REPORT

Development Options for the Sustainable Use of Land and Shallow Groundwater in the

Upper East Region of Ghana

A Multi-stakeholder Workshop Organized by GLOWA-VOLTA Project (GVP)

at SSNIT-Building, Bolgatanga, Ghana

on 24 July 2007

Wolfram Laube, Quang Bao Le and Wilson Agyare

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

GVP GLOWA-Volta Project LUDAS Land-Use Dynamic Simulator ZEF Center for Development Research UER Upper East Region of Ghana

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Opening

1.1. Introduction of chairperson and chairperson response 1.2. Introduction of workshop programme

2. Introductory session

2.1. Presentation I: Overview of the GLOWA-Volta Project 2.2. Presentation 2: GLOWA-Volta Scientific Studies for Sustainable Water

Uses in the White Volta Basin 2.3. Presentation 3: Development and Application of LUDAS (Land Use

Dynamics Simulator) to Small Catchments in the Upper East of Ghana 2.4. Objectives and expected outputs of the workshop

3. Plenary session I: Identification of problems in the uses of land and shallow groundwater in the Upper East Region of Ghana 2.1. Process 2.2. Outputs

4. Plenary session II: Evaluation of the pressure/seriousness of the identified problems

3.1. Process 3.2. Output

5. Working group session: Specification of the problems, current initiatives and possible solutions

4.1. Plenary for group discussions 4.2. Output of group discussions 4.3. Group presentations and questions/comments

6. Summary and closing remarks 6.1. Summary remarks 6.2. Closing remarks

5. Annexes

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1. Opening Land and shallow-ground water are vital resources that help thousands of farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana to maintain their livelihoods. However, because of population increase, land degradation and climatic changes these precious resources become increasingly scarce. Therefore, options and policies that could help to promote the efficient and sustainable use of land and shallow-ground water resources, have since long attracted the attention of government agencies, researchers and non-governmental organizations. The GLOWA-Volta Project (GVP) based on an interdisciplinary assessment of the physical and socio-economic determinants of the hydrological cycle within the Volta Basin, aims to develop scientifically sound tools for the assessment, sustainable use and development of the Basin’s land and water resources. A specific component of the project, which is focusing on land-use changes and shallow-groundwater irrigation within the Anayare and Atankwidi catchments (Kassena-Nankana and Bolgatanga Districts), seeks to develop locally adapted modeling tools, which are build to inform various local stakeholders about the possible outcomes of different development scenarios for the sustainable use of land and water resources in the Upper East Region (UER). However, the development of locally adapted computer models requires an adequate understanding of local initiatives as well as external interventions that have an impact on farmer livelihoods and the use of farm land and shallow-ground water:

• Local livelihood strategies and their strengths and weaknesses • Existing development initiatives and policies • Likely future development initiatives and policies

To achieve this purpose the GVP is conducting studies and organizing workshops at different levels. At local scale, the Anayare and Atankwidi catchments were selected for intensive household surveys, agro-economic monitoring and hydrological assessment during the last three years. Local development trends and the changing use farmers make of land and water were studied. However, in order to understand the context in which local developments occur, the GVP wants to identify existing and future development interventions and policies that are likely to target or indirectly impinge on local land- and water-use practices. In order to identify these external factors, the GVP seeks to engage in a dialogue with implementing agencies, scientists, farmer representatives, NGO and a broad range of other stakeholders at district and regional levels. This workshop marks the beginning of a series of GVP workshops, which will address land use, water use and irrigation related topics with focus on the White Volta Basin in Ghana. These workshops shall provide the forum for knowledge exchange with relevant stakeholders, allow for the presentation of GVP research

