developmental psychology. complete the physical growth and development “quiz”
TRANSCRIPT
Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology• Complete the Physical Growth
and Development “Quiz”
Developmental Psychology• Concerned with changes in physical
& psychological functioning from conception across a life span• Task/Goal of Devel. Psychologists-
to 1) document 2) explain development
Documenting Development• Normative
investigations- research designed to describe characteristics of a specific age or developmental stage
Documenting Development- Investigations determine
developmental landmarks or “norms”- Ex. Age when talking, walking begins- Standards allow psychologists to
make distinctions between chronological and developmental age (age when most children show a particular level of development)
Documenting Development• Researchers use 2 different research
methods:1.Longitudinal- same participants
observed repeatedly, over many years2.Cross-sectional- groups of participants
of different ages are observed & compared at the same time
Explaining Development• Nature vs. Nurture controversy• Nature- Rousseau; what child brings
into the world (heredity) shapes their development • Nurture- Locke; born with a blank
slate (tabula rasa), credits human development to experience
Explaining Development
• “Victor” aka “Wild Child”• Raised by animals• Itard tried to civilize/educate him• Progress was made for 5 years• Case shows vital role of early social
contact in regards to communication and mental growth
Explaining Development• Research supports:- Heredity provides
potential; experience determines way in which potential will be fulfilled
Physical Development
Physical Development• Bodily changes, maturation, & growth
that occurs in an organism1. Prenatal/Childhood Development:- zygote- sperm fertilizes the egg- 46 chromosomes ( ½ mother, ½ father- 3rd wk- 1st sign of heartbeat- 8th wk- called a “fetus”- 16th wk- mother can feel mov’t
Physical Development- brain development- new neurons grow
quickly- branching process of axons/dendrites
happens after birth- first months of pregnancy
environmental factors can affect devel. of organs/structures- Ex. Disease, drinking, drugs, smoking
Physical Development- Hearing: prewired for survival-
can hear before birth recognize mother’s voice, but not father’s
Physical Development- Vision:
- less developed than adults- minutes after birth eyes turn in direction of sound better within 6 mos.
Physical Development- prefer to look at
large objects w/ contours and whole faces rather than parts
- no depth perception until 4 mos.
Physical Development- Eleanor Gibson researched children’s
response to depth perception and heights- she created a visual cliff- child would cross over shallow end
but reluctant to cross deep end- fear of deep end depends on
crawling experience
Physical Development
- Wariness of height is not prewired, but develops as children experience their world
Physical Development- Maturation- process of growth typical of all
members of a species raised in their usual habitat- different for individuals- environmental inputs- ex Native American’s carry babies on their backs learn to walk later than other children
Physical Development2. Adolescent Development-Growth spurt: girls- age 10
boys- age 12-Hands and feet grow first, then arms and legs-Reach puberty 2-3 years after growth spurt
Physical Development- Sexual maturity: girls- age 11-15
boys- age 12-14- Psychological changes:
- concern for body image- 38% girls, 27% boys report feeling “ugly” can lead to anorexia/ bulimia
Physical Development- Over time adolescents become more accepting of appearance
Physical Development3. Adulthood Development-Research shows a belief in “use it or lose it” Adults may suffer less aging effects if they continue to exercise their bodies and minds
Physical Development- Vision: decreases due to lenses becoming yellowed and less flexible; unable to see colors as clearly (violets, blues, greens); difficulty seeing at night
Physical Development- Hearing: hearing loss is common of
those 60 yrs +, greater for men than women, have more difficulty hearing high frequency tones
