developmental psychology. the branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan
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Developmental psychology
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• The branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan
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Chromosome
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• A long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the nucleus of the cell
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Gene
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• The basic unit of heredity that directs the development of a particular characteristic; the individual unit of DNA instructions on a chromosome
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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• The chemical basis of heredity; carries the genetic instructions in the cell
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Genotype
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• The underlying genetic makeup of a particular organism, including the genetic instructions for traits that are not actually displayed
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Phenotype
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• The observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors
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Dominant gene
• In a pair of genes, the gene containing genetic instructions that will be expressed whether paired with another dominant gene or with a recessive gene
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Recessive gene
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• In a pair of genes, the gene containing genetic instructions that will not be expressed unless pair with another recessive gene
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Sex chromosomes
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• Chromosomes designated as X or Y that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans
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Sex-linked recessive characteristics
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• Traits determined by recessive genes located on the X chromosome; in males, these characteristics require only one recessive gene to be expressed
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Prenatal stage
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• The stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods
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Germinal period
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• The first two weeks of prenatal development
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Embryonic period
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• The second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week
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Teratogens
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• Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus
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Fetal period
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• The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth
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Temperament
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• Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way
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Attachment
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• The emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents
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Comprehension vocabulary
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• The words that are understood by an infant or child
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Production vocabulary
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• The words that an infant or child understands and can speak
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Sensorimotor stage
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• In Piaget’s theory, the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects
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Object permanence
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• The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen
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Preoperational stage
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• In Piaget’s theory, the second stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 2 to age 7; characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought process
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Symbolic thought
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• The ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world
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Egocentrism
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• In Piaget’s theory, the inability to take another person’s perspective or point of view
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Irreversibility
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• In Piaget’s theory,the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations
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Centration
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• In Piaget’s theory, the tendency to focus,or center , on only once aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of the situation
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Conservation
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• In Piaget’s theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted
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Concrete operational stage
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• In Piaget’s theory, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to adolescence; characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations
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Formal operational
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• In Piaget’s theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, which lasts from adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations
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Information-processing model of cognitive development
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• The model that views cognitive development as a process that is continuous over the lifespan and that studies the development of basic mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving
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Adolescence
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• The transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached
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Identity
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• A person’s definition or description of himself or herself, including the values, beliefs, and ideals that guide the individual’s behavior
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Moral reasoning
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• The aspect of cognitive development that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions
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Menopause
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• The natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women
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Activity theory of aging
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• The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity the displayed earlier in life
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Authoritarian parenting style
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• Parenting style in which parents are demanding and unresponsive toward their children’s needs or wishes
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Permissive parenting style
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• Parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not demanding; permissive-indulgent parents are responsive to their children, whereas permissive indifferent parents are not
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Authoritative parenting style
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• Parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children’s behavior but are also responsive to their children’s needs and wishes
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Induction
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• A discipline technique that combines parental control with explaining why a behavior is prohibited
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Mary D. Salter Ainsworth (1913-1999)
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American psychologist who devised the Strange Situation procedure to measure attachment; contributed to attachment theory
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Renee Baillargeon (b. 1954)
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Canadian-born psychologist whose studies of cognitive development during infancy using visual rather than manual tasks challenged beliefs about the age at which object permanence first appears
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Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)
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American linguist who proposed that people have an innate understanding of the basic principles of language, which he called a “universal grammar.”
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Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
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German-born American psychoanalyst who proposed an influential theory of psychological development throughout the lifespan
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Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
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American psychologist who proposed an influential theory of moral development
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Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
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Swiss child psychologist whose influential theory proposed that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development
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Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
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Russian psychologist who stressed the importance of social and cultural influences in cognitive development