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results, provide scientifically-sound decision support, and may, at a later stage, serve as a platform for the interaction with potential donors. 1.1. Introduction of chairperson and chairperson response Dr. Eva Schiffer introduced Dr. A. Aduna to be the chairman of the workshop. Dr. A. Aduna expressed his willingness to hold the responsibility and propose basis principles that the workshop should follow. The first principle is that the workshop should focus on the sustainable uses of land and water resources in the Upper East Regions. The second principle is the workshop is a platform for stakeholders to listening to each others, sharing their knowledge/experiences and co-learning toward more efficient uses of land and water resources. The chairman introduced Dr. Wolfram Laube to take a lead of the introductory and plenary sessions. 1.2. Introduction of workshop programme Dr. Wolfram Laube briefly introduced the workshop programme, which was handed over participants. The details of the programme are shown in Annex 2. 2. Introductory session The introductory session aims at providing participation an overview of the GLOWA – Volta Project (GVP) at different levels, covering basin, sub-basin, and small catchment/community levels. The session included three presentations by GVP’s scientists and related discussions, and ended by a statement of workshop objectives. 2.1. Presentation I: Overview of the GLOWA-Volta Project A short overview of the GLOWA-Volta Project was presented by Dr. Wolfram Laube. The presentation outlined project’s objectives and components, and emphasized the involvement of stakeholders in the development of Decision Support Systems (DSS) for water resources management. Decision support and knowledge exchange needs to involve water administration, scientists, as well as other stakeholders involved in the decision making over water resources. Knowledge exchange with different stakeholders includes: 1) exchange of knowledge and data on resources and resources management, 2) capacity building for local staffs, 3) participative development of model scenarios and discussion of modeling outputs.

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2.2. Presentation 2: GLOWA-Volta Scientific Studies for Sustainable Water Uses in the White Volta Basin

At the sub-basin level, Dr. Wilson Agyare summarized GLOWA-Volta scientific studies for sustainable water use in the White Volta Basin. The on-going scientific studies include the modeling of sediment and soil nutrient deposition into small reservoirs, riverine pump irrigation farming, water allocation DSS (using Mike Basin), and development options for the sustainable use of land and shallow groundwater in the Upper East Region (UER) (using multi-agent based simulation). 2.3. Presentation 3: Development and Application of LUDAS (Land Use

Dynamics Simulator) to Small Catchments in the Upper East of Ghana To show how computer modeling can enhance decision making at the small catchment and community scales, Dr. Quang Bao Le introduced the development of Land Use Dynamic Simulator – LUDAS (a multi-agent based simulation model) and its application to projecting the integrated impacts of decisions in small catchments in the UER, thereby informing decision-makers about land/water resource management. The presentation began with a brief justification for the need of scientific tools for supporting proactive management of land and water resources in small catchments. It was followed by the outline of information/data flows, which is generated by different scientific disciplines, feeding the LUDAS, as well as a what-if1 illustration for how LUDAS can be used for exploring impacts of a management option. The presentation also introduced Atankwidi catchment as a pilot study site, and summarized previous and current field studies in the catchment in prior to apply LUDAS to the area. Intensive surveys of household livelihoods, their uses of land and water resources are crucial to verify the structure and calibrate parameters of LUDAS. Moreover, as it is impractical to consider all development options and the tools must help answer questions raised by key stakeholders, an important study topic is the identification of relevant management and policy interventions to exploring their potential impacts using LUDAS. Identification of relevant management/policy interventions for simulating their potential impacts using LUDAS is a multi-scale and participatory process. First, farm- and household-specific options in land and water management were addressed as parts of household and farm surveys in the pilot study area in April – November 2006. Second, farmer workshops were organized in the study area to address main problems, current initiatives and potential options for sustainable

1 An example is: „WHAT will happen for the catchment landscape and socio-economic status of the community IF farmers are subsidized with fertilizer (25%) and helped by agricultural extension services?”

