dg trade statistical · (eu’s) foreign trade, i.e. its trade with the rest of the world. it has...

DG TradeStatistical Guide

July 2019

Trade

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION

DG TradeChief Economist and Trade Analysis UnitStatistics Sector

E-mail: [email protected]

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

2019 Directorate‑General Trade

DG TradeStatistical Guide

July 2019

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Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019

Print ISBN 978‑92‑76‑08328‑3 ISSN 1977‑7949 DOI 10.2781/641004 NG‑AA‑19‑001‑EN‑C

PDF ISBN 978‑92‑76‑08329‑0 ISSN 1977‑7957 DOI 10.2781/258389 NG‑AA‑19‑001‑EN‑N

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IntroductionThis Trade Statistical Guide contains selected tables and graphs that outline the current state of and recent developments in the European Union’s (EU’s) foreign trade, i.e. its trade with the rest of the world. It has been compiled for the benefit of the Directorate-General for Trade’s (DG Trade’s) policymakers.

Statistics on trade in goods, trade in services and foreign direct investment are key elements in any description of the trade performance of the EU with the rest of the world. These are published by the statistical office of the EU (Eurostat) and by international organisations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The most recently available statistics have been included but databases are updated daily and small discrepancies are inevitable. The statistics are presented in the form of tables and graphs, broken down by the main trading partner, product category and year. Additional supportive statistics such as gross domestic product (GDP), exchange rates and trade by Member State have also been added.

Further information about this booklet, its contents and the methodology used can be obtained from DG Trade’s Statistics desk:trade‑[email protected]

Brussels, July 2019

Table of ContentsGlossary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7

SECTION 1 - WORLD TRADE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11

Global exports of goods (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Global imports of goods (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Global exports of services (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Global imports of services (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Global exports of goods and services (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Global imports of goods and services (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Global trade of goods (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Global trade of services (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Global trade of goods and services (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Share in world trade in goods and services in selected countries (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Global external trade balances (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Trade in goods and services in selected countries (% of GDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Merchandise trade 2018‑ Main trade partner by reporter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

SECTION 2 - FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) AND FOREIGN AFFILIATES STATISTICS (FATS) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 25

Global FDI inflows (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Global FDI outflows (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Global FDI inward stocks (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Global FDI outward stocks (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Inward FATS ‑ Foreign enterprises in the EU‑28 by controlling country (2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Inward FATS ‑ Persons employed in the EU‑28 by controlling country (2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Outward FATS - Foreign affiliates of EU enterprises by partner country (2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Outward FATS - Persons employed in foreign affiliates of EU enterprises by partner country (2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33EU-28 FDI by leading partners, 2017 (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

SECTION 3 - EU TRADE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 35

EU‑28 exports of goods to extra EU‑28 by sector (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36EU‑28 imports of goods from extra EU‑28 by sector (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

EU-28 exports of goods to extra EU-28 by sector, 2018 shares (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38EU-28 imports of goods from extra EU-28 by sector, 2018 shares (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39EU-28 trade in goods with extra EU-28 by sector (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40EU‑28 trade balance in goods by partner (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41EU-28 trade in goods with extra EU-28, 12-month moving sums and year-on-year growth (billion EUR,%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ‑ 43EU‑28 exports of services to extra EU‑28 by type (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44EU‑28 imports of services from extra EU‑28 by type (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45EU-28 exports of services to extra EU-28 by type, 2018 shares (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46EU-28 imports of services from extra EU-28 by type, 2018 shares (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47EU-28 trade in services with extra EU-28 by type (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48EU‑28 trade balance in services by partner (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Services trade by modes of supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ‑ 51EU‑28 trade balance in goods and services by partner (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52EU-28 trade in goods by partner, 2018 (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53EU-28 trade in services by partner, 2017 (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54EU-28 trade in goods and services by partner, 2017/2018 (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55EU-28 trade in goods by FTA partner, 2018 (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ‑ 57Preference utilisation rates (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

SECTION 4 - TRADE BY MEMBER STATE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59

EU‑28 trade in goods with extra EU‑28 by Member State (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60EU‑28 trade in services with extra EU‑28 by Member State (billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Intra-EU trade in goods by Member State, 2018 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62EU enterprises exporting to extra EU-28 by Member State, 2016 (number, export value, share in total) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Brexit: EU trade in goods before and after (billion EUR, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

