life extension is possible with alternative alloys due to lower
peroxide generation rates• Improved Series IV membrane was developed in UCONN – will lead to durability
improvements • High molecular weight BPSH membrane was developed and showed HT at least
5x durability improvement compared to PFSA-like membrane• Fundamental studies showed that additional performance benefit can be obtained
at HT operation through the use of advanced catalyst (PtCo) and low EW ionomer in electrodes
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Going ForwardGoing Forward
• Pt-alloy full size single cell verification• Pt-alloy stack demonstration: full size MEAs fabrication, stack
build and testing• Fundamental understanding of alternative catalyst stability and
its implications on membrane durability• HT operation
– RH% effects – experimental and modeling effort– 100-120oC 25-50%RH membrane endurance demonstration – Demonstration of lessons learned and the best up-to-date
technology for HT operation: single cell performance demonstration
Tasks to be completed by the end of Q1 FY06:Tasks to be completed by the end of Q1 FY06:
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
05/0405/04--05/05 Selected Publications and Presentations05/05 Selected Publications and Presentations
Refereed Articles• Si, Y., H. R. Kunz and J. M. Fenton. 2004. “Nafion®-Teflon®-Zr(HPO4)2 Composite Membranes for High-
Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells.” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 151:4, A623 (2004).
• Ramani, V., H. R. Kunz, J. M. Fenton. 2005. “Stabilized Heteropolyacid/Nafion® Composite Membranes for Elevated Temperature / Low Relative Humidity PEFC Operation.” Electrochimica Acta, 50:5, 1181 (2005).
• Song, Y., Y. Wei, H. Xui, M. Williams, Y. Liu, L. J. Bonville, H.R. Kunz, and J.M. Fenton. 2005. “Improvement in high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells cathode performance with ammonium carbonate.” Journal of Power Sources, 141:2, 250 (2005)
• M.A. Hickner, H. Ghassemi, Y.S. Kim, B. Einsla and J.E. McGrath, Alternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes, Chemical Reviews (2004), 104(10), 4587-4611
• K.B. Wiles, C. M. de Diego and J .E. McGrath, Poly(arylene sulfide sulfone) Copolymer Composites for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems: Extraction and Conductivity, Polymer Preprints (American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry) (2004), 45(1),724-25.
• Y. Li, T. Mukundan, W. Harrison, M.L. Hill, M. Sankir, J. Yang, and J.E. McGrath, Direct Synthesis of DisulfonatedPoly(arylene ether ketones)s and Investigation of Their Behavior as Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM),American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry Preprints, (2004), 49(2), 536-537.
Presentations• “High Temperature Membrane Electrode Assembly Development for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.”
Keynote Presentation by Dr. Fenton, 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, Kyoto, Japan, August 29 – September 3, 2004. (L. J. Bonville and H.R. Kunz co-authors)
• “Alternative Materials for Improved Performance and Durability of PEM Fuel Cells”, L.Protsailo, A.Haug, J. Meyers; Fuel Cells 2005, Pacific Grove, California , February 2005
• Advanced Polymeric Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes, J.McGrath; Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells, July 28, 2004.
May 2004 – May 2005: Over 25 publications in refereed journals and over 35 presentations
2005 DOE Hydrogen Program ReviewMay 23-26, 2005
Arlington, VA
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
A. HaugM. FortinM. PembertonP. PlasseJ. MeyersS. MotupallyCSA Durability group
J.E. McGrathX. Yu
K. Wiles A. RoyX. Li
H.R. KunzJ. FentonL. Bonville (IONOMEM)Y. SongV. MittalY. DuF. KassimY. LiuH. XuV. Ramani
S. MukerjeeN. HakimP. Adcock
N. CipolliniT. MaddenB. LeTourneauL. Chen