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uses of land and shallow ground water at the community level (see Laube and Le, 2007). The third step (i.e., this workshop) is to identify main problems, potential options, trends, and main actors in land and water management in the UER. The fourth step is technical analysis to determine which management/policy scenarios should and can be evaluated using LUDAS. The choices will be based on both the relevance of scenarios to knowledge needs of main stakeholders in the UER and the technological capability of the current modeling science. The last step, but not least, will be pilot application of LUDAS to aid local stakeholders to answer a number of what-if questions, thereby suggesting rational options for local communities and rural developers. At the end, the presentation highlighted main expectations of the workshop outcome. These are (1) identified main problems in the sustainable use of land and shallow ground water in the UER, (2) discussed policy options to mitigate the problems in a long-term perspective (in 10-20 years), and (3) ranking the seriousness of the problems and the priority of policy options. 2.4. Objectives After the three introductory presentations above, Dr. Wolfram Laube introduced aims, objectives and methodology of the workshop. Aims The aim of this workshop is to discuss current issues with regard to the efficient and sustainable use of land and groundwater resources. Furthermore, current development programs and policies as well as future development options that may affect the use of land and shallow-ground water resources in small catchments in the Upper East Region of Ghana shall be analyzed. This workshop offers a platform for the exchange of insights regarding policy context (regional and local), priority, measures, actual inter-influences between policy and stakeholders, possible alternatives in the context of the human-ecological system in the Upper East Region. The workshop welcomes contributions from local policy-makers, development planners and practioners, and, as well as farmers, the primary stakeholders. Objectives The workshop was intended to achieve the following objectives: • To Identify important issues and problems in the uses of land and shallow

ground water resources in the Upper East Region of Ghana • To identify development trends in the region that potentially affects the

sustainable uses of land and water resources • To identify relevant strategic solutions (technology, livelihood strategies,

feasible policy options) and related actors for more sustainable uses of land and water resources in the region.

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Methodology and work steps The objective of the workshop was to establish a good understanding of the ways in which different local stakeholders perceive and rank land-use related problems. Secondly, local perceptions of possible solutions and different policy options that are to guide modeling exercises were to be assessed. Guided by this aims the workshop heavily relied on the contributions of the participants, who were encouzraged to state their views throughout the workshop. The workshop followed the following steps:

1. Identification of problems and changes regarding the use of land and shallow ground water resources in their respective catchments,

2. Ranking of identified problems according to their importance and magnitude,

3. Characterisation of identified problems/changes (magnitudes, extent, and their impacts on livelihoods),

4. Identification of possible solutions and current initiatives addressing the identified problems,

5. Identification of relevant actors and their possible roles, 6. Ranking of possible solutions according to stakeholder preferences 7. Identification of responsible actors according to stakehoder

perceptions. 3. Identification of problems in the uses of land and shallow groundwater in

the Upper East Region of Ghana 2.1. Process • An brainstorming exercise was used to encourage participants to actively

identify problems and/or changes in the use of land and shallow groundwater in the UER.

• In order to be explicit and targeting, participants were requested to first address problems/changes pertaining to the rainy season and then to the dry season.

• The results of the brainstorming were recorded on flipchart. 2.2. Outputs Problems and related changes in rainy season farming • Changing rainfall pattern

+ Erratic and unreliable rains + Shortened rainy season (before: April – October, nowadays: May/June – October) + The onset of rainy season delayed

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+ Decrease rainfall

• Changing crop patterns: + Late cropping + increasingly growing maize (short term varieties)

• Low crop productivity

• Required supplementary irrigation • Soil degradation:

+ Soil layer become thinner/shallow, thus animal traction prefer to mechanic tractors. However, other reasons for this change can be farm fragmentation and economic factors.

