development of plasma panel particle detectors yiftah silver tel-aviv university dec. 18 2013
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3333 Outline Motivation Plasma display panel (PDP) operational principles Plasma panel sensor (PPS) description Simulations Lab results Next generation design Summary Y. Silver Tel-Aviv UniversityDecTRANSCRIPT
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Development of Plasma Panel Particle Detectors
Yiftah SilverTel-Aviv University
Dec. 18 2013
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Collaborators⢠Tel Aviv University, School of Physics & Astronomy
Yan Benhammou, Meny Ben Moshe, Erez Etzion, Yiftah Silver
⢠Integrated Sensors, LLC Peter Friedman
⢠University of Michigan, Department of PhysicsRobert Ball, J. W. Chapman, Claudio Ferretti, Daniel Levin,Curtis Weaverdyck, Riley Wetzel, Bing Zhou
⢠Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Physics DivisionRobert Varner, James Beene
⢠Ion Beam Applications S.A. (IBA, Belgium)Hassan Bentefour
⢠General Electric Company, Reuter-Stokes Division (Twinsburg, OH)Kevin McKinny, Thomas Anderson
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Outline
⢠Motivation
⢠Plasma display panel (PDP) operational principles
⢠Plasma panel sensor (PPS) description
⢠Simulations
⢠Lab results
⢠Next generation design
⢠Summary
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Motivations ⢠Hermetically sealed
â no gas flowâ no expensive and cumbersome gas system
⢠Over 40 years of plasma panel manufacturing & cost reductions ($0.03/cm2 for plasma panel TVs)
⢠Potential for scalable dimensions, low mass profile, long lifeâ meter size with thin substrate capability
⢠Potential to achieve contemporary performance benchmarksâ Timing resolution approx 1 nsâ Granularity (cell pitch) 50-200 Âľmâ Spatial resolution tens of Âľm
⢠Potential applications inâ Nuclear and high energy physics, medical imaging, homeland security, etc
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TV Plasma Panel Structure
A Display panel is complicated structure with
â MgO layerâ dielectrics/ribâ phosphorsâ protective layer
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TV Plasma Panel Structure
⢠For detector, a simplified version with readout & quench resistor
â No MgO layerâ No dielectric/ribâ No phosphorsâ No protective layer
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Commercial Panel Designs
⢠Two basic configurations for the electrodes: CD and SD
⢠Discharge dimensions â 100 Âľm
⢠Gas pressure â 400-600 Torr (usually Ne, Xe, Ar, Kr, He)
⢠Applied voltage typically hundreds of volts
Surface Discharge (SD)
Columnar Discharge (CD)
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Commercial Panel Designs
⢠Two operational modes:â AC televisions, monitors
employ dielectric layers on electrodes
â DC dot-matrix displays
use directly facing metalized anodes & cathodes
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Commercial Plasma Panel⢠Columnar Discharge (CD) â Pixels at intersections of orthogonal
electrode array⢠Electrodes sizes and pitch vary between different panels
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220 â 450 Âľm
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PPS with CD-Electrode Structure (â 20-25% active cell/pixel fill-factor)
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PDP PPS1. Remove or procure without gas 2. Alter manufacturerâs electrode material (replace SnO2 with Ni )3. Add a custom gas port and high quality VCR valve4. Subject panel to extended pump down, bake-out 5. Fill with commercial or in-house gas mixture6. Close valve, mount panel for exposure to source or CR trigger 7. Configure with HV feed, quench resistors, signal readout & DAQ
Panels operable for several months (even 1 year) after gas-filling without hermetic seal (i.e. only with âclosedâ shut-off valve)
Investigate the behavior for different conditions â Gas composition, pressure, HV, termination, Electrode materialsâ Sources and Configurations
⢠, CR & test beam muons, beam protons, neutrons, gammas⢠Triggered, untriggered, collimated, uncollimated
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Modified Commercial Panel (fill-factor 23.5%, cell pitch 2.5 mm)
âRefillableâ gas shut-off valve
for R&D testing
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Principles of Operation⢠Accelerated electrons
begin avalanche ⢠Large electric field leads
to streamers⢠Streamers lead to
breakdown - roughly follows Paschenâs law.
âA Theory of Spark Dischargeâ, J. M. Meek, Phys. Rev. 57, 1940
anode
cathode
Charged particle track HV(-)
50-100
10-1000 M
Gas volume in pixel
250
Âľm -1
mm
50 Âľm -1mm
⢠Gas gap becomes conductive⢠Voltage drops on quench
resistor ⢠E-field inside the pixel drops⢠Discharge terminates
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A.K. Bhattacharya, GE CorPhys. Rev. A, 13,3 (1975)
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Small variations in Penning mixtures dramatically affect breakdown voltage
Paschen discharge potential
Y. Silver Tel-Aviv University[ ]pd Torr cm
V610
510
410
310
[ ]pd Torr cm
010 210 310110
x = pressure * gap x0 = 1 Torr cm a, b = gas specific parameters
V
Lieberman and Lichtenberg, Principles of Plasma Discharges, Wiley 2005.
