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note: because important websites are frequently "here today but gone tomorrow", the following was archived from The Cosmic Conspiracy, 1994 revised edition by Stan Deyo, ISBN 0-908477-04-X on July 13, 2007. Mr. Deyo's website is at http://standeyo.com/ . This is NOT an attempt to divert readers from the aforementioned website. Indeed, the reader should only read this back-up copy if the updated original cannot be found at the original author's site.

Gravity Rand Ltd.

In December of 1956, Gravity Rand Ltd. (located in London) published a discussion entitled "The Gravitics Situation".

The first page read "Theme of the science (of gravitics) for 1956-1970: Serendipity". It also quoted Professor Einstein's view on gravitics:

"It may not be an unattainable hope that some day a clearer knowledge of the processes of gravitation may be reached. And the extreme generality and detachment of the Relativity theory may be illuminated by the particular study of a precise mechanism."

"The Gravitics Situation" is the one piece of documentation that the reader will not be able to acquire without great endurance or incredible luck. It puts the finger on so many nerve centers of the body of those scientists who sired "anti-gravity" that there can be no doubt to the enlightened reader that Mankind has developed anti-gravity. As a result, this document has been totally reproduced in the public interest as Appendix 3.

To fully appreciate the implications of the document, one should read the entire thing. However, certain key phrases from its 43 pages of technical discussion have been selected to give a brief picture of its purpose. The follow below:

page 3: "This point has been appreciated in the United States and a program in hand may now ensure that development of large-sized disks will be continued. This is backed by the U.S. Government but is something that will be pursued on a small scale. This acceptance follows Brown's original suggestion embodied in Project Winterhaven. Winterhaven recommended that a major effort be concentrated on electrogravitics based o the principle of his disks."

page 4: "… aims were rewritten around a new report which is apparently based on newer thoughts (than Winterhaven) and with some later patents not yet published -- which form the bases of current U.S. policy. It is a matter of some controversy whether this research could be accelerated by more money. But the impression in Gravity Rand is that the base of industry is perhaps more than adequately wide. Already companies are specializing in evolution of particular components of an electrogravitics disk. This implies that the science is in the same state as the ICBM. Namely that no new breakthroughs are needed -- only intensive development engineering."

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page 4(cont): "… The power of the device to undermine the electrostatic forces holding the atom together is a destructive by-product of military significance. In unpublished work, Gravity Rand has indicated the possible effect of such a device for demolition."

page 7: "If a real spin or rotation is applied to a planar geoid, the gravitational equipotentials can be made less convex, plane, or concave. These have the effect of adjusting the intensity of the gravitational field at will. Which is a requirement for the gravity absorber."

page 13: "Again the principle itself will function equally in a vacuum --Townsend Brown's saucers could move in a vacuum readily enough -- but the supporting parts must also work in a vacuum. In practice, they tend to give trouble just as gas turbine bits and pieces start giving trouble in proportion to the altitude gained in flight."

The document also has a glossary of new terms on pages 17, 18, and 19 and a "gold mine" of additional reference papers listed on pages 20 and 21 which are followed by a summary of Dr. T. Townsend Brown's original patent application for his "electric flying saucer" beginning on page 22.

Professor F. Mozer contributed a brilliant discussion on the existence of negative mass particles and their utilization in the construction of neutral-gravity bodies. It beings on page 30.

Also of special interest to a few will be the brief discussion by Drs. Deser and Arnowitt which begins on page 39. It is entitled "A Link Between Gravitation and Nuclear Energy". It uses Einstein's usual structures found in General Relativity as a building stone for a so-called "creation tensor" to convert gravitational energy to nuclear energy. Their field equations are difficult and are not in a readily workable state. Still, they do represent an interesting aspect for some.

This incredible document was compiled in 1956! Can there be any doubt that such information has been superseded by even more incredible developments in the last decades?

No!

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The Gravitics Situation

December 1956

Gravity Rand Ltd.66 Sloane StreetLondon S.W.1.

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Theme of the science for 1956-1970:

Serendipity

Einstein's view:

"It may not be an unattainable hope that some day a clearer knowledge of the processes of gravitation may be reached. And the extreme generality and detachment of the Relativity theory may be illuminated by the particular study of a precise mechanism."

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Contents

I - Engineering note on present frontiers of knowledge ……………………………………………… 3

II - Management note on the gravitics situation ……………………………………………………… 10

III - Glossary …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17

IV - References ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20

V - Appendix

Appendix I - Summary of Townsend Brown's original specification for anapparatus for producing force or motion ……………………………….............. 22

Appendix II - Mozer's quantum mechanical approach to the existence of negative massand its utilization in the construction of gravitationally neutralized bodies …. 30

Appendix III - Gravity effects (Beams) …………………………………………………………… 37

Appendix IV - A link between Gravitation and Nuclear Energy (Deser and Arnowitt) ………. 39

Appendix V - Gravity/Heat interaction (Wickenden) ……………………………………………. 41

Appendix VI - Weight-Mass anomaly (Perl) ……………………………………………………… 42

(Thanks to the Gravity Research Foundation for Appendices II to VI)

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I. Engineering note on present frontiers of knowledge

Gravitics is likely to follow a number of separate lines of development.

The best short-term proposition is Townsend Brown's electrostatic propulsion by gravitators (details of which are to be found in the Appendix I).

An extreme extrapolation of Brown's later rigs appears to suggest a Mach-3 interceptor type aircraft. Brown called this basically force and motion. But it does not appear to be the road to a gravitational shield or reflector. His is the brute force approach of concentrating high electrostatic charges along the leading edge of the periphery of a disk which yields propulsive effect. Brown originally maintained that his gravitators operate independently of all frames of reference and it is motion in the absolute sense relative to the Universe as a whole. There is, however, no evidence to support this. In the absence of any such evidence, it is perhaps more convenient to think of Brown's disks as electrostatic propulsion which has its own niche in aviation.

Electrostatic disks can provide lift without speed over a flat surface. This could be an important advance over all forms of airfoil which require induced flow. And lift without air flow is a development that deserves to be followed up in its own right. And one that for military purposes is already envisaged by the users as applicable to all three services.

This point has been appreciated in the United States and a program in hand may now ensure that development of large-sized disks will be continued. This is backed by the U.S. Government, but it is something that will be pursued on a small scale.

This acceptance follows Brown's original suggestion embodied in Project Winterhaven. Winterhaven recommended that a major effort be concentrated on electrogavitics based on the principle of his disks. The U.S. Government evaluated the disks wrongly and misinterpreted the nature of the energy. This incorrect report was filed as an official assessment. And it

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took some 3 years to correct the earlier misconception.

That brings developments up to the fairly recent past. And by that time, it was realized that no effort on the lines of Winterhaven was practical and that more modest aims should be substituted.