Physical Development- Reproductive/Sexual Functioning:
Age 40- men experience lower viable sperm count
Age 50- women experience menopause (stopping of ovulation)
Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development• Jean Piaget developed theories about how
children think, reason, and solve problems- Believed there are 2 processes working together to achieve cognitive growth: assimilation and accommodation
Cognitive Development• Stages:1.Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2yrs)
- sequences are improved, combined, coordinated, and integrated- develops object performance - child learns when object is absent, it still exists
Cognitive Development2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)
- marked by egocentrism (unable to take the perspective of another person) and centration (unable to take more than one perceptual
factor into account at the same time)
Cognitive Development3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs)
- capable of mental observations logical thinking
- replace physical action with mental action- unable to determine relationships
unless direct, physical observation
Cognitive Development- mastery of conservation and
reversibility4. Formal Operations Stage (11+yrs)
- understand abstract thinking- understand there is more than one
reality- ponder deep questions of truth,
justice, and existence
Cognitive Development• Renée Baillargeon has challenged Piaget’s
work:- stating children as young as 3 mos. understand object performance- should be less emphasis on egocentrism children have an idea of what they know compared to what others know
Cognitive Development• Lev Vygotsky argues that children
develop through internalization absorb knowledge from their social context- explains that children’s cognition develops to perform culturally valued tasks (like apprenticeships)
Cognitive Development• Unlike Piaget…who focused
on maturation process within the child, not how the environment impacts the child
Acquiring Language
Acquiring Language• Most researchers believe the ability
to learn language is biologically based & we have an innate language capacity• Start with
Perceiving Speech…
Acquiring Language1. Perceiving Speech:
- infants begin to learn phonemes (45 phonemes in English)- researchers found that you have innate ability to hear sound contrast in any language up to 8 mos.
Acquiring Language- lose the ability to perceive contrast in the languages you are NOT acquiring
Acquiring Language- Child directed speech (exaggerated
& high pitched) helps keep infant interested in language & can create an emotional bond
- Children at 4 ½ mos. Are beginning to know their own name
Acquiring Language2. Learning Word Meanings- 18 mos. vocabulary takes off
Acquiring Language3. Acquiring Grammar- Children must learn grammar structure- Noam Chomsky: believes that children are
born with mental structures that facilitate comprehension & production of language
Acquiring Language- Ex. – children who are deaf, but not
taught ASL, seem to have grammar structure
- Dan Slobin believes that children have language-making-capacity innate guidelines/operating principles that children use in acquiring language
Acquiring Language- Often children when learning
language use overregularization grammatical error in which language rules are used too widely
- Ex. “ed” added to all words- “breaked”; “s” added to all words- “foots”
Social Development
Social Development• The ways in which individuals’
social interactions and expectations change across the life span
Social Development• Major psychologist, Erik Erikson and
his psychological stages- need to resolve conflicts to move into next stage- review chart…
Social Development1. Social Development in Childhood:- socialization- lifelong process
whereby an individual’s behavioral patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society
Social Development- Family is most important in shaping
how people relate to each other- Begins with attachment (emotional
relationship between a child & caregiver), basically for survival (at first)
Social Development- Separation anxiety- distress when
taken away from a person they are attached to; peaks 14-18 mos.