+ Inadequate ploughing + Appearance of hard/iron pan in the subsoil

• Land pressure: + Smaller farm size (farm fragmentation) + More farming along river banks + Irrigation and wage labour

• Changing farming practices:

+ Lowland bonding + Ridge blocking + Use of compost

• Flood and storm occurs more frequently

+ Crop destruction • Increasing weeds

• Loss of traditional crops: Farmers don’t grow them may be due to:

+ Low yield + Long duration + Consumption patterns changed + Official neglect

• Marketing problem:

+ Low price (millet, etc.) + Cash demand for dry-season farming farmers want to sell their rainy-season crop products even if the price is low + Lack of market information and knowledge + Gluts after harvest season. Diversification is needed.

• Insufficient food storages

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• Animal roaming • Water bonded diseases • Insecure land tenure farmers have much less incentive to invest on lands. • Problem of transportation: Poor transportation means farmers sell their

product mainly in local market with low price, less access to market in large town with higher price

• Farmer unity:

+ Lack of cooperative marketing • Children kept from school: farming, animal keeping Problem and related changes in dry season and dry season farming farming (brainstorming) • Severe Hamatan

+ Lip cracks + Dry body + Increasing because of less rain + Possibly caused by deforestation

• Bush fires

+ Strong winds + Consequence: Loss of vegetation cover + Consequence: Loss of soil fertility + Consequence: Loss of crop (late rice) + Increase? + Farmers – Herders

• Wind erosion

• Increasing herders:

+ Ecowas (????) + Soil compaction + Cattle theft + Conflicts between farmers and herders

• Prolongation of dry season • Increase of irrigation in dry-season farming areas • Increase of dry-season farming

+ Tomatoes, onions, peppers

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• Increase of the demand for dams: + For increasing production of cash crops + Give water for animals and irrigation, fish

+ Lack of pipelines • Lack of pastures/folders for animals

• Increase the demand of vegetables • Water shortage:

+ More demands of water in dry season + More build-up areas (less infiltration) + Rapid siltation of current dams (Solution: protection of catchment area) + Disparity of water availability vs. acreages + Use of water intensive crop (crops with high water demands?) + Water wastage (less of control) + Conveyance loss (lining/tubes/maintaining) + Old irrigation system and poor maintenance + Increase of acreages + Only 30 of 120 dams are doing irrigation

• Access to irrigated land:

+ Ineffective Water Use Associations (WUA’s) But: WUAs are improving (as MOFA people said) + Discrimination against women + Monopolization of land by former land owners + Lack of capital for poor farmers: only better-off farmers take advantage + Land fragmentation in large irrigation schemes

• Increase of shallow groundwater irrigation:

+ Lack of access to land with good shallow groundwater + Shortage of shallow groundwater

• Crop diseases:

+ Diseases on tomatoes, peppers and onions + Increase of virus diseases + Nematodes

• Increase of weeds

• Marketing problems for dry-season farming:

+ Market demands particular varieties + Farming practice: have to learn from Burkina Faso + Competition from Burkina Faso + Illegal traders rather than “official” traders + Larger farm size in Ghana less intensification to improve quality? + Less quality in comparison to Burkina Faso products

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+ No use of the chemical CARBIDE to keep the red color and the hardness of tomatoes as BF farmers do, thus cannot compete with BF products + Low price + Easier market in BF + Low degree of farmers associations + Low prestige of Ghanaian tomato + Quality: Pwalugu experience: 4: Burkina; 6: Tono/Bolga; 8: Akumadan (???) Make clearer

• High input prices • Lack of credit:

+ Small-scale farmers have limited access to credit schemes + High interest rates + Lack of credits for ladies + Often delayed loans and poor organization

• Lack of capital: Funerals etc are very costly

• Storage facility: crack • Deforestation • Post harvest processing:

+ Local/traditional processing: cut – dry + AFRILINK (WENCHI) + Northern star (Pwalugu)

• Lack of agricultural extension services + No contact + Extension in Tono is better + Too low no. of extensionist vs. demand (1 extensionist for serving 1500 – 2000 households high workload + Too little investment in extension: lack of fuels (50,000 cedis for fuels/month/person), dead motor bikes

4. Evaluation of the pressure/seriousness of the identified problems 3.1. Process • Problems mentioned during the brainstorming exercised were bundled and

and listed. • Participants were asked to individually rank the problems mentioned during

the brainstorming according their importance and the impact on their

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livelihoods. Careful explanations made sure that each participant understood the purpose of the exercise.