These were rewritten around a new report which is apparently based on newer thoughts and with some later patents not yet published -- which form the basis of current U.S. policy. It is a matter of some controversy whether this research could be accelerated by more money.

But the impression in Gravity Rand is that the base of industry is perhaps more than adequately wide. Already companies are specializing in evolution of particular components of an electrogravitation disk. This implies the science is in the same state as the ICBM. Namely that no new breakthroughs are needed -- only intensive development engineering.

This may be an optimistic reading of the situation. It is true that materials are now available for the condensers giving higher k figures than were postulated in Winterhaven as necessary. And all the ingredients necessary for the disks appear to be available. But industry is still some way from having an adequate power source and possessing any practical experience of running such equipment.

The long-term development of gravity shields, absorbers, and "magic metals" appears at the moment, however, to be a basically different problem. And work on this is not being sponsored [officially, that is] so far as is known.

The absorber or shield could be intrinsically a weapon of great power -- the limits of which are difficult to foresee. The power of the device to undermine the electrostatic forces holding the atom together is a destructive by-product of military significance. In unpublished work, Gravity Rand has indicated the possible effect of such a device for demolition. The likelihood of such work being sponsored in small countries outside the U.S. is slight since there is a general lack of money and resources. And in all such countries, quick returns are essential.

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Many people hold that little-or-no progress can be made until the link in the Einstein Unified Field Theory has been found.

This is surely a somewhat defeatist view because although no all-embracing explanation of the relationship between the extraordinary variety of high-energy particles being uncovered is yet available, much can be done to pin down the general nature of anti-gravity devices.

There are several promising approaches. One of them is the search for negative mass. A second is to find a relationship between gravity and heat. And a third is to find the link between gravitation and the coupled particles.

Taking the first of these (negative mass), the initial task is to prove the existence of negative mass. Appendix II outlines how this might be done. This is Mozer's approach which is based on the Schroedinger time-independent equation with the center of mass motion removed.

As the paper shows, this requires some 100 bev [sp?] which is beyond the power of existing particle accelerators. However, the present Russian and American nuclear programs envisage 50 bev [sp?] bevatrons within a few years. And at the present rate of progress in the nuclear science, it seems possible that the existence of negamass will be proved or disproved by this method of a Bragg analysis of the crystal structure.

If negamass is established, the precise part played by the subnuclear particles could be quickly determined. Working theories have been built up to explain how negative masses would be repelled by positive masses. And pairs would accelerate gaining kinetic energy until they reach the speed-of-light and then assume the role of the high-energy particles.

It has been suggested by Ferrell that this might explain the role of the neutrino. But this seems unlikely without some explanation of the spin ascribed to the neutrino. Yet the absence of rest mass or charge of the neutrino makes it especially intriguing. Certainly further study of the neutrino would be relevant to gravitational problems.

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If the aircraft industry regards anti-gravity as part of its responsibilities, it cannot escape the necessity of monitoring high-energy physics or the neutrino. There are two current companies definitely doing this. But little-or-no evidence that most of the others even know what a neutrino is.

The relationship between electrical charges and gravitational forces, however, will depend on the right deduction s being drawn from excessively small anomalies [see Appendix VI]. First clues to such small and hitherto unnoticed effects may be observed in work on the gravithermels and interacting effects of heat and gravity.

Here, at least, there is firmer evidence that materials are capable of temperature changes depending on gravity. This -- as Beams says (see Appendix III) -- is due to results from the alignment of the atoms. Gravity tensions applied across the ends of a tube filled with electrolyte can produce heat or be used to furnish power. The logical extension of this is an absorber of gravity in the form of a flat plate. And the gravitative flux acting on it (its atomic and molecular structure -- its weight density and form are not at this time clear) would lead to an increase in heat of the mass of its surface and subsurface particles.

The third approach is to aim at discovering a connection between nuclear patricles and the gravitational field. This also returns to the need for interpreting microscopic relativistic phenomena at one extreme in terms of microscopic quantum mechanical phenomena at the other.

Beaumont in suggesting a relation recalls how early theory established rough and ready [unreadable] of the characteristics of electronic spin before the whole science of the atomic orbital was worked out.

These were based on observation and they were used with some effect at a time when data was needed. Similar assumptions of complex spin might be used to link the microscopic to the Macroscopic. At any rate, there are some loose ends on complex spin to be tied up.

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And these could logically be sponsored with some expectation of results by companies wondering how to make a contribution.

If a real spin or rotation is applied to a planar geoid, the gravitational equipotentials can be made less convex, plane, or concave. These have the effect of adjusting the intensity of the gravitational field at will which is a requirement for the gravity absorber.

Beaumont seemed doubtful whether external power would have to be applied to achieve this. But is seems reasonable to suppose that power could be fed into the system to achieve a beneficial adjustment to the gravitational field. And conventional engineering methods could ensure that the weight of power input service would be more than offset by the weightlessness from the spin inducer.

The engineering details of this is naturally still in the realms of conjecture. But at least it is something that could be worked out with laboratory rigs. And again, the starting point is to make more accurate observations of small effects. The technique would be to accept any anomalies in Nature. And from them to establish what would be needed to induce a spin artificially.

It has been argued that the scientific community faces a seemingly impossible task in attempting to alter gravity when the force is set up by a body as large as this planet. And that to change it might demand a comparable force of similar planetary dimensions.

It was scarcely surprising, therefore, that experience had shown that while it has been possible to observe the effects of gravity, it resisted any form of control or manipulation.

But the time is fast approaching when for the first time, it will be within the capability of engineers with tevatrons to work directly with particles that -- it is increasingly accepted -- contribute to the source of gravitation.

And while that in itself may not lead the an absorber of gravity, it will at least throw more light on the sources of the power.

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Another task is solution [see Appendix IV] of outstanding equations to convert gravitational phenomena to nuclear energy.

The problem -- still not solved -- may support the Bondi-Hoyle theory that expansion of the Universe represents energy continually annihilated instead of being carried to the boundaries of the Universe.

This energy loss manifests itself in the behavior of the hyperon and K-paritlces [sp?] which would -- or might -- form the link between the microcosm and Macrocosm.

Indeed, Desser and Arnowitt propose that the new particles are a direct link between gravitationally-produced energy and nuclear energy. If this were so, it would be the place to begin in the search for practical methods of gravity manipulation.

It would be realistic to assume that the K-particles [sp?] are such a link. Then a possible approach might be to disregard objections which cannot be explained at this juncture until further Unified Field links are established. As in the case of the spin and orbital theories which were naïve in the beginning, the technique might have to accept the apparent forces and make theory fit observation until more is known.