SECTION 5 - SUPPORT STATISTICS � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 65

GDP (current price, billion EUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 ‑ 67Share in world GDP (PPP, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Share of world GDP of selected countries (PPP, %) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69GDP per capita (PPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Euro exchange rates with main national currencies (units of national currency per euro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Note on data presentation:Footnotes are provided under each table and figure to provide information on data sources and information on particular values or series. The list of countries presented in the World Trade section covers top 20 world traders in terms of 2018 total trade value (exports plus imports, goods plus services). The same subset of countries is used for global FDI data (Section 2) and for support statistics (Section 5).

7

GLOSSARY

8 Trade Statistical Guide - July 2019

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (BOP)The BoP is a statistical statement that systematically summarises, over a given period of time, all the transactions of an economy with the rest of the world. The BoP records all economic transactions undertaken between residents and non-residents of a country during a given period. The BoP is broken down into three broad sub‑balances.

■■ ■Current accountThis shows the flow of goods, services, income and current transfers between resident and non‑resident units.

■■ ■Capital accountThis covers all transactions involving:

(a) the receipt or payment of capital transfers (debt forgiveness, migrant’s transfers, transfers of ownership of fixed assets, transfers linked to, or conditional on, the acquisition or disposal of fixed assets, etc.);

(b) the acquisition/disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets, which includes transactions associated with tangible assets (e.g. land and subsoil assets) and transactions associated with intangible assets (e.g. patents, copyrights, trademarks, franchises, etc.).

■ Financial account This covers all transactions associated with changes of ownership in the foreign financial assets and liabilities of an economy.

The methodological framework followed in the compilation of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position is defined in the sixth edition of the International Monetary Fund Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6), published in 2009. The Balance of Payments Manual fifth edition (BPM5), published in 1993, was the reference for the data produced by the EU Member States, EFTA and EU candidate countries, and published by Eurostat until 2014. Time series according to BPM5 continue to be disseminated in Eurostat database but are no longer revised.

SERVICESServices are one of the categories of the current account. The main breakdown of services includes twelve categories. Two new categories were introduced with the change from BPM5 to BPM6 (“Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others” and “Maintenance and repair services”), while previous categories were in most cases redefined according to new definitions and calculation methods.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)FDI is the category of international investment made by an entity resident in one economy (direct investor) to acquire a lasting interest in an enterprise operating in another economy (direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest is deemed to exist if the direct investor acquires at least 10 % of the voting power of the direct investment enterprise.

Two main indicators are used:1) FDI flows denote the new investment made during the period;2) FDI stocks (or positions) denote the value of the investment at the end of the period.

For both of these, FDI statistics record separately:1) the inward FDI (or FDI in the reporting economy), namely investment by foreigners in enterprises resident in the reporting economy;2) the outward FDI (or FDI abroad), namely investment by resident entities in affiliated enterprises abroad.

The change to BPM6 from BPM5 implied the introduction of separate recording for some items, mainly reverse investment (although not in yearly statistics), FDI between fellow enterprises and FDI by resident special purpose entities (SPEs). These changes affect comparability, which will be limited for the series up to 2012 and from 2013. Following BPM6 Eurostat publishes data on FDI held by SPEs for selected partners and for the extra-EU and offshore financial centres aggregates. SPEs are mainly financial holding companies, foreign-owned, and principally engaged in cross-border financial transactions, with no or negligible local activity in the Member State of residence.

SPECIAL PURPOSE ENTITY (SPE)A special‑purpose entity (SPE) is a legal entity (an enterprise or sometimes a limited partnership or joint venture) formally registered with a national authority and subject to the fiscal and other legal obligations of the economy in which it is resident, established to perform specific functions limited in scope or time, with one or a few primary creditors, having no or few non-financial assets and employees, little or no production or operations and sometimes no physical presence beyond a “brass plate” confirming its place of registration. The SPE is related to another corporation, often as a subsidiary and often resident in a territory other than the territory of residence of the related corporation (lacking any physical dimension, the residence of a SPE is determined by the economic territory under whose laws it is incorporated or registered). Its core business function consists of financing its group activities or holding assets and liabilities of its group, that is the channelling of funds from non-residents to other non-residents, and with only a minor role for managing and directing activities (source: Eurostat).

