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Overview of DevOpsand Infrastructure as Code eBook
n the not so distant past, code was tightly
coupled with the infrastructure it ran on.
This meant software development cycles
were long, changes were difficult to make,
and scaling to meet demand was difficult
and expensive.
Today, developers need to make faster
code changes, have fewer hardware
dependencies, and scale applications rapidly
to meet changing business demands. With
the trend towards microservices as the
solution to the problems of monolithic
application development, developers want
to be able to provision, configure, test,
and manage application development and
infrastructure programmatically.
DevOps enables teams to release early and
often. It involves:
A transformation in culture to
move away from monolithic to
microservices frameworks
A growing trend towards using
infrastructure as code (IaC) to
automate the deployment of
infrastructure resources
The right tools to provision, configure,
build, test, and manage infrastructure
DevOps has brought about a change in
not only tools, but the culture of software
development—agile development. With
DevOps, building, testing, and releasing
software can happen more frequently with
the aid of automation.
Contents
Overview of DevOps and
Infrastructure as Code eBook
Understanding the
DevOps Toolchain
The Importance of IaC in
Application Development
Determining whether to move
to IaC
How Oracle Cloud Enables
DevOps and IaC
Navigating the Path to DevOps
and IaC
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Understanding the DevOps Toolchain
oving to a DevOps culture inevitably
means adopting a DevOps toolchain.
A DevOps toolchain is a group of tools
organized around the stages of the software
development process.
Development teams will adopt specific tools
within the toolchain that fit their software
development process. At each stage of the
software development process, you’ll find
several tools that can be used. You’ll also
find that many of these tools are flexible
and can be used at different stages and in
different capacities.
DevOps ToolchainBut, in addition to automating application
and platform, agile development can
be further facilitated through the use of
automation in infrastructure management,
that is, through infrastructure agility.
Consequently, DevOps has evolved
to include Infrastructure as Code
(IaC) frameworks to fulfill this need.
These frameworks provide declarative
management of resources, thereby
removing tasks such as typing commands
in command line interfaces (CLIs) and
configuring infrastructure manually.
For those that have adopted or are
considering making the change to DevOps,
there can be a great deal of confusion
around the DevOps toolchain. The following
section explores this topic further.
Monitor
Code
Package
Build
Configure Provision
Release Test
M
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The DevOps toolchain begins with
development environments and source
code control. Developers write code in
development environments that provide
the language support and other features
that they need, often integrating with a
version control systems (VCS) or source
control management (SCM). Source code
management and versioning tools keep
track of the changes to application code,
providing a single source of truth about an
application and its history.
In DevOps culture, source control tools often
do more than just handle revision control,
review, and merging of application code.
Code DevOps practitioners frequently use source
code control tools to maintain control of
documentation, configurations, information,
databases, and IaC projects, such as Ansible
playbooks, Chef cookbooks, and so on.
Popular tools: Git, Subversion, Perforce,
Bitbucket, Oracle Developer Cloud Service
Git-Based Code Version Management in Oracle Developer Cloud Service
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Developers are constantly making changes
to the code—and so are other developers
on the team. The codebase changes almost
continually, and there is no time to wait for
code integration and testing to take place
days or weeks later.
Continuous integration (CI) tools automate
the building and testing of applications
as the code changes. Automated test
execution provides a fast feedback loop
and developers are encouraged to make
commits more frequently to source control
management. In addition, builds happen
automatically, and problems with the shared
codebase can be identified quickly.
Build Popular build frameworks: Maven, Gradle,
Ant, npm, Grunt, Bower, Gulp
Popular CI tools: Jenkins, Hudson, GitLab
CI, Travis CI, Bamboo, Oracle Developer
Cloud Service, Oracle Container Pipelines
Build Automation in Developer Cloud Service
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Provisioning tools prepare the infrastructure
needed for an application to go into service.
Provisioning tools can create virtual
machines (VMs), containers, or spin up
bare metal servers, depending on the needs
of the application. Provisioning tools will
handle compute, networking, and storage
configuration, as well as make a server
ready for service.
Automated provisioning with IaC enables self-
service deployment of computing resources
without having to wait for IT to manually
provision servers and other infrastructure.
Provision Further, IaC using open standards like
Terraform lets you standardize your
infrastructure as code engine and create
repeatable environments in hybrid and
multi cloud environments.
Popular tools: Docker , Terraform, Chef,
Puppet, Ansible, Salt, Vagrant, Resource
Manager (Oracle Cloud service for IaC)
With continuous integration (CI), testing
no longer happens at the end of a long
release cycle, but must happen as new
builds appear. Continuous testing provides
feedback on the business risks of the build
being tested, to determine whether the
build is too risky to proceed. This process
validates both functional and nonfunctional
requirements of the application, as well as
integrations spanning system boundaries.