Some people feel that the chances of finding such a Unified Field Theory to link gravity and electrodynamics are high. Yet still think that the finding of a gravity shield is slight because of the size of the energy source and because the chances of seeing unnoticed effect seem slender.

Others feel the opposite and believe that a link between nuclear energy and gravitational energy may precede the link between the Einstein General Relativistic and Quantum Theory disciplines.

Some hope that both discoveries may come together while a few believe that a partial explanation of both may come about the same time. Which will afford sufficient knowledge of gravitational fields to perfect an interim type of absorber using field links that are available.

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The latter seems the more likely since it is already beginning to happen.

There is not likely to be any sudden full explanation of the microcosm and Macrocosm but one strand after another joining them will be fashioned as progress is made towards quantizing the Einstein theory.

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II - Management Note on the Gravitics Situation

The present anti-gravity situation is one of watching and waiting by the large aircraft prime contractors for lofting inventions or technological breakthroughs.

In one of his last utterances, Clarence Birdeye thought that an insulator might be discovered by accident by someone working on a quite different problem and in 500 years gravity insulators would be commonplace.

One might go further than Birdseye and say that principles of the insulator would, by then, be fundamental to human affairs. It would be as basic to the society as the difference today between the weight of one metal and another.

But at the same time, it would be wrong to infer from Birdseye a remark that a sudden isolated discovery will be the key to the science. The hardware will come at a time when the industry is ready and waiting for it. It will arrive after a long period of getting accustomed to thinking in terms of weightlessness. And, naturally, it will appear after the feasibility of achieving it in one form or another has been established in theory. [But this does not mean that harnessed forces will be necessarily fully understood at the outset.]

The aim of companies at this stage must therefore surely be to monitor the areas of progress in the world of high-energy physics which seem likely to lead to establishment of the foundations of anti-gravity.

This means keeping a watchful eye on electrogravitics, mangetogravitics, gravitcs-isotopes, and electrostatic in various forms for propulsion or levitation.

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This is not at the present stage a very expensive business. And investment in laboratory man-hours is necessary only when a certain line of reasoning which may look promising comes to a dead-end for lack of experimental data. Or only when it might be worth running some laboratory tests to bridge a chasm between one part of a theory and another. Or in connecting 20-or-more theories together.

If this is right, anti-gravity is in a state similar to nuclear propulsion after the NEPA findings yet before the AMNP project got underway.

It will be remembered that was the period when the Atomic Energy Commission sponsored odd things here-and-there that needed doing. But it would be misleading to imply that hardware programs on electrostatic disks is presently so far along as nuclear propulsion was in that state represented by ANP.

True -- the NEPA men came to the conclusion that a nuclear=propelled aircraft of a kind could be built. But it would be only a curiosity. Even at the time of the Lexington and Whitman reports, it was still some way from fruition. The aircraft would have been more than a curiosity but not competitive enough to be seriously considered.

It is not in doubt that work on anti-gravity is in the realm of the longer term future. One of the tests of virility of an industry is the extent to which it is so self-confident of its position that it can afford to sponsor R&D which cannot promise a quick return. A closing of minds to anything except lines of development that will provide a quick return is a sign of either a straight-laced economy or a pure lack of pre-science. (Or both).

Another consideration that will play its part in managerial decision is that major turning points in anti-gravity work are

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likely to prove far removed from the tools of the aircraft engineer.

A key instrument, for example, that may determine the existence of negamass and establish posimass-negamass interaction is the super bevatron.

It needs some 100 bev [sp?] gammas on hydrogen to perform a Bragg analysis of the elementary particle structure by selective reflection to prove the existence of negamass.

This value is double as much the new Russian bevatron under construction. And it is 15 times as powerful as the highest particle accelerations in the Berkeley bevatron so far attained.

Many people think that nothing much can be done until negamass has been observed. If industry were to adopt this approach, it would have a long wait and quick answer at the end.

But the negamass-posimass theory can be further developed and -- in anticipation of its existence -- means of using it in a gravitationally-neutralized body could be worked out.

This moreover is certainly not the only possible approach. A breakthrough may well come in the interaction between gravitative action and heat. Theory at the moment suggests that if gravity could produce heat, the effect is limited at the moment to a narrow range [see Appendix V]. But the significant thing would be establishment of a principle.

History may repeat itself 30 years ago. And even as recently as the German attempts to produce nuclear energy in the War, nobody would have guessed that power would be unlocked by an accident at the high end of the Atomic Table.

All prophecies of atomic energy were concerned with how quickly means of fusion could be applied at the low end. In anti-gravity work -- and this goes back to Birdseye --

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it may be an unrelated accident that will be the means of getting into the gravitational age. It is a prime responsibility of management to be aware of the possible ways of using theory to accelerate a process. In other words -- Serendipity.

It is a common thought in industry to look upon the nuclear experience as a precedent for gravity and to argue that gravitics will similarly depend on the use giant tools beyond the capabilities of the air industry. And that companies will edge into the gravitational age on the coat tails of the Government as industry as done -- or is doing -- in nuclear physics.

But this overlooks the point that the 2 sciences are likely to be different to their investment. It will not need a palce like Hanford or Savannah River to produce a gravity shield or insulator once the know-how has been established.

As a piece of conceptual engineering, the project is probably likely to be much more like a repetition of the turbine engine. It will be simple in its essence. But the detailed componentry will become progressively more complex to interpret in the form of a stable flying platform. And even more intricate when it comes to applying the underlying principles to a flexibility of operating altitude ranging from low present flight speeds at one extreme to flight in a vacuum at the other. This latter will be the extreme of its powers.

Again, this principle itself will function equally in a vacuum. Townsend Brown's saucers could move in a vacuum readily enough. But the supporting parts must also work in a vacuum. In practice, they tend to give trouble just as gas turbine bits and pieces start giving trouble in proportion to the altitude gained in flight.

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But one has to see this rise in complexity with performance and with altitude attainment in perspective. Eventually the most advanced capability may be attained with the most extremely simple configuration. As is usual, however, in physics developments, the shortest line of progress is a geodestic. Which may in turn lead the propulsion trade into many roundabout paths as being the shortest distance between aims and achievement.

But aviation business is understandably interested in knowing precisely how to recognize early discoveries of significance. And this Gravity Rand report is intended to try and outline some of the more promising lines.

One suggestion frequently made is that propulsion and levitation may be only the last -- though most important -- of a series of others, some of which will have varying degrees of gravitic element in their constitution.

It may be that the first practical applications will be in the greater freedom of communications offered by the change in wave technique that it implies.

A second application is to use the wave technique for anti-submarine detection (either airborne or seaborne). This would combine the width of horizon in search radar with the underwater precision of Magnetic Airbone Detection. And indeed it may have the range of scatter transmissions.