9GLOSSARY

OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTRE (OFC)An offshore financial centre (OFC) is “a country or jurisdiction that provides financial services to non-residents on a scale that is incommensurate with the size and the financing of its domestic economy” (IMF definition). The aggregate defined by Eurostat includes 40 countries. As examples, it contains European financial centres, such as Liechtenstein, Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, the Faroe Islands, Andorra and Gibraltar; Central American OFC such as Panama and Caribbean islands like Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and the Virgin Islands; and Asian OFC such as Bahrain, Hong Kong, Singapore and the Philippines.

FOREIGN AFFILIATES STATISTICS (FATS)FATS measure the commercial presence through affiliates in foreign markets. Inward FATS describe the overall activity of foreign affiliates resident in the compiling economy. Outward FATS describes the activities of foreign affiliates abroad controlled by residents of the compiling country.

A foreign affiliate in inward FATS is an enterprise resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit not resident in the compiling country has control. A foreign affiliate in outward FATS is instead an enterprise or branch not resident in the compiling country over which an institutional unit resident in the compiling country has direct or indirect control. Control is the ability to determine the general policy of the affiliate by appointing appropriate managers, if necessary. Most of the time, control is determined by taking into account the share of ownership, although other criteria might be relevant and used.

TRADE IN SERVICES BY MODE OF SUPPLY (MOS)Trade in services statistics by modes of supply (MOS) aim to answer the question of how and where services are supplied to foreign customers. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines trade in services as the supply of a service through any of four modes of supply:

■ Mode 1 Cross-border supply: from the territory of one country into the territory of another country;

■ Mode 2 Consumption abroad: in the territory of one country to the service consumer of another country;

■ Mode 3Commercial presence: by a service supplier of one country, through a commercial presence in the territory of another country;

■ Mode 4Presence of natural persons: by a service supplier of one country, through the presence of natural persons of that country in the territory of any other country.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATISTICS BY ENTERPRISE CHARACTERISTICS (TEC)TEC is a statistical domain aimed to describe various aspects of the structure of international trade from the viewpoint of the characteristics of the trading enterprises such as size of the enterprise and sector of main activity. TEC is compiled by linking micro data on international trade in goods with business registers.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)As an aggregate measure of production, the GDP of a country is equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs).

PURCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP)Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an indicator of price level differences across countries. It measures the number of units of country B’s currency that are needed in country B to purchase the same quantity of an individual good or service, as one unit of country A’s currency will purchase in country A.PPPs are therefore the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries.

TRADE IN GOODS: CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

■ Harmonized System (HS) The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, more briefly known as the HS, is a multipurpose international product nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization (WCO). The HS is organised into 21 sections and 96 chapters. It comprises around 5 000 commodity groups, each identified by a 6-digit code.

■ Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)The SITC is a product classification of the UN used for external trade statistics (export and import values and volumes of goods). It is designed to provide the commodity aggregates for purposes of economic analysis and to facilitate international comparisons of trade‑by‑commodity data. It is divided into 10 basic sections.


■ AMA/NAMAAMA refers to all the products included in the WTO Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture. NAMA refers to all products not covered by this agreement i.e. manufacturing products, fuels and mining products, fish and fish products, and forestry products.

TRADE IN GOODS: STATISTICAL REGIMEMerchandise trade statistics included in this booklet are based on the general trade system (also known as ‘Statistical regime 4’ or ‘Total trade’). In this system, the recorded aggregates include all goods entering or leaving the economic territory of a country with the exception of simple transit trade. In particular, all goods received into customs warehouses are recorded as imports, regardless of whether they subsequently go into free circulation in the Member State of receipt. Similarly, outgoing goods from customs warehouses are included in the general trade aggregates, at the time they leave the Member State.

This general system is the result of three other regimes, presented below.

■ Normal trade:goods are exported definitively, or imported and released into free circulation in the EU customs territory.

■ Trade under inward processing procedures:goods are imported temporarily (with an exemption from duties, levies or other checks) so that they can be further processed (assembled or transformed), and then all the resulting processed products are exported outside the EU.

■ Trade under outward processing procedures:intermediate goods are temporarily exported for further processing in a non-EU country, and the processed products are re‑imported into the EU (with a full or partial exemption from custom duties and levies).