Testing tools must be able to accurately
assess and identify problems at each layer
and be flexible enough to adapt to the fast-
paced changes in modern applications. In
addition, user experience (UX) tests should
be part of the continuous testing process.
Popular tools: Cucumber, JUnit, Selenium
Test
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Once a build moves past the testing stage of
the software development pipeline, it needs
to be packaged and staged prior to release.
Packages include all of the artifacts of the
application, the changes that need to be
performed, as well as prerequisite checks,
and post-installation actions.
Software packaging tools, or universal
package managers, help decouple the
application from the infrastructure so that
deployment can be automated across the
environment and all dependencies will be
included in the package.
Popular tools: JFrog Artifactory, Sonatype
Nexus Repository, Inedo Proget, Developer
Cloud Service, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
Registry
Package
After software has been packaged and
staged for release, another set of tools
in the DevOps toolchain takes over the
release management. Release management
involves several different activities—
scheduling and orchestrating the release,
deploying the application, and handling
deployment errors.
Continuous delivery (CD), which
complements continuous integration (CI),
enables the release of software frequently
and reliably.
Application Release Automation (ARA) tools
perform release management by creating
consistent, repeatable deployments of
software across a variety of environments.
Release These tools assist with CD by eliminating
the need for custom deployment processes
and scripts for applications, reducing
configuration errors in the process. This
means releases become more predictable
and reliable with ARA tools.
Popular tools: XL Release, Automic, Clarive,
uDeploy, Developer Cloud Service
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Configuration management tools automate
the process of ensuring that deployed
applications and infrastructure are in the
desired state. This may involve performing
additional infrastructure or application
configurations, configuring users, groups,
and other applications on the software, and
configuring networking and storage.
Master images of the desired state of
infrastructure may be created for automated
deployment. Both continuous configuration
automation (CCA) and IaC tools fall into this
segment of the DevOps toolchain.
Popular tools: Chef, Puppet, Ansible,
Terraform, Salt
Configure
Application Performance Management
(APM) tools provide continuous monitoring
of applications once they are released into
production and configuration is complete.
APM solutions monitor the performance of
the application and the user experience.
Continuous monitoring is crucial to
ensuring that users have a positive
experience with the application, that service
level agreement (SLA) levels are met, and
that application issues in the production
environment are identified, diagnosed, and
corrected quickly.
Log management tools provide log
collection, aggregation, analysis, search,
and reporting.
Monitor These tools also provide insight into the
runtime behaviors of the system, thereby
facilitating continuous improvement and
DevOps. Security and compliance are two of
the primary drivers for log management.
Popular tools: ELK, Splunk, New Relic,
AppDynamics, Compuware APM, Datadog,
Oracle Management Cloud
The number of choices available for
building a DevOps toolchain is vast, and
new tools are added continually to help
developers automate almost every aspect
of the software development cycle. This
enables a DevOps culture that can keep
pace with today’s demands without
sacrificing release quality.
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The Importance of IaC in Application Development
hen it comes to developing
modern applications, there are
different levels of abstraction that can
be adopted. One of the most common
methods is infrastructure abstraction. This
can be obtained by using infrastructure as a
service (IaaS), VMs, or containers in a cloud
environment to deploy applications.
Today, many organizations and individual
developers rely heavily on this level
of abstraction for building application
infrastructure.
Whether building VMs or Docker containers
on a public cloud platform or deploying on
premises to a virtualized environment, this
level of abstraction often involves a fair
amount of manual configuration before or
after provisioning.
IaC lets developers further accelerate
application development by taking
care of the heavy lifting of provisioning
compute, networking, storage, security,
identity, monitoring, logging, and other
infrastructure.
W
With IaC:
The infrastructure on which applications
run is automatically provisioned and
managed from code, instead of manually.
Changes to the infrastructure are made by
changing the code, and teams use source
control management tools like Github to
tie these changes to issues, goals, and
people for accountability, and can be
easily reverse changes if necessary.
Developers get a fast, repeatable process
for deploying application infrastructure.
Changes to both the application and the
infrastructure can happen quickly.
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Hybrid cloud deployments may be
better supported, if using cloud agnostic
IaC engines
Service issues are detected and
services are restored faster, since the
infrastructure is managed by a DevOps
team at the company.
DevOps culture is characterized by
releasing applications faster and more
frequently. When you combine this culture
with the infrastructure automation
features of IaC, you can further abstract
and automate the backend heavy lifting
required for application development.
To enable this higher level of abstraction,
you take the principles that govern your
software development process and apply
them to your infrastructure using IaC tools
like Terraform, Ansible, Chef or Puppet.
There are two types of IaC tools.
Declarative IaC:
These tools enable the developer to
specify the desired end state—that is,
they are “outcome oriented.” If this
desired state does not match the
current state of infrastructure, the tool
will perform a series of actions
specified in configuration files.
For example, Puppet and Terraform.