• The participants were to evaluate the importance of the different problems on an ordinary scale: low importance, medium importance, and high importance.

• Participants of different stakeholder groups used pens of different colors to mark their choices: blue for scientists/researchers, red for farmers, and black for development practitioners (GOs and NGOs).

• Illustrations of activities and output of this exercise are shown in Annex 3a. 3.2. Output Evaluation of problem pressure/seriousness in rainy farming season:

Evaluation of problem pressure/seriousness in dry farming season:

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5. Working group session: Specification of the problems if any, current initiatives and possible solutions 4.1. Plenary session for group discussions Based on the identified problems in sustainable uses of land and shallow ground waters and their causes, three topics were addressed to form thematic groups for further discussions. The thematic groups are: Group A: Climate Change + Water Late rains, shortened rainy season, erratic rains, changing crop pattern, limited access to dams, floods + storms, lack of pasture. Group B: Land + Soil + Crop Land pressure, loss of soil fertility, loss of crop productivity, changing in crop patterns, increase of weeds, insecurity of land tenure, crop diseases, poor agricultural extension. Group C: Capital + Input price + Marketing Low quality of products, high input prices, lack of capital, shortage of facilities, lack of credit, bad marketing and processing. Participants were encouraged to select the thematic group of their interests and with their best experiences to join. Dr. Wolfram Laube explained how the group discussions should proceed:

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• Each group votes one chairperson to coordinate the discussion and a rapporteur to write discussion results on flipcharts.

• Points for discussion are: 1) specification of the problems and/or changes if any, 2) identify possible solutions for each problem, 3) rank the possible solutions in their priority, and 4) identify involved actors.

• Each group recommends one presenter. 4.2. Output of group discussions Group A: Climate Change + Water Problems and/or Changes

Current initiatives and possible solutions

Rank Actors

Rainy season: Late rains • Plant more trees

• Cloud seeding • Reducing deforestation

1 3 2

ADRA, Savanna Biodiversity, Green Ghana, Forestry Commission FSD

Erratic rains • Constructions of dams/dugouts

• Water harvesting • Extraction of ground water • Use of drought resistant

varieties • Plant more trees • Reducing deforestation

6 1 5 2 3 4

IDA SARI IDA,WRI, MOFA SARI, CRI ADRA, Green Ghana, farmers FSD

Short wet season • Use of short duration varieties

• Water harvesting • Dam/dugouts • Plant more trees

1 2 4 3

SARI, CDI SARI IDA ADRA, WRI, MOFA, ITFC

Floods + storms • Provision of drains • Planting of cover crops • Contouring

• Tree planting

1 3 5 4

SARI, CDI Farmers, SARI, WRI MOFA, farmers, SARI ADRA, Green GH, Savanna Bio., Forestry

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• Organic farming • Proper waste management

6 2

Commission, IFFCFarmers, IFFC DA, farmers

Changing crop pattern

•

Dry season: Water shortage • Efficient irrigation practice

• Mulching • High value crops • Alternative irrigation

methods

1 5 4 3 2

SARI, ICOUR, Farmers, IDA Farmers, MOFA MOFA, SARI, CRI SARI, IDA, TIPCEE, IICA

Inadequate dams for irrigation

• Increase the number of dams

• Maintenance of dams

1 2

IDA, DA, NGO, churches IDA, DA, NGO, churches

Lack of pasture • Making hay and silage • Storing crop residues • Prune tree branches for

fodder • Movement of herds

4 1 2 3

ARI, farmers Farmers Farmers Farmers

Group B: Land + Soil + Crop Problems and/or Changes

Current initiatives and possible solutions

Rank Actors

Rainy season: Land pressure + loss of soil fertility + reduced crop yield

Current initiative: • Mixed cropping • Crop rotation (legumes –

cereals) • Use of improved seeds • Mixed farming (crop –

animal) Possible solution: • Mulching and increasing use

of manure and compost • Soil and water conservation

measures (bonding)