TRADE IN GOODS: INTRA-EU AND EXTRA-EU TRADE FLOWSOutward flows from a Member State to a non-member country (extra-EU) are called ‘exports’; outward flows from one Member State to another (intra-EU) are called ‘dispatches’. Inward flows into a Member State from a non-member country are called ‘imports’. Inward flows into a Member State from another Member State are called ‘arrivals’.

For methodological reasons, international trade in goods statistics are accurate at EU level. At Member State level inaccuracies can arise because of the “Rotterdam effect”: a Member State receiving a good from a non-EU country is not necessarily the Member State of final destination and a Member State sending a good to a non‑EU country is not necessarily the Member State of origin of the good.

When aggregating intra-EU and extra-EU trade, double counting may be introduced.

PREFERENCE UTILISATION RATE (PUR)The PUR is defined as the ratio of preferential exports (or imports) to preference eligible exports (or imports). The eligibility for preferences is determined by comparison of applied MFN tariff and preferential tariff. Comparability between PURs on EU imports from partner countries and PURs on EU exports (or partner countries imports from EU) is limited. PURs on EU imports are based on data from Eurostat available for all partner country markets while PURs on EU exports (DG Trade’s calculations) are based on data obtained by EU Delegations from national customs administrations and on the Market Access Database (MADB) tariffs. The submitted datasets vary in terms of detail, completeness and quality and are by definition not harmonised. Some validation rules have been put in place and applied to assess usability of the data.

COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR)The CAGR is a measure of growth over multiple time periods. It is the rate at which the initial value had to grow every year in the defined time period to obtain the final value.

11

WORLD TRADE


Global exports of goods (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 8 209.2 11 235.1 11 183.4 12 169.0 12 875.9 4.6% 2.8% 5.8% 100.0% -

Australia 126.2 190.9 172.8 203.0 215.7 5.5% 2.5% 6.3% 1.7% 15

Brazil 134.6 182.0 166.7 192.8 205.2 4.3% 2.4% 6.5% 1.6% 18

Canada 310.3 345.1 352.0 370.8 379.1 2.0% 1.9% 2.2% 2.9% 9

China 971.5 1 664.5 1 930.3 2 018.3 2 118.0 8.1% 4.9% 4.9% 16.4% 1

EU-28 1 309.1 1 736.5 1 745.5 1 879.1 1 956.5 4.1% 2.4% 4.1% 15.2% 2

Hong Kong 246.8 345.8 417.8 487.0 481.9 6.9% 6.9% -1.1% 3.7% 6

India 132.6 237.2 236.6 262.2 273.7 7.5% 2.9% 4.4% 2.1% 11

Japan 531.7 538.1 582.6 617.9 624.9 1.6% 3.0% 1.1% 4.9% 4

Malaysia 135.7 172.0 171.1 192.8 210.8 4.5% 4.2% 9.3% 1.6% 17

Mexico 198.1 286.1 337.8 362.4 381.5 6.8% 5.9% 5.3% 3.0% 7

Russia 316.6 397.0 258.0 314.9 380.3 1.9% -0.9% 20.8% 3.0% 8

Saudi Arabia 245.0 337.6 182.3 195.1 250.1 0.2% -5.8% 28.2% 1.9% 13

Singapore 230.1 310.3 298.6 324.0 349.7 4.3% 2.4% 7.9% 2.7% 10

South Korea 286.8 421.4 448.0 497.5 512.9 6.0% 4.0% 3.1% 4.0% 5

Switzerland 136.2 269.4 275.0 264.7 262.4 6.8% -0.5% -0.9% 2.0% 12

Thailand 119.6 169.0 193.1 208.8 211.8 5.9% 4.6% 1.4% 1.6% 16

Turkey 89.8 114.3 128.8 139.0 142.2 4.7% 4.5% 2.3% 1.1% 21

United Arab Emirates 133.0 198.5 160.5 177.0 240.5 6.1% 3.9% 35.9% 1.9% 14

USA 884.0 1 188.5 1 313.3 1 368.2 1 409.2 4.8% 3.5% 3.0% 10.9% 3

Vietnam 42.7 96.9 158.6 188.8 202.3 16.8% 15.8% 7.1% 1.6% 19

Coverage: excluding intra-EU trade.