- Babies form attachments to individuals who consistently & appropriately respond to their signals (smiling, crying)
Social Development- Mary Ainsworth:
Strange-Situation Test:1. Securely Attached- distress when parent leaves, seek contact upon parent’s return2. Insecurely Attached-Avoidant- child is aloof, avoids parent upon their return
Social Development3. Insecurely Attached-Ambivalent/Resistant- child is upset and anxious when parent leaves, shows anger and resistance to parent upon their return, but desire comfort
Social Development4. Disorganized-disoriented-
child is confused about whether they should avoid or approach the parent upon return
Social Development- Parenting Style- manner in which
parents raise children*authoritative style is the best: (demand children to conform to appropriate rules of behavior, but keep channels of communication open)
Social Development
Responsive Unresponsive
Demanding Authoritative
Authoritarian
Undemanding Indulgent Neglectful
Responsiveness
Dem
andi
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ss
Social Development- Harry Harlow: discovered aspect of
contact comfort- comfort derived from infants physical contact with caregiver (why babies become “attached”)- consequences for humans if deprived of contact/comfort (physical and psychological issues)
Social Development2. Social Development in Adolescence:- G. Stanley Hall: “storm & stress”- to be in
turmoil is normal (older theory)- Reality = most adolescence are not
experiencing major turmoil; but, if they do, it would be during this period; increase in parent/child conflict
Social Development- Working on Identity:
A. 1st time peers compete with family to influence attitude & behavior (why friends are very important!), but this increases anxiety of being rejected
Social DevelopmentB. Parents and children must deal with transition in relationship; parents give up authority & allow child autonomy; important to have social support in environment; having future goals is important to working on identity
Social Development3. Social Development in Adulthood:
A. Tasks- intimacy (sexual, emotional & moral commitment to another person) & generativity (concern for the next generation) *Erikson
Social Development- birth of a child can pose a threat to a couple- studies show couples happier later in life; women seem to be more affected by an unhappy marriage (b/c they are trying to fix it)
Social Development- selective social interaction theory- as people age, they become more selective in choosing social partners who satisfy their emotional needs
Social Development- Generativity: a commitment beyond yourself
to family, work, society, or future generations- crucial step in 30s & 40s; if not apparent midlife crisis ?- sometimes see ageism- discrimination/prejudice against older people
Moral Development
Moral Developments• Moral Dilemmas!
Moral Development• A system of beliefs, values, and the
underlying judgments about the rightness and wrongness of human acts
Moral Development• Lawrence Kohlberg- studied
moral reasoning (not behavior!) and came up with theories of moral development; shaped by Piaget – ties moral devel. to cog. devel.
Moral Development- Lowest level of moral reasoning is
based on self-interest- Higher levels of moral reasoning
based on social good, regardless of personal gain
- 4 Principles of Kohlberg’s Model:
Moral Development1. Individual can only be in one stage at a
given time2. Everyone goes through stages in this
order3. Each stage is more complex than
preceding stage4. Same stages occur in every culture
Moral Development• Almost everyone reaches stage 3 by
age 13• Many people don’t pass stage 5• Later stages are subjective- don’t
seem to be more complex and are not apparent in every culture
Moral Development- Critics take issue with Kohlberg’s
claims of universality:- Carol Gilligan: his work only
focused on boys, overlooking potential differences between habitual moral judgments of men & women
Moral Development- Gilligan feels women’s moral devel. is based on “caring for others” & progresses to self-realization; basis for men is “standard of justice”- Gilligan’s theory broadened Kohlberg’s
Moral Development- However, research suggests she is incorrect to identify unique styles of moral reasoning for men & women
Moral DevelopmentCONCLUSION:1.Adult reasoning about moral
dilemmas is a mix between considerations of caring and justice
2.Culture can play a role in determining what is moral or not
Gender Development
Gender Development• Gender Group Discussion…
Gender Development• Sex differences- biologically based
characteristics that distinguish males and females– anatomy, hormones, & reproductive
functions– hormones might affect some behavior
more in boys who are more physically active and aggressive than girls
Gender Development• Gender- psychological, learned, sex-
related behaviors & attitudes (ideas about masculinity & femininity)• Gender Identity- an individual’s
sense of maleness or femaleness (an awareness & acceptance) 10-14 mos.
Gender Development• Gender Roles- patterns
of behavior regarded as appropriate for males & females in society; provide definitions for masculinity & femininity
Gender Development- Acquisition of Gender Roles:
- often begins at birth- parents describe & dress them differently- encourage them to play with “sex-appropriate” toys
Gender Development• Eleanor Maccoby: Young children are
segregationists themselves• Gender Differences- disparities
between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability
Gender Development• Why are there gender differences?
1. evolution2. exposure to hormones prenatally3. structural differences in the brain (males- more lateralization)
Gender Development4. environment: expectations about what is “appropriate” behavior for males and females- How do we learn these behaviors?operant conditioning, observational learning, self-socialization, socialization in society (family, school, media)
Gender Development• Research has pointed out that
many well-adjusted people are more androgynous in their gender roles