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Electromagnetic Field Model
⢠Each cell is modeled as a capacitor
⢠COMSOL model for the electric field inside the cell
⢠Capacitances and inductances are also calculated
E-field in the PDP pixels
5 mm
0
-5 mm
E-field is localized
No E-field
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Equivalent Circuit Simulations⢠SPICE simulation incorporates the inductances
and capacitances calculated with COMSOL⢠Electrical pulse is injected into the cell and the
output signal is simulatedSingle cell SPICE model
Many cells SPICE modelY. Silver Tel-Aviv UniversityDec. 18 2013
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SPICE Simulated Signal
free parameterstotal charge, width of ââ function
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Design & Operating Parameters ⢠Cell Design: fill-factor
- open vs. closed architecture
- columnar vs. surface discharge ⢠Electrodes: pitch, width, material⢠Cell capacitance⢠Operating voltage⢠Quench resistance⢠Gas mixture & pressure⢠Substrate material (e.g. thickness, density)⢠Dielectric surfaces
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Performance Issues( some of which we have begun to address )
⢠After pulsing & discharge spreading⢠Gas hermeticity & decomposition⢠Response in magnetic field ⢠Electrode degradation⢠Radiation hardness⢠High rate response⢠Spatial uniformity⢠Spatial response⢠Time response⢠Efficiency⢠Readout⢠Cost
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Experimental Results
All results reported here obtained with prototype detectors adapted from:
glass sealed,
open architecture,
columnar discharge,
monochromatic,
DC display panels
shut-off valve âsealâ
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Signals from Panel
1. Signals amplitudes: volts2. Good signal to noise ratios. 3. Fast rise times O(ns) 4. Pulse shape uniform for a given
panel design
pulse from Xe fill 2003, tested 2010
panel sealed & tested in 2013, pulse from neutron source & 3He fill
30 V
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1 mm electrode pitch
2.5 mm electrode pitch
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Response to Source
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vs applied High Voltage
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Quench Resistance Dependence ( Characteristic Response Curve )
Satu
ratio
n
Working Region
Secondary Pulses
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Position SensitivityProton Test beam & Lab
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PPS Proton Test Beam
March 2012
IBA ProCure Facility - Chicago
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⢠Beam energy 226 MeV, Gaussian distributed with 0.5 cm width
⢠Proton rate was larger than 1 GHz on the entire spread of the beam
IBA Proton Beam Test
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Position Scan⢠Two position scans (panel filled with 1% CO2 in Ar at 600 Torr)
â 1 cm steps - using brass collimator with 1 cm hole, 2.5 cm from beam centerâ 1 mm steps with 1 mm hole directly in beam center
⢠Rate of protons through 1 mm hole in center of beam was measured at 2 MHz
The Panel
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1 mm Scan
Number of hits per channel
Reconstructed centroid of hit map vs. PDP relative displacement with respect to the panelâs initial position
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Collimated Source Position Scan
Motorized X-Y table Test Panel
⢠Light-tight , RF shielded box
⢠1 mm pitch panel
⢠20 readout lines ⢠1.25 mm wide
graphite collimator
106Ru collimated source
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Collimated β-Source Simulation
Primary electrons exiting the graphite collimator
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Dispersion of β-Particles in Panel(simulation)
Geant4 simulation:106Ru âs 1.25 mm slit collimator2.25 mm glass
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Source Moved in 0.1 mm Increments(1 mm pitch panel)
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PPS Position ScanMean fit for β-source moved in 0.1 mm increments
*
*Electrode Pitch 1.0 mmCentroid measurement consistent with electrode pitch
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Position Resolution/Dispersion
Electrode Pitch = 1.0 mm
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source
2res = 2
meas - 2MC
Position resolution < 1 mm
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PPS Cosmic-Ray Muon Results
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Cosmic Muon Measurement Setup
30 HV lines24 RO channels
Trigger is 3â x 4ââ scintillation pads
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CR Muon Response
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2.5 days
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Response over active region
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All channels active
exhibit similar levels of activity
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Time Spectrum
⢠Pulse âarrivalâ time (includes arbitrary trigger offset)
⢠= timing resolution (jitter) of the detector
⢠We repeat this measurement with various gases and voltages
Ar / 1% CF4at 730 Torr
1100V
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= 40.1 0.9
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Time Spectrum
40
Ar / 1% CF4 at 730 Torr