Chance discoveries in the development of this equipment may lead to the formulation of new laws which would define the relationship of gravity in terms of usable propulsion symbols. Exactly how this would happen, nobody yet knows. And what industry and government can do at this state is to explore all the possible applications simultaneously, putting pressure where results seem to warrant it.

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In a paper of this kind, it is not easy to discus the details of the wave technique in communications. And the following are some of theories -- briefly stated which require no mathematical training to understand -- which it would be worth management keeping an eye on.

In particular, watch should be made of quantitative tests of lofting and beneification of material. Even quite small beneficiation ratios are likely to be significant.

There are some lofting claims being made of 20% and more. And the validity of these will have to be weighed carefully. Needless to say, much higher ratios than this will have to be attained.

New high k techniques and extreme k materials are significant. High speeds in electrostatic propulsion of small discs will be work keeping track of (by "high speed", one means hundreds of miles-per-hour) and some of these results are beginning to filter though for general evaluation.

Weight-mass anomalies, new oil-cooled cables, interesting megavolt gimmicks, novel forms of electrostatic augmentation with hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fuels are indicative, new patents under the broadest headings of force and motion may have value. New electrostatic generator inventions could tip the scales and unsual ways of turning condensers inside-out, new angular propulsion ideas for barycentric control. And generally certain types of saucer configuration are valuable pointers to ways that minds are working.

Then there is the personnel reaction to such developments. Managements are in the hands of their technical men. And they should beware of technical teams who are dogmatic at this stage.

To assert electrogravitics is nonsense is as unreal as to say it is practically extant. Management should be careful of men in their employ with a closed -- or even partially-closed -- mind on the subject.

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This is a dangerous age when not only anything possible, but is also possible quickly. A wise Frenchman once said: "You have only to live long enough to see everything and the reverse of everything." And that is true in dealing with very advanced high-energy physics of this kind.

Scientists are not politicians. They can reverse themselves once with acclaim, twice even with impunity. They may have to do so in the long road to attainment of this virtually perfect air vehicle.

It is so easy to get bogged down with problems of the present. And while policy has to be mad essentially with the government in mind (and in aviation, a conservative policy always pays), it is management's task and duty to itself to look as far ahead as the best of its technicians in assessing the posture of the industry.

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GLOSSARY

Gravithermals: alloys which may be heated or cooled by gravity waves. (Lover's definition)

Thermisters: materials capable of being influenced by gravityElectrads:

Gravitator: A plurality of cell units connected in series. Negative and positive electrodes with an interposed insulating member. (Townsend Brown's definition)

Lofting: the action of levitation where gravity's force is more than overcome by electrostatic or other propulsion

Benefication: the treatment of an alloy or substance to leave it with an improved mass-weight ration

Counterbary: this, apparently, is another name for lofting

Barycentric control: the environment for regulation of lofting processes in a vehicle

Modulation: The contribution to lofting conferred on a vehicle by treatment of the substance of its construction as distinct from that added to it by outside forces. Lofting is a synthesis of intrinsic and extrinsic agencies.

Absorber; Insulator: These terms (there is no formal distinction between these terms as yet) are based on an analogy with electromagnetism. This is a questionable assumption since the similarity between electromagnetic and gravitational fields is valid only in some respects (such as both having electric and magnetic elements). But the difference in coupled strengths (noted by many experimenters) is fundamental to the science. Gravity, moreover, may turn out to be the only non-quantized field in nature. Which would make it basically unique. The borrowing of terms from the field of electromagnetism is therefore only a temporary convenience. Lack of Cartesian representation makes this a baffling science for many people.

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Negamass: proposed mass that inherently has a negative charge

Posimass: mass (the observed quantity) positively-charged

Shield: A device which not opposes gravity (such as an absorber) but also furnishes an essential path along which (or through which) gravity can act. Thus whereas absorbers, reflectors, and insulators can provide a gravitationally-neutralized body, a shield would enable a vehicle or sphere to fall away in proportion to the quantity of shielding material.

Screenng: Gravity screening was implied by Lanczos. It is the result of any combination of electric or magnetic fields in which one or both elements are not subject to varying permeability in matter.

Reflector: A device consisting of material capable of generating buoyant forces which balance the force of attraction. The denser the material, the greater the buoyancy force. When the density of the material equals the density of the medium, the result will be gravitationally-neutralized. A greater density of material assumes a lofting role.

Electrogravitics: the application of modulating influences in an electrostatic propulsion system

Mangetogravitics: the influence of electromagnetic and meson fieldsin a reflector

Boson fields: these are defined as gravitational electromagnetic π and τ meson fields (metric tensor)

Fermion fields: these are electrons, neutrinos, muons, nucleons, and V particles (Spinors)

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Gravitator cellular body: 2-or-more gravitator cells connected in series with a body (Townsend Brown's definition)

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REFERENCES

Mackenzie. Physical Review, 2, pp. 321-43.

Eotvos, Pekar and Fekete. Annalen der Physix, 68 (1922). pp. 11-16.

Heyl, Paul R. Scientific Monthly, 46 (1938). p. 155.

Austin, Thwing. Physical Review, 5 (1897). pp. 484-500.

Shaw. Nature (April 8, 1922). p. 482. Proc. Roy. Soc., 102 (Dec. 6, 1922). P. 46

Brush. Physical Review, 31. p. 1113 (A)

Wold. Physical Review, 35. P. 296 (abstract).

Majorana, Attidella Reale Accademic die Lincei, 28 (1919). pp. 180, 221, 313, 416, 29 (1920). pp. 23 90, 163, 235. Phil Mag., 39 (192), p.288.

Schneiderov. Science (May 7, 1943). 97. sup. p. 10

Brush. Physical Review, 32. p. 633 (abstract)

Lanczos. Science, 74 (Dec, 4, 1931). sup. p. 10

Eddington. Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation (1920). Fleetway Press, London

W.D. Fowler et al. Phys Rev., 93, (1954), 861 .

R.L. Arnowitt and S. Deser. Phys. Rev., 91 (1953). 1061

R.L. Arnowitt. Bull. A.P.S., 94 (1954), 798. S. Descr. Phys. Rev., 93 (1954), 612.

M. Schein., D.M. Hasking, R.G. Glasser. Phys. Rev., 95 (1954). 855.

R.L. Arnowitt and S. Deser, unpublished, Univ. of California Radiation Laboratory Report. 1954

H. Bondi and T. Gold. Mon Not R Astr Soc, 108 (1948), 252. F. Hoyole, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 108 (1948), 372

B.S. DeWitt. New Directions for Research in the Theory of Gravitation, Essay on Gravity. (1953)

C.H. Bondi. Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. (1952)

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P.A.W. Pirani and A. Schild. Physical Review, 79 (195), 986

Bergman, Penfield. Penfield, Schiller, and Zatzkis. Physical Review, 80, 81 (1950)

B.S. DeWitt. Physical Review, 85 (1952), 653see, for example, D. Bohm, Quantum Theory, New York, Prentic Hall, Inc. (1951). Chapter 22

B.S. DeWitt. Physical Review, 90 (1953), 357 and thesis (Harvard, 1950).

