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Developmental Psychology
General Psychology
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DevelopmentalPsychology
o Human Evol ut i on
v nature controls its desired traits
v variation of these traits is genetically
passed on from one generation to another
v an indicating mechanism
v nature - encourages the distribution of
positive traits and discourages the
negative ones
v
the present human specie underwent to aseries of natural selection
v paleoanthropologists believe that our
forebears had a similar appearance with
that of a dog-sized primate
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o Human Evol ut i on
v Australopithecus - believed to have
originated from the line of primates
height: 4-5 feet tall
size of the brain: 400-500 cc
2 distinct kinds:
A. boisei
A. robustus
v Homo habilis (handyman) - emerged to be
our closest relative
height: about five feet tall
size of the brain: 500 - 800 cc
weight: 100 lbs
early tool user
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o Human Evol ut i on
v Homo erectus emerged along with the
discovery of fire
size of the brain: 900 1200 cc
Java Man and Peking Man are believed
to be two of the accurate examples ofHomo erectus
v Homo sapiens it is believed that Archaic
H. sapiens already established a
mechanism for communication
used tools
buried their dead
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o Human Evol ut i on
v Homo sapiens neanderthalis cousin
size of the brain: 1350 cc
height: 5-6 feet tall
heavy bones & elevated brows
v Homo sapiens sapiens (anatomically
modern Homo sapiens) - they exactly
emerged at the same time when H.
neanderthalensis began to wander in
Europe and the Near East
being in an upright position
skillful hands
able to vocalize
rational
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o Impor t ant Concept s of Development al
Psychology
v critical periods
the individual is more susceptible (exposed)
to environmental influences
periods of sensitivityusually begin duringthe time of conception
may exist from puberty to adulthood
v sensitive/optimal periods
there are possible ways to correct orimprove ones personal status
recognizes the flexibility of young children
and infants to adjust to the
beneficial/harmful influences
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o Maj or T r ends of Physi cal Development
v cephalocaudal
physical growth normally starts from headto toe
pertains to the muscular and neurologicaldevelopment of the individual
v proximodistal
physical growth starts from the middle partof the organism, the development of thecentral nervous system
limbs, torso, hands, feet and other
important parts start to develop during thefirst months of prenatal development
v differentiation
newly-born individuals are not capable of
performing basic things, after five years,they may now be able to display variouskinds of complex skills
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o Fact or s in Physi cal Development
v socio-economic status
economic capability of an individual toprovide a sufficient amount of nutrition forhis physical growth and development
v untreated illnesses
may be caused by late diagnosis of thedisease
v ethnicity and culture
social orientations are relative from cultureto culture
v emotional disturbances
mood irregularities which are eitherexperienced by the parents or the child
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o St ages of Human Devel opment
v prenatal development
3 sub-stages:
germinal - only lasts two weeks after the
moment of conception
embryonic - starts three weeks after the
fertilization and ends until the 8th week of
pregnancy
fetal - proceeds after the embryonic stage
until childbirth
v infant (1 month to 1 year)
can display a number of simple gestures
which are also helpful to communicate
something from their parents
nearsighted
learns how to trust others
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o St ages of Human Devel opment
v toddler (1 to 4 years)
begin to take care of themselves andperform things on their own
learn to control themselves and tend toconcentrate on what they do
learn how to walk around, feed themselves,use the toilet and control their ownbehavior
does not like to be frustrated
v primary school age (4 to 12 years)
like to do well in school
like to please others
they can help around the house and takecare of themselves
a little knowledge about the human bodyand how it works
can also do some of their own personal care
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o St ages of Human Devel opment
v puberty and adolescence (13 to 19 years)
puberty - stage in which an individual isable to reproduce
psychological views:
G.S. Hall - adolescence as a time of stormmarked by turbulent emotions
S. Freud - conflict as a result of physicalchanges that the adolescents areexperiencing
A. Freud - intellectualization mechanismand asceticism mechanism
M. Mead - cultural influences play a major
role in the amount of stress that theadolescents undergo
E. Erikson - characterized adolescence as aperiod of crisis resolution on identity vs.identity confusion
J. Marcia - his psychological research wasbased on Eriksons theory by examining thepresence or absence of crisis andcommitment in a persons identity formation
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o St ages of Human Devel opment
v young adult (19 to 25 years)
marks the transition from childhood to
adulthood in the human life cycle
they focus on their respective careers and
family building, trying to establish
themselves as responsible adults
personal relationships reflect less moral and
sexual value system than those of young
adults in the past
v adult (26 years and up)
the last stage in human development
wherein the individual has already
completed the last phase of his physical,
social and emotional development as a
human being
adults have to make an adjustment on theirphysical and emotional habits
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References/Sources
Melucci, N.J., (2004), Psychology: The Easy Way,
New York, Barrons Educational Series
Sternberg, R.J., (2004), Psychology (4th Edition),
Canada, Thomson Wadsworth
Instructors Guides: Care of the Infant and Toddler,
Care of the Infant and the School Age and Care of
the Adult Client. Certified Nursing Assistant
Program. STI Education Services Group, 2005
Instructors Guide (Week 10 Session 27):
Socialization and Development of Identity and
Social Relations. Child and Adolescent
Development. STI Education Services Group, 2006
Booree, G. (2004), General Psychology: Human
Evolution, Shippensburg University, Retrieved May
22, 2007 from
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/humanevol.html