Sources: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), IMF DOTS

Value in billion EUR Compound annual growth rate

13WORLD TRADE

Global imports of goods (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 8 512.9 11 390.5 11 540.2 12 424.4 13 118.3 4.4% 2.9% 5.6% 100.0% -

Australia 137.7 185.8 181.7 201.4 204.0 4.0% 1.9% 1.3% 1.6% 13

Brazil 124.8 191.2 131.1 141.4 160.9 2.6% -3.4% 13.7% 1.2% 20

Canada 294.2 368.7 385.7 404.9 411.1 3.4% 2.2% 1.5% 3.1% 9

China 769.6 1 467.7 1 436.0 1 621.8 1 807.0 8.9% 4.2% 11.4% 13.8% 3

EU-28 1 585.2 1 687.7 1 708.3 1 858.0 1 980.0 2.2% 3.2% 6.6% 15.1% 2

Hong Kong 264.4 394.6 494.5 522.1 531.2 7.2% 6.1% 1.8% 4.0% 5

India 218.5 352.3 321.9 392.1 431.0 7.0% 4.1% 9.9% 3.3% 7

Japan 518.5 626.7 548.3 594.1 657.3 2.4% 1.0% 10.6% 5.0% 4

Malaysia 106.7 155.2 152.1 172.7 187.8 5.8% 3.9% 8.7% 1.4% 18

Mexico 222.4 304.3 370.7 394.4 416.7 6.5% 6.5% 5.6% 3.2% 8

Russia 181.5 237.2 164.7 200.1 201.1 1.0% -3.2% 0.5% 1.5% 15

Saudi Arabia 76.9 123.8 126.6 113.2 107.2 3.4% -2.8% -5.3% 0.8% 21

Singapore 217.4 280.9 254.6 286.8 314.0 3.7% 2.3% 9.5% 2.4% 10

South Korea 295.9 388.2 366.8 418.3 452.8 4.3% 3.1% 8.2% 3.5% 6

Switzerland 124.6 241.8 244.1 233.7 233.3 6.5% -0.7% -0.2% 1.8% 11

Thailand 121.8 187.9 176.3 198.0 207.3 5.5% 2.0% 4.7% 1.6% 12

Turkey 137.3 189.5 179.4 207.0 188.9 3.2% -0.1% -8.7% 1.4% 17

United Arab Emirates 120.4 223.6 246.4 228.1 201.4 5.3% -2.1% -11.7% 1.5% 14

USA 1 472.7 1 708.0 1 977.8 2 073.7 2 153.0 3.9% 4.7% 3.8% 16.4% 1

Vietnam 54.9 97.3 167.1 199.7 195.9 13.6% 15.0% -1.9% 1.5% 16





Global exports of services (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 2 736.7 2 785.3 3 462.6 3 634.9 3 739.1 3.2% 6.1% 2.9% 100.0% -

Australia 32.8 43.6 52.3 57.4 58.6 6.0% 6.1% 2.0% 1.6% 13

Brazil 20.7 28.6 30.1 30.5 28.8 3.4% 0.1% -5.6% 0.8% 20

Canada 51.0 68.1 74.8 77.9 78.6 4.4% 2.9% 1.0% 2.1% 10

China 98.8 155.9 189.3 201.9 225.9 8.6% 7.7% 11.9% 6.0% 3

EU-28 525.3 728.4 870.5 912.4 918.5 5.7% 4.7% 0.7% 24.6% 1

Hong Kong 47.5 78.9 89.0 92.3 96.5 7.3% 4.1% 4.6% 2.6% 8

India 72.1 112.3 146.2 164.0 173.7 9.2% 9.1% 5.9% 4.6% 4

Japan 95.9 101.8 158.8 165.0 162.6 5.4% 9.8% -1.5% 4.3% 5

Malaysia 20.9 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.6 4.8% 1.2% 2.3% 0.9% 18