A. Pais, Proceedings of the Lorentz Kamerlingh Onnes Conference, Leyden. June 1953.

for the treatment of spinors in a Unified Field Theory, see W. Pauli, Annalen der Physik, 18 (1933) 337.see also B.S. DeWitt and C.W. DeWitt, Physical Review, 87 (1952), 116.

"the Quantum Mechanical Electromagnetic Approach to Gravity" -- F.L. Carter Essay on Gravity (1953)

"On negative mass in the Theory of Gravitation". Prof. J.M. Luttinger, Essay on Gravity, 1951.

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Appendix I -- Summary of Townsend Brown's Original Patent Specification

A method of and an Apparatus or Machine for Producing Force or Motion

This invention relates to a method of controlling gravitation and for deriving power therefrom, and to a method of producing linear force or motion. The method is fundamentally electric.

The invention also relates to machines or apparatus requiring electrical energy that control or influence the gravitational field or the energy of gravitation. Also to machines or apparatus requiring electrical energy that exhibit a linear force or motion which is believed to be independent of all frames of references save that which is at rest relative to the Universe taken as a whole. And said linear force or motion is furtheremore believed to have no equal and opposite reaction that can be observed by any method commonly known and accepted by the physical science to date.

Such a machine has 2 major parts: 'A' and 'B'. These parts may be composed of any material capable of being charged electrically. Mass A and Mass B may be termed electrodes 'A' and 'B' respectively. Electrode 'A' is charged negatively with respect to electrode 'B', or what is substantially the same, electrode 'B' is charged positively with respect to electrode 'A', or what is usually the case, electrode 'A' has an excess of electrons while electron 'B' has an excess of protons.

While charged in this manner, the total force of 'A' toward 'B' is the sum of force g (due to the normal gravitational field) and

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force e (due to the imposed electrical field) and force x (due to the resultant of the unbalanced gravitational forces caused by the electronegative charge or by the presence of an excess of electrons of electrode 'A' and by the electro-positive charge or by the presence of an excess of protons on electrode 'B').

By the cancellation of similar and opposing forces and by the addition of similar and allied forces, the two electrodes taken collectively possess a force 2x in the direction of 'B'. This force 2x -- shared by both electrodes -- exists as a tendency of these electroues to move or accelerate in the direction of the force. That is, toward 'B' and away from 'A'.

Moreover, any machine or apparatus possessing electrodes 'A' and 'B' will exhibit such a lateral acceleration or motion if free to move.

In this Specification, I have used terms as "gravitator cells" and "gravitator cellular body" which are words of my own coining in making reference to the particular type of Cell that I employ in the present invention. Wherever the construction involves the use of a pair of electrodes separated by an insulating plate or member, such construction complies with the term "gravitator cells". And when 2-or-more graviator cells are connected in series within a body, such will fall within the meaning of "gravitator cellular body".

The electrodes 'A' and "B' are shown as having placed between them an insulating plate or member 'C' of suitable material such that the minimum number of electrons or ions may successfully penetrate it. This constitutes a cellular gravitator consisting of one gravitator cell.

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It will be understood that -- the cells being spaced substantial distances apart -- the separation of adjacent positive and negative elements of separate cells is greater than the separation of the positive and negative elements of any cell. And the materials of which the cells are formed being the more readily affected by the phenomena underlying my invention than the mere space between adjacent cells, any forces existing between positive and negative element of adjacent cells can never become of sufficient magnitude to neutralize or balance the force created by the respective cells adjoining said spaces.

The uses to which such a motor, wheel, or rotor may be put are practically limitless -- as can be readily understood -- without further description. The structure may suitably be called a gravitator motor of cellular type.

In keeping with the purpose of my invention, an apparatus may employ the electrodes 'A' and 'B' within a vacuum tube. Electrons, ions, or thermions can migrate readily from 'A' to 'B'. The construction may be appropriately termed a electronic, ionic, or thermionic gravitator as the case may be.

In certain of the last named types of gravitator units, it is desirable or necessary to heat to incandescence the whole or a part of electrode 'A' to obtain better emission of negative thermions of electrons (or at least to be able to control that emission by variation in the temperature of said electrode 'A'). Since such variations also influence the magnitude of the longitudinal force or acceleration exhibited by the tube, it proves to be a very convenient method of varying this effect and of electrically controlling the motion of the tube. The electrode 'A'

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may be heated to incandescence in any convenient way as by the ordinary method utilizing electrical resistance or electrical induction.

Morever in certain types of the gravitator units now being considered, it is advantageous or necessary also to conduct away from the anode or positive electrode 'B' excessive heat that may be generated during the operation.

Such cooling is effected externally with the anode. Or it is effected internally by passing a stream of water, air, or other fluid through a hollow anode made specifically for that purpose.

The gravitator motors may be supplied with the necessary electrical energy for the operation and resultant motion thereof from sources outside and independent of the motor itself. In such instances, they constitute external or independently excited motors.

On the other hand, the motors when capable or creating sufficient power to generate by any method whatsoever all the electrical energy required therein for the operation of said motors are distinguished by being internal or self-excited.

Here it will be understood that the energy created by the operation of the motor may at times be vastly in excess of the energy required to operate the motor. In some instances, the ratio may even be as high as a million to one.

Inasmuch as any suitable means for supplying the necessary electrical energy -- and suitable conducting means for permitting the energy generated by the motor to exert the expected influence on the same may be readily supplied -- it is now deemed necessary to illustrate details herein.

In said self-excited motors, the energy necessary to overcome the friction or other resistance in the physical structure of the apparatus -- and even to accelerate the motors against such resistance -- is believed to be derived solely from the gravitational field or the energy of gravitation.

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Furthermore, said acceleration in the self-excited gravitator motor can be harnessed mechanically so as to produce usable energy or power (said usable energy or power, as aforesaid, being derived from or transferred by this apparatus solely from the energy of gravitation).

The gravitator motors function as a result of the mutual and unidirectional forces exerted by their charged electrodes. The direction of these forces and the resultant motion thereby produced are usually toward the positive electrode. This movement is practically linear. It is this primary action with which I deal.

As has already been pointed out herein, there are 2 ways in which this primary action can accomplish mechanical work.

First, by operating in a linear path as it does naturally. Or second, by operating in a curved path. Since the circle is the most easily applied of all the geometric figures, it follows that the rotary form is the important.

There are 3 general rules to follow in the construction of such motors.