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Timing Resolution vs. Applied HV
930 980 1030 1080 1130 1180 1230 1280 1330 1380200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Volt
nsec Ar / 1% CF4, 600 Torr
Ar / 1% CF4, 730 TorrAr / 10% CF4, 730 Torr
930 980 1030 1080 1130 1180 1230 1280 1330 13800
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Volt
nsec Ar / 1% CF4, 600 Torr
Ar / 1% CF4, 730 TorrAr / 10% CF4, 730 Torr
Mean arrival time Sigma of arrival time
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Timing Resolution using 65% He 35 % CF4 at 730 Torr
HV =1290 V
~ 10 ns
⢠trigger time subtracted;⢠arbitrary cable offset
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Timing Resolution using 80% 3He 20 % CF4 at 730 Torr
HV =1030 V
~ 3.5 ns
⢠trigger time subtracted;⢠arbitrary cable offset
trigger artifacts
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PPS Area Corrected Efficiency (10% CF4 in Ar, at 740 Torr, 0.38 mm gas gap)
Maximum Pixel Efficiency: 60%
pixel efficiency = 53% ( 88% of maximum possible)
Assumptions:⢠Uniform trigger response⢠Constant effective pixel size
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PPS Muon Test Beam
November 2012
H8 at CERN
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Setup
180 GeV BEAM
2 scintillation pads 4 cm2 each
Ni-SnO2 PPSAr / 7% CO2
600 TorrHV = 1090 V
16 channels
8 HV lines 100 MΊ quenched
Panel active area is 2 cm x 4 cm
AND
OR
AND
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Time Resolution
⢠Timing resolution with Ar-CO2 better than
10 nsec
⢠Geometrical acceptance times efficiency â 2% (pixel efficiency is much higher). Did not have beam time to optimize or even raise the voltage!
⢠Active area fill-factor for PPS detector is 23.5%
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Neutron Detectionin collaboration with GE, Reuter-Stokes
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Objectives: high efficiency neutron detectors with high rejection develop alternate to 3He as neutron interaction medium
This test: explore PPS as a general detector structure for converting neutrons using thin gap 3He gas mixture
Gas fill: 80% 3He + 20% CF4 at 730 Torr
Panel: 2.5 mm pitch large panel used for CR muons Instrumented pixels = 600 Area: 6 in2
Method: irradiate panel with thermal neutrons from various sources
high activity (10 mrem/hr) gammas conduct count rates experiment with & w/o neutron mask plates.
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neutron sources
252 Cf , 241Am-Be, 239Pu-Be
nested in stainless capsule, Pb cylinder, high density polyethylene (HDPE)
Gamma transparent, neutron blocking plates
(~ 0.1% transmission ) PPS panel
Setup
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Results PPS panel
Neutron blocking plate
neutron source ( 252 Cf )
Background subtracted datais neutrons only
efficiency plateau
Background: from source
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PPS panel
3x105 /sec at instrumented region
g source ( 137 Cs )
Reasonably good rejection before any optimizations offered by:
thin substrateslower gas pressurethinner metallizationImproving internal dielectrics around pixels
VPE HV (V)
detection rate Hz
efficiency
970 0.09 3.0e-07
1000 1.2 3.7e-06
1030 7.9 2.5e-05
Rejection
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Spatial Position
PPS panel
blocking plate with 5 mm slit
neutron source (239Pu-Be)
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Microcavity-PPS
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Microcavity Concept
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E-field
glass
Equipotential lines
COMSOL simulation:
Y. Silver Tel-Aviv University
radial discharge gaps cavity depth longer path lengthsindividually quenched cells isolation from neighbors
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Microcavity Prototype (Back Plate)
Via Plug
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Sealed Microcavity-PPS
Bottom Half of âOpenâ Bakeout Oven
Microcavity-PPS attached to vacuum-line / gas-fill system
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SummaryWe have demonstrated functioning of modified plasma displays as
highly pixelated arrays of micro-discharge counters
â sensitive to highly ionizing & minimum ionizing charged particles: âs, âs CR and test beam, intense proton beams, neutrons [with appropriate conversion (3He ) ] & high rejection
â Panels have operated for up to 1 year (sealed only by valve)
â Timing resolution < 10 ns, approaching 3 ns for some gasses
â Spatial response at level of pixel granularity
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Near Term Efforts
⢠Near term effort
â microcavity PPS program
⢠Final fabrication & initial testing
â 2D readout
â Pursue higher resolution panels, faster timing
â stacked panels for tracking
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Cathodes: metalized inner cavity surfaces connected to HV bus with resistive via Anodes: pads on top plate
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Example of microcavity arrays produced by chemical etching processes commonly used in PDP fabrication. Cavity scale is 100 microns.
Yong-Seog Kim, Woong Sik Kim, Yoo-Seong Kim, âCost Effective Technologies for Barrier Rib Processing of HD PDPsâ (Invited Paper), SID 2006 Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. XXXVII (June 2006), 1480-1483.
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