Mexico 12.2 13.6 22.2 24.1 24.2 7.1% 12.2% 0.5% 0.6% 21

Russia 38.8 52.8 45.8 51.1 54.9 3.5% 0.8% 7.5% 1.5% 14

Saudi Arabia 6.4 8.9 15.6 16.0 15.3 9.1% 11.4% -4.7% 0.4% 26

Singapore 61.0 108.0 141.8 152.8 155.8 9.8% 7.6% 2.0% 4.2% 6

South Korea 62.1 78.1 85.7 77.5 81.8 2.8% 0.9% 5.6% 2.2% 9

Switzerland 65.7 86.1 107.4 107.8 105.2 4.8% 4.1% -2.4% 2.8% 7

Thailand 22.5 44.3 61.2 66.9 71.2 12.2% 10.0% 6.5% 1.9% 11

Turkey 25.2 36.3 34.2 38.9 41.3 5.0% 2.6% 6.0% 1.1% 16

United Arab Emirates 6.5 16.0 59.3 62.4 60.8 25.0% 30.6% -2.5% 1.6% 12

USA 362.3 527.4 685.6 706.1 701.5 6.8% 5.9% -0.7% 18.8% 2

Vietnam 4.8 8.1 11.3 11.6 12.8 10.4% 9.7% 10.2% 0.3% 30


Sources: Eurostat (bop_its_tot; bop_its6_tot), WTO.


15WORLD TRADE

Global imports of services (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 2 663.9 2 761.4 3 443.4 3 564.5 3 654.3 3.2% 5.8% 2.5% 100.0% -

Australia 35.7 57.0 56.1 60.0 60.8 5.5% 1.3% 1.5% 1.7% 14

Brazil 32.1 63.5 57.6 60.5 57.6 6.0% -2.0% -4.8% 1.6% 15

Canada 60.7 85.0 91.2 95.5 95.6 4.6% 2.4% 0.1% 2.6% 8

China 106.3 248.9 408.4 413.9 444.6 15.4% 12.3% 7.4% 12.2% 3

EU-28 454.0 542.8 732.3 720.7 728.4 4.8% 6.1% 1.1% 19.9% 1

Hong Kong 49.4 56.6 67.3 68.8 69.0 3.4% 4.0% 0.4% 1.9% 12

India 59.8 95.5 120.6 136.8 149.5 9.6% 9.4% 9.3% 4.1% 6

Japan 121.6 128.7 168.2 170.7 169.4 3.4% 5.7% -0.8% 4.6% 4

Malaysia 20.6 34.0 36.3 37.5 37.7 6.2% 2.1% 0.6% 1.0% 18

Mexico 18.0 24.2 30.2 32.7 31.5 5.7% 5.4% -3.6% 0.9% 19

Russia 52.7 96.7 67.4 78.6 80.2 4.3% -3.7% 1.9% 2.2% 10

Saudi Arabia 51.1 57.7 63.5 69.6 73.2 3.7% 4.9% 5.3% 2.0% 11

Singapore 62.0 113.3 144.4 160.6 158.3 9.8% 6.9% -1.5% 4.3% 5

South Korea 66.5 83.0 101.8 108.0 105.2 4.7% 4.9% -2.5% 2.9% 7

Switzerland 43.5 69.6 89.0 91.6 87.6 7.3% 4.7% -4.4% 2.4% 9

Thailand 31.3 35.7 39.3 41.3 46.8 4.1% 5.6% 13.3% 1.3% 16

Turkey 12.4 18.5 20.4 21.3 19.8 4.8% 1.3% -7.1% 0.5% 26


USA 278.1 347.2 460.6 480.2 473.5 5.5% 6.4% -1.4% 13.0% 2

Vietnam 5.4 10.4 15.1 15.1 15.6 11.2% 8.4% 3.3% 0.4% 28


Sources: Eurostat (bop_its_tot; bop_its6_tot), WTO.



Global exports of goods and services (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 10 945.9 14 020.4 14 646.0 15 803.9 16 615.0 4.3% 3.5% 5.1% 100.0% -