First, the insulating sheets should be as thin as possible and yet have a relatively high puncture voltage. It is advisable also to use paraffin-saturated insulators on account of their high specific resistance.

Second, the potential difference between any two metallic plates should be as high as possible and yet be safely under the minimum puncture voltage of the insulator.

Third, there should in most cases be as many plates as possible in order that the saturation voltage of the system might be raised well above the highest voltage limit upon which the motor is operated.

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Refeence has previously been made to the fact that in the preferred embodiment of the invention herein disclosed the movement is towards the positive electrode. However, it will be clear that motion may be had in a reverse direction determined to what I have just termed "saturation voltage" )by which is meant the efficiency peak or maximum of action for that particular type of motor).

The theory -- as I may describe it -- being that as the voltage is increased, the force or action increases to a maximum which represents the greatest action in a negative-to-positive direction. If the voltage were increased beyond that maximum, the action would decrease to zero and thence to the positive-to-negative direction.

I declare that what I claim is:

1. A method of producing force or motion which comprises the step of aggregating the predominating gravitational lateral or linear forces of positive and negative charges which are so operatively related a to eliminate (or practically eliminate) the effect of the similar and opposing forces which said charges exert.

2. A method of producing force or motion in which a mechanical or structural part is associated with a least 2 electrodes (or the like), of which the adjacent electrodes (or the like) have charges of differing characteristics, the resultant, predominating, unidirectional gravitational force of said electrodes (or the like) being utilized to produce linear force or motion of said part.

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- 28 -3. A method according to Claim 1 or 2 in which the predominating force of the charges or electrodes is

due to the normal gravitational field and the imposed electrical field.

4. A method according to Claim 1, 2, or 3 in which the electrodes or any other elements bearing the charges are mounted -- preferably rapidly -- on a body or support adapted to move or exert force in the general direction of alignment of the electrodes or other charge-bearing elements.

5. A machine or apparatus for producing force or motion which includes at lest 2 electrodes (or like elements) adapted to be differently charged so relatively arranged that they produce a combined linear force or motion in the general direction of their alignment.

6. A machine according to Claim 5 in which the electrodes or like elements are mounted -- preferably rigidly -- on a mechanical or structural part whereby the predominating unidirectional force obtained from the electrodes (or the like) is adapted to move said part or to oppose forces tending to move it counter to the direction in which it would be moved by the action of the electrodes or the like.

7. A machine according to Claim 5 or 6 in which the energy necessary for charging the electrodes (or the like) is obtained either from the electrodes themselves or from an independent source.

8. A machine according to Claim 5, 6, or 7 whose force action or motive power depends in part on the gravitational field or energy of gravitation which is controlled or influenced by the [action -- sp?] of the electrodes or the like.

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9. A machine according to any of Claims 5 to 8 in the form of a motor including a gravitator cell or a gravitator cellular body, substantially as described.

10. A machine according to Claim 9 in which the gravitator cellular body or an assembly of the gravitator cells is mounted on a wheel-like support whereby rotation of the latter may be effected -- said cells being of electronic, ionic, or thermionic type.

11. A method of controlling or influencing the gravitational field or the energy of gravitation and for deriving energy or power therefrom comprising the use of at least 2 masses differently electrically-charged, whereby the surrounding gravitational field is affected or distorted by the imposed electrical field surrounding said charge masses, resulting in a unidirectional force being exerted on the system of charged masses in the general direction of the alignment of the masses, which system when permitted to move in response to said force is the above-mentioned direction derives and accumulates as the result of said movement usable energy or power from the energy of gravitation or the gravitational field which is so controlled, influenced, or distorted.

12. The method of and the machine or apparatus for producing force or motion by electrically controlling or influencing the gravitaitnal field or energy of gravitation.

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Appendix II

A Quantum Mechanical Approach to the Existence of Negative Mass and Its Utilization in the Construction of Gravitationally-Neutralized Bodies

Since the overwhelming majority of electrostatic quantum mechanical effects rely for their existence on an interplay of attractive and repulsive forces arising from 2 types of charge, few if any gruitful results could come from a quantum mechanical investigation of gravity unless there should be 2 types of mass.

The first type -- positive mass (hereafter denoted as 'posimass') -- retains all the properties attributed to ordinary mass.

While the second type -- negative mass (hereafter denoted as 'negamass') -- differs only in that its mass is an inherently negative quantity.

By considering the quantum mechanical effects of the existence of these 2 types of mass, a fruitful theory of gravity will be developed. Theory will explain why negamass has never been observed and will offer a theoretical foundation to experimental methods of detecting the existence of negamass and utilizing it in the production of gravitationally-neutralized bodies.

To achieve these results, recourse will be made to Schroedinger's time-independent equation with the center of mass motion removed. This equation is

where all symbols represent the conventional quantum mechanical quantities. Particular attention will be

paid to the reduced mass where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two interacting bodies.

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One can approach the first obstacle that any theory of negamass faces -- namely the explanation of why negamass has never been observed -- by a consideration of how material bodies would be formed if a region of empty space were suddenly filled with many posimess and negamass quanta. To proceed along these lines, one must first understand the nature of the various possible quantum mechanical interactions of posimass and negamass.

Inserting the conventional gravitational interaction potential into Schroedinger's equation and solving for the wave function Ψ yields the result that the probability of 2 posimass quanta being close together is greater than the probability of their being separated. Hence there is said to be an attraction between pairs of posimass quanta.

By a similar calculation, it can be shown that while the potential form is the same, 2 negamass quanta repel each other. This arises from the fact the reduced mass term in Schroedinger's equation is negative in this latter case.

The type of negamass-posimass interaction is found to depend on the relative sizes of the mases of the interacting posimass and negamass quanta. Being repulsive if the mass if the mass of the negamass quantum is greater in absolute value than the mass of the posimass quantum. And attractive in the opposite case.

If the 2 masses are equal in absolute value, the reduced mass is infinite and Schroedinger's equation reduces to (V-E) Ψ = 0. Since the solution Ψ = 0 is uninteresting physically, it must be concluded that V=E and, hence, there is no kinetic energy of relative motion.

Thus while there is an interaction potential between the equal mass posimass and negamass quanta, it results in no relative acceleration and thus no mutual attraction or repulsion. While such could be said about the philosophical implications of the contradiction between this result and Newton's Second Law, such discussion is out of the scope of the present paper and the author shall, instead, return with the above series of derivations to a consideration of the construction of material bodies in a region suddenly filled with many posimass and negamass quanta.

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- 32 -Because of the nature of the posimass-posimass and negamass-negamass interactions, the invidual posimass

quanta soon combine into small spheres while nothing has, as yet, united any negamass quanta.

Since it is reasonable to assume that a posimass sphere weighs more than a negamass quantum in absolute value, it will attract negamass quanta and begin to absorb them.