4 4 3 4 1 2

Farmers, MOFA, DAs, NGOs, Ghana Water, Comp. EPA, WRC, Research Inst., Traditional Authorities

Changing of crop pattern

• Use of early maturing varieties

• Introduction of new crop varieties (soybean: early 80s, sorghum for industrial purpose)

• Improving extension

1 2 2

Farmers, MOFA, Research Inst., NGOs

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services to support farmers to adapt new techniques

• Research back up and make them adaptable to farmers

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Increasing weeds • Repeated weeding

(practiced) • Intercultivation using animal

traction • Timelines (Land

preparartion – planting – weeding – etc.) (practiced)

• Use of cover crops to depress weeds (e.g. Mucuna, groundnut, cowpea, etc.) (practiced sometimes)

• Use of herbicide

3 4 1 2 5

Farmers, MOFA, Chemical traders(dealers), EPA, NGOs

Insecure land tenure and less farmer’s incentive to intensify/conserve crop land

No current initiatives Possible solution: • Reviewing land tenure

system, e.g. customary tenure systems and the access of women to land should be improved

• Talking to landowners (kind of education)

• Tenancy agreement between landowners and tenants

3 1 2

Farmers, Traditional authorities, Land Commission, DAs

Dry season: Crop diseases Current initiatives:

• Uprooting and destruction • Chemical control (not

effective due to less technical guides)

• Use of disease-resistant varieties (still not popular)

• Rotation Possible solutions: • Use of organic chemicals • Use of pesticide to eliminate

insects (disease transmitters?)

• Extension and training • Integrated Pest

6 5 3 4 4 5 1 2

Farmers, MOFA, NGOs, Research Inst., Chemical dealers

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Management (IPM) Poor agricultural extension

Current initiatives (very rare) • Demonstration • Field visits • Meetings • Field days • Training Possible solutions: • Increase of no. of

extensionists • Improving logistic support

(fuel, etc.) • Improving the quality of

technical supervision • Effective cooperation with

NGOs

4 8 5 4 3 2 1 6 7

MOFA, Research Inst., Farmer groups

Shortage of irrigated land

Current initiatives: • Small dams • Digging

dugouts/wells/gardens • Pumping farming/irrigation • Large scale irrigation Possible solutions: • Drip irrigation system • Protection of catchment

areas • Dredging reservoirs • Construction of more dams • Education of communities • More effective use of water

1 6 7 9 5 4 8 1 3 2

Farmers, MOFA, DAs, GWC, GIDA, communities

Group C: Capital + Input price + Marketing Rainy season: Marketing/storages:

- Inventory of credit programme + Ware house (storage)

+ 50% current price (first payment) + Group organization

+ 2nd payment (25%) + Identification of buyers + Sale at high price + Payment of the rest minus storage price and interest (6%) - Farmer involvement:

+ Transference + Farmer representatives + Supervision of selling Minimum of 1 bag: 45 kg

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- Processing: + Possibly dry pepper and okro + Eventually beans + But the quality of the storages needed + Transfer the processing to the private sectors + Growing of different crop varieties

- IFAD storage project: - Solutions:

+ Improved storages + Credit facilities + Contact to processors + Quality management + Market information + Tarouga radio programmes + Local purchase fo foodstuffs for government programmes, e.g. should feeding + Local processing: Pito, local produced weaning mix, kuli kuli production, foro foro, rice parboiling – milling + Rural transportation: donkey + carts, mass transportation of agricultural goods (lorries) by goverement or privates + Support system. Training programmes