Imperative IaC:
These tools enable the developer to
specify a sequence of commands
explicitly—that is, they are “action
oriented.” For example, Chef.
IaC tools enable consistent, repeatable,
and automated deployment of
infrastructure, enabling you to focus on
rapid application development, and not
on waiting for infrastructure provisioning.
When you adopt IaC, you can improve
efficiency and reliability of your entire
software development process by reducing
manual, one-off infrastructure deployments
or configurations.
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Determining Whether to Move to IaC
efore making the move to IaC, it’s
important to think about your own
software development environment and
determine if it’s the right fit. While IaC offers
benefits in infrastructure automation, it may
not be right for everyone.
Your current infrastructure is a large factor
here. You could be leveraging public cloud
IaaS entirely, some combination of public
cloud IaaS and on-premises hardware, or
on-premises hardware completely. Your
application development environments may
depend heavily on traditional virtualized
infrastructure or physical servers, or may
already be adopting container technologies
like Docker or Kubernetes.
There may be a need to use serverless
computing like Fn. Each of these approaches to
handling application infrastructure will impact
which level of abstraction will work best for
your software development processes.
Beyond infrastructure considerations, there
are business and cultural considerations
as well. DevOps might be a new concept
for some companies and developers, and
not everyone is ready to adopt a DevOps
culture, which includes IaC. However, with
the accelerating pace of business, even
companies that have not embraced DevOps
are almost certainly feeling the pressure to
speed up application development.
Other factors that will affect your choices
around infrastructure abstraction are your
current efficiency and speed of development,
the control you have over your development
environment, and your organization’s
tolerance for risk.
BYour Current Infrastructure
Public cloud IaaS
Public cloud IaaS andon-premises hardware
On-premises hardware
Your Application Development Environments
Traditional virtualized infrastructure
Physical servers
Container technologies
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How Oracle Cloud Enables DevOps and IaC
ith Oracle Cloud, you can develop
applications in a variety of
languages, including Java, Python, Go,
and PHP. You can build modern apps with
the latest technologies using containers,
microservices, serverless computing, and
DevOps toolchains. You can also easily
incorporate analytics, Internet of Things
(IoT), mobile, and social into your apps.
Development is open, modern, and easy.
Oracle gives you several tools to accelerate
application development.
Oracle Developer Cloud Service for DevOps:
Provides a hosted team development and
delivery platform including issue tracking, Git
code versioning, wiki, Agile development and
planning tools, continuous integration and
delivery automation with pipelines.
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Resource
Manager for IaC: A fully managed
service for provisioning infrastructure
resources using Terraform.
DevOps Tools and Plugins:
Oracle Cloud Platform Terraform
provider: To interact with Oracle Cloud
Infrastructure resources using Terraform.
Terraform modules: Self-contained
packages of Terraform configurations that
are managed together and used to create
reusable components.
Ansible modules: To provide orchestration,
provisioning, and configuration
management, using Ansible, for Oracle
Cloud Infrastructure services and resources
(compute, load balancing, database, and
so on).
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Chef plugin: To provide an interface
between Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
and Chef server, thereby enabling
configuration and management of nodes
and applications.
Oracle Container Pipelines, Oracle Cloud
Infrastructure Registry and Oracle Container
Engine for Kubernetes for DevOps and
containers: Services that empower
development teams to quickly build, test, and
deploy container-based applications.
Oracle Functions for serverless (in Limited
Availability): Scalable, multitenant
functions-as-a-service that lets you focus on
writing code without having to worry about
infrastructure concepts.
DevOps and Infrastructure as Code12
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Find out more about other Oracle Cloud Native
Services at: oracle.com/cloud-native
In addition, with Oracle Cloud you can bring
your DevOps toolchain to us. This enables you
to keep using the tools you’re using to deploy
applications today, and we help you to deploy
those apps quickly and easily.
Navigating the Path to DevOps and IaC
ompanies of all sizes are forced to
develop products faster and provide
optimal customer experience. They can
achieve these goals through DevOps and IaC.
Making the change to DevOps is one of the
biggest challenges software development
teams face today. The move is much more
than just a technological or process change—
moving to DevOps and IaC requires a shift
in the way developers and infrastructure
operators work together to create, test, and
deliver software continuously.
For many companies, development and
operations don’t just have different roles
but different priorities as well. A successful
transition to DevOps and IaC means unifying
these groups, getting them on the same page
C
and working towards the same goals. This
cultural change is much larger than the
technology changes that come with DevOps.
Despite challenges, adopting a DevOps culture
and IaC tools to automate the heavy lifting of
provisioning and managing of the DevOps
toolchain can provide great benefits to the
company. These include improved efficiency
in development, better consistency in app
deployment, more stable/reliable applications,
and more satisfied users.
Oracle Cloud can serve as a valued partner for
DevOps and infrastructure as code. Take a free
trial to start using Developer Cloud Service
and Resource Manager.
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