This absorption continues until the attraction between a sphere and free negamass quanta becomes zero due to the reduced mass becoming infinite. The reduced mass becomes infinite when the sphere absorbs enough negamass quanta to make the algebraic sum of the masses of its component posimass and negamass quanta equal to the negative of the mass of the next incoming negamass quantum.

Thus the theory predicts that all material bodies -- after absorbing as many negamass quanta as they can hold -- weigh the same very small amount regardless of size.

Since this prediction is in violent disagreement with experiment fact, one must conclude that the equilibrium arising as a result of the reduced mass becoming infinite has not yet been reached.

That is, assuming that negamass exists all, there are not enough negamass quanta present in the Universe to allow posimass spheres to absorb all the negamass they can hold.

One is thus able to explain the experimental fact that negamass has never been observed by deriving the above mechanism in which the smaller amounts of negamass that may be present in the Universe are strongly absorbed by the greater amounts of posimass, producing bodies composed of both posimass and negamass but which a net positive, variable, total mass.

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Having thus explained why negamass has never been observed in the pure state, it is next desirable to derive an experiment [test --sp?] of the existence of negamass through considering the internal quantum mechanical problem of small amounts of negamass in larger posimass spheres.

One is able to gain much physical insight into this problem by simplifying it to the qualitatively similar problem of one negamass quantum in the field of 2 posimass quanta that are a fixed distance apart.

Further simplification from 3 dimensions to 1 dimension and replacement of the posimass quanta potentials by square barriers yields a solution in which the ground state energy E0 of the negamass quantum in the field of one posimass quantum is split into 2 energy levels in the field of the 2 posimass quanta.

These 2 levels correspond to even and odd parity solutions of the wave equation where Eeven lies higher and Eodd lower than E0. The magnitudes of the differences (Eeven)(E0) and (E0)(Eodd) depend on the separation distance between the 2 posimass quanta, being zero for infinite separation and increasing as this separation distance is decreased.

Since the energy of a system involving negamass tends to a maximum in the most stable quantum mechanical configuration, the negamass quantum will normally be in state Eeven .

When the system is excited into state Eodd , the negamass quantum will favor the situation in which the 2 posimass quanta are as far apart as possible since Eodd increases with increasing separation distance between the 2 posimass quanta and the system tends toward the highest energy state.

Thus independent of -- and in addition to the attractive posimass-posimass gravitational interaction -- there is a repulsive quantum mechanical exchange interaction (there is a repulsive quantum mechanical exchange interaction between pairs of posimass quanta) when the system is in state Eodd .

The result of these 2 oppositely directed interactions is that the 2 posimass quanta are in stable equilibrium at some separation distance.

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Since this equilibrium occurs between all posimass pairs in an elementary particle, a necessary consequence of the existence of negamass is that -- when in the first excited state -- elementary particles have a parial crystal structure.

This theoeretical conclusion is capable of experimental verification by performing a Bragg analysis of the elementary particle crystal structure through shining high-energy gamma rays on hydrogen.

Part of the gamma ray energy will be utilized in lowering the system from energy Eeven to Eodd. And if selective reflection is observed, it will constitute a striking verification of the existence of negamass.

An order of magnitude calculation shows that if the equilibrium distance between pairs of posimass quanta is one-one millionth the radius of an electron, 100 bev[sp?] gamma rays will be required to perform this experiment.

Having discussed why negamass has never been observed -- andhaving derived an experimental test of its existence -- it is next desirable to develop an experimental method of utilizing negamass in the productin of gravitationally-neutralized bodies by further consideration of some ideas previously advanced.

It has been pointed out that if a source of negamass is present, a posimass sphere continues to absort negamass quanta until equilibrium is reached as a result of the reduced mass becoming infinite.

Because the sphere thus produced is practically massless and because the gravitational interaction between 2 bodies is proportional to the product of their respective masses, it follows that the sphere is practically unaffected by the presence of other bodies.

And thus the problem of making gravitationally-neutralized bodies is reduced to the problem of procuring a source of negamass quanta. This will be the next problem discussed.

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The binding energy of a negamass quantum in a posimass sphere may be obtained as one of the eigenvalue solutions to Schroedinger's Equation.

If the negamass quanta in a body are excited to energies in excess of this binding energy by shining sufficiently energetic gamma rays on the body, these negamass quanta will be excited and a negamass source will thus be obtained.

To estimate the gamma ray energy required to free a negamass quantum from a posimass body, certain assumptions must be made concerning the size and mass of posimass and negamass quanta. Since these quantities are extremely indefinite -- and since the whole theory is, at best, qualitative -- attempting to estimate the energy would be a senseless procedure.

Suffice it to say that because of the intimate sub-elementary particle nature of the posimass-negamass interaction, it seems reasonable to assume that quite energetic gamma rays will be required to break this strong bond.

To briefly review what has been shown, a quantum mechanical theory of negamass has been developed based on the assumptions that gravitational interactions obey the laws of Quantum Mechanics and that all possible interactions of negamass and posimass with themselves and each other follow the well-known inverse square law.

This theory explains the experimental fact that negamass has been observed and outlines plausible experimental methods of determining the existence of negamass and utilizing it in the constructin of gravitationally-neutralized bodies.

While these experimental methods may perhaps be out of the realm of practicality at the present, there is every reason to hope that they will be performable in the future. At that time, the plausibility of the existence of negamass and the theory behind the construction of gravitationally-neutralized bodies from it will meet their final tests.

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Summary Paragraph

Q quantum mechanical theory of negative mass is developed based on the assumptions that gravitational interactions obey the laws of Quantum Mechanics and that all possible interactions of negative and positive mass with themselves and each other follow the well-known inverse square law.

This theory explains the experimental fact that negative mass has never been observed and outlines plausible experimental methods of determining the existence of negative mass and utilizing it in the construction of gravitationally-neutralized bodies.

-- Prof. F. Mozer

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Appendix III

Gravity Effects

The order of magnitude of the heat given off by an alloy as a result of the separation by gravity tension can be reliably estimated.

Suppose we assume that an alloy of half-Tin and half-Lead completely fills a tube 5 meters long and 100 cm2 cross-section which is maintained accurately a temperature 277oC. At this temperature, the alloy is liquid.

Suppose next that the tube is raised from a horizontal plane into a vertical position (i.e., to a position where its length is parallel to the direction of gravity).

If then the alloy is free from convection as it would be if it is maintained at uniform temperature -- and if it is held in this position for several months -- the percentage of Tin at the bottom of the tube will decrease while the relative amount at the top will increase.

A simple calculation shows that the concentration of Tin at the top is about 1/10th of 1 percent greater than at the bottom and that approximately 1 calorie of heat is given off in the separation progress.