Ranking: Farmer organization Credit facility Improved varieties Improved storage Market information Women purchase of local product/ Link to processing/ Rural transports

Dry season: High input price: Solution:

- Training - Farmer organization (common purchase) - Improved wet season income - Composting/organic manure to reduce fertilizer needs - Government subsidy

Ranking: - Government subsidy 1 - Farmer organization 2 - Better training on the use of input 3 - Organic manure 4

Lack of capital / limited credit facilities: Current initiatives:

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- IFAD project - Farmer programme (MOFA, Rural Bank) (very small) - Catholic Diosease (lever programme) - Youth employment programme (Gov’t /DA) (indirect loans land

preparation + seed) Solutions and ranking:

- local off-farm income 1 - Credit facility 4 - Improve wet season income 3 - Group formation 2 - Migration 6 - Contract farming 5

Marketing-related problems: low quality, transports, storages, processing Current initiative:

- Production of certified organic onions to export to Europe (ZOVFA) - Northern Star (Pwalugu) - AFRIK (wenchi)

Solutions: - Farmer exchanges (with Burkina Faso) - Chili powder - Industrial processing: oil paints - Additional marketing opportunities - Cold storage - Vacuum packaging - Efficient transport - Farmer organization

Ranking: - Farmer organization - Farmer exchange - Storage (cool storage + vacuum packing) - Transports - Processing alternative (chili powder, oil paints)

6. Summary and closing remarks 6.1. Summary remarks On behalf of GLOWA-Volta scientific team, Dr. Quang Bao Le summarized the workshop process and outcomes. He stated that the workshop objectives could be met thanks to the active contributions from all participants. The workshop was productive in the term of high volume of contributed information in a short period (1 day). Among many possible solutions proposed, main alternative strategies to overcome the problems seen by participants are: • Intensification of dry farming production

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• Application of conservative farming practices in both rainy and dry season farming areas

• Adaptation to changing climate condition by changing cropping patterns and used short-time crop varieties

• Increasing agricultural extension services in both quantity and quality • Establishment and enhancement of local institutions and collective activities

in solving marketing issues and technological access. The next steps will be the technical work of GLOWA-Volta scientists (at ZEF Bonn, from August 2007 to May 2008), presenting the results as show-cases (in UER, in late 2008), and technological transfer. 6.2. Closing remarks Dr. A. Aduna, the workshop chairman, gave closing remarks for the workshop. The Vote of Thanks was facilitated by Ms. Martha Awo.

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5. Annexes Annex 1. List of Participants Can you add this Annex 2. Workshop programme Time Activity Responsibility

8:45 – 9:00 Registration Facilitators

9:00 – 9:05 Opening Prayer Participants

9:05 – 9:10 Introduction of Chairperson E. Schiffer

9:10 – 9:15 Chairperson response A. Aduna

9:15 – 10:00 Introductory session W. Agyare/W. Laube/Bao Le

10:00 – 11:00 Plenary session I: Identification of issues

W. Laube/ W. Agyare

11:00 -11:15 Refreshments

11:15 –12:00 PS II: Problem ranking and grouping Bao Le/W. Laube

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch

13:00 – 14:30 Working groups: Problems, solutions, relevant actors, ranking of policy options

W. Laube/ W. Agyare/Bao Le

14:30 – 14:45 Refreshments

14:45 – 16:00 Presentation of group results and discussions

Group representatives

16:00 – 16:10 Concluding remarks Bao Le/W Laube

16:10 – 16:20 Closing remarks A. Aduna

16:20 – 16:25 Vote of Thanks Martha Awo Annex 3. Photos of workshop activities

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Introduction of the background and workshop objective

Brainstorming for identifying problems of land and water uses

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Participants were asked to evaluate the pressure level of the identified problems

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The results of participatory evaluation of the pressure level of the identified problems in rainy and dry seasons.

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Presenting the results of group work

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