If after several months the tube is again placed so that its length is in a horizontal plane, the Tin and Lead will remix due to the thermal agitation of the atoms and heat is absorbed he alloy.

Another interesting effect occurs when an electrolyte is subjected to gravity tension.

Suppose a 5 meter glass tube is filled with a water solution of, say, Barium Chloride. And the electrical potential between its ends is measured first when the length of the tube is parallel to the horizontal and second when its length is vertical.

The difference in potential between the 2 ends is practically zero when the tube is horizontal and approximately 85 microvolts when it is vertical.

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This effect was discovered by Des Coudres in 1892. If a resistor is attached across the ends when the tube is vertical, heat of course is produced. If the tube is maintained at constant temperature, the voltage decreases with time and eventually vanishes. The effect is believed to result from the fact that the positively-charged Barium ions settle faster than the lighter negatively-charged Chlorine ions as a result of gravity tension.

In conclusion, we have seen that gravity tension effects an alloy in such a way that it gives off heat. This phenomenon results from the alignment of the atoms and from their separation by the gravitational field (the contribution of the latter being larger than that of the former).

Also the gravity tension sets up a potential across the ends of a tube filled with an electrolyte. And this potential when applied across an external circuit may produce heat or drive an electric motor to furnish power.

Several other small thermal effects may possibly arise from gravity tension in addition to those discussed above. But space is not available to consider them in this essay.

Also studies of the effect of gravitational fields and their equivalent centrifugal fields upon matter will no doubt be of great value in the future.

-- J.W. Beams

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Appendix IV

A Link between Gravitation and Nuclear Energy

by Dr. Stanley Deser and Dr. Richard Arnowitt

Qualitatively we propose the following equation"

- kTμν = Rμν + ½ Rgμν + Cμν(ΦΨ)

( [1/?] ∂μθjμ + m + λσμν Kμν(χ) ) Ψ = 0

with a similar equation for Φ .

In the above, Ψ represents the hyperon wave function and Φ the K particle quantized field operators.

The first 3 terms in the first equation are the usual structures in theEinstein General Relativity. The last term Cμν is the "creation" tensor which is to give us our conversion from gravitatonal to nuclear energy. It is like Tμν in being an energy momentum term.

In the second equation, represents the covariant derivative while ∂jμ is a generalized Dirac matrix arranged so that the second equation is indeed covariant under the general group of coordinate transformations.

The σμνKμν term will automatically the higher hyperon levels. Cμν is a functional of the hyperon and K field variables Ψ and Φ .

As can be seen, these equations are coupled in 2 ways.

First, the creation term Cμν depends upon the field variables Ψ and Φ while the gravitational metric tensor gμν enters through the covariant derive etc.

λ is a new universal constant giving the scale of the level spacings of the hyperons. Rigorously speaking, the field equations would be, of course, second quantized. For purposes of obtaining a workable first approximation, it is probably adequate to take expectation values and solve the semi-classical equations.

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The creation tensor Cμν must be a bilinear integral of the Φ and Ψ fields and may have cross terms as well

of the form ∫Φ Ψbar Ψ(dχ) .

These equations will indeed be difficult to solve but upon solution will give the distribution of created energy and -- hence -- lead eventually to the more practical issues desired.

[StealthSkater note: the original photocopied document from which I tried to convert into Word format follows. I may not have gotten all of the math symbols correct. <click> on it and drag on the corners to expand the JPEG image:

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Appendix V

Gravity / Heat Interaction

Let us suppose that we have to investigate the question whether gravitative action alone upon some given substance or alloy can produce heat.

We do not specify its texture, density, nor atomic structure. We simply assume the flux of gravitative action followed by an increase of heat in the alloy.

If we assume a small circular surface on the alloy, then the gravitative flux on it may be expressed by Guass' theorem and is 4πm where m represents mass of all subsurface particles. The question is can this expression be transformed into heat.

We will assume it can be. Now recalling the Relativity law connecting mass and energy:

m = m0 + T/C2 (by Einstein)

where T = Kinetic energy, m = Initial mass, and C = Velocity of light.

We set 4πm = m0 + T/C2 = + m0 V2/2C2 .

But V2/C2 is a proper fraction. Hence m = m0 + m0/2K.

In the boundary case V=C, m= m0 (1+1/K).

For all other cases, 4πm = m0 (K+1/K) K4o[?]

Strictly, m should be preceded by a conversion factor 1/K. But if inserted, it does not alter results.

Thus is gravity could produce heat, the effect is limited to a narrow range as this result shows.

It merits stress that in a gravitation field, the flow lines of descent are geodesics.

-- J.W. Wickenden

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Appendix VI

Weight/Mass Anomaly

There is a great need for a precise experimental determination of the weight-to-mass ratio of protons or electrons.

Since the ratio for a proton plus an electron is known already, the determination of the ratio for either particle is sufficient. The difficulty of a direct determination of the gravitational deflection of a charged particle is an experiment similar to the neutron or neutral atom experiment is due to electrical forces being much greater than gravitational forces.

For example, one electron 5 meters away from a second electron exerts as much force on that second electron as the gravitational field does.

Thus, stray electrons or ions which are always present on the walls of an apparatus can exert sufficient force to completely mask the gravitational force.

Even if the surface charges are neglected, image charges of the electron beam itself and self repulsion in the beam may obscure the gravitational deflection.

An additional problem is the Earth's magnetic field. Electrons of even a few volts energy will feel a force due to Earth's field a thousand billion times larger than the gravitational deflection.

This last problem is avoided in a static measurement of the ratio such as a weighing of ionized matter.

However, this last method has the additional difficulty of requiring a high proportion of ionized-to-unionized matter in the sample being weight.

[StealthSkater note: the original photocopied document from which I tried to convert into Word format follows. I may not have gotten all of the math symbols correct. <click> on it and drag on the corners to expand the JPEG image:

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Of course, all of these problems can be resolved to some extent. But it is questionable if an experiment of either of the above types can be designed in which all the adverse effects can simultaneously be sufficiently minimized.

Probably a completely new type of experiment will have to be devised to measure the weight-to-mass ratio of the proton or electron. Such a measurement may detect a deviation from the law of constant weight-to-mass ratio. If such an anomaly can be show to exist, there is the possibility of finding a material which would be acted upon in an unusal manner in a gravitational field.

-- Martin L. Perl

[StealthSkater note: this report is also referenced in alleged electrogravitics propulsion in the B-2 bomber at => doc pdf URL-doc URL-pdf ]

if on the Internet, press <BACK> on your browser to return to the previous page (or go to www.stealthskater.com)

else if accessing these files from the CD in a MS-Word session, simply <CLOSE> this file's window-session; the previous window-session should still remain 'active'

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