Australia 159.0 234.5 225.1 260.4 274.2 5.6% 3.2% 5.3% 1.7% 15

Brazil 155.3 210.6 196.8 223.3 234.0 4.2% 2.1% 4.8% 1.4% 18

Canada 361.3 413.2 426.8 448.7 457.7 2.4% 2.1% 2.0% 2.8% 8

China 1 070.3 1 820.4 2 119.5 2 220.2 2 343.9 8.2% 5.2% 5.6% 14.1% 2

EU-28 1 834.4 2 464.9 2 616.0 2 791.5 2 875.0 4.6% 3.1% 3.0% 17.3% 1

Hong Kong 294.3 424.7 506.8 579.4 578.5 7.0% 6.4% -0.2% 3.5% 6

India 204.7 349.6 382.8 426.2 447.4 8.1% 5.1% 5.0% 2.7% 9

Japan 627.6 639.9 741.5 782.9 787.5 2.3% 4.2% 0.6% 4.7% 4

Malaysia 156.6 203.7 203.3 225.6 244.4 4.6% 3.7% 8.3% 1.5% 17

Mexico 210.3 299.8 360.1 386.5 405.7 6.8% 6.2% 5.0% 2.4% 11

Russia 355.5 449.8 303.7 366.0 435.3 2.0% -0.7% 18.9% 2.6% 10

Saudi Arabia 251.3 346.5 197.9 211.1 265.4 0.5% -5.2% 25.7% 1.6% 16

Singapore 291.1 418.4 440.4 476.8 505.5 5.7% 3.9% 6.0% 3.0% 7

South Korea 348.9 499.5 533.7 575.0 594.7 5.5% 3.6% 3.4% 3.6% 5

Switzerland 201.9 355.5 382.4 372.6 367.6 6.2% 0.7% -1.3% 2.2% 12

Thailand 142.1 213.2 254.4 275.7 283.0 7.1% 5.8% 2.7% 1.7% 14

Turkey 115.0 150.6 162.9 177.9 183.5 4.8% 4.0% 3.1% 1.1% 20


USA 1 246.2 1 715.9 1 998.9 2 074.3 2 110.6 5.4% 4.2% 1.8% 12.7% 3

Vietnam 47.5 105.0 169.9 200.4 215.0 16.3% 15.4% 7.3% 1.3% 19


Sources : Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), Eurostat (bop_its_tot; bop_its6_tot), IMF DOTS, WTO.


17WORLD TRADE

Global imports of goods and services (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 11 176.8 14 152.0 14 983.6 15 988.8 16 772.5 7.6% 3.5% 4.9% 100.0% -Australia 173.4 242.7 237.8 261.4 264.8 9.5% 1.8% 1.3% 1.6% 13

Brazil 156.8 254.8 188.6 201.9 218.4 8.6% -3.0% 8.2% 1.3% 17

Canada 354.9 453.7 476.9 500.4 506.6 8.0% 2.2% 1.2% 3.0% 8

China 875.9 1 716.7 1 844.4 2 035.7 2 251.5 24.3% 5.6% 10.6% 13.4% 3

EU-28 2 039.2 2 230.5 2 440.6 2 578.7 2 708.4 7.1% 4.0% 5.0% 16.1% 1

Hong Kong 313.8 451.2 561.8 590.9 600.3 10.6% 5.9% 1.6% 3.6% 5

India 278.3 447.9 442.5 529.0 580.5 16.6% 5.3% 9.7% 3.5% 6

Japan 640.1 755.4 716.5 764.8 826.7 5.8% 1.8% 8.1% 4.9% 4

Malaysia 127.3 189.2 188.4 210.2 225.5 12.1% 3.6% 7.3% 1.3% 16

Mexico 240.4 328.5 400.9 427.2 448.2 12.2% 6.4% 4.9% 2.7% 10

Russia 234.3 333.8 232.0 278.8 281.3 5.3% -3.4% 0.9% 1.7% 12

Saudi Arabia 128.1 181.6 190.1 182.8 180.4 7.0% -0.1% -1.3% 1.1% 21

Singapore 279.4 394.2 399.0 447.5 472.4 13.6% 3.7% 5.6% 2.8% 9

South Korea 362.4 471.2 468.6 526.3 558.0 9.0% 3.4% 6.0% 3.3% 7

Switzerland 168.0 311.4 333.1 325.3 320.8 13.7% 0.6% -1.4% 1.9% 11

Thailand 153.1 223.6 215.6 239.3 254.1 9.6% 2.6% 6.2% 1.5% 15

Turkey 149.7 208.0 199.8 228.3 208.7 8.0% 0.1% -8.6% 1.2% 19

United Arab Emirates 149.9 270.4 310.1 291.7 262.6 12.8% -0.6% -10.0% 1.6% 14

USA 1 750.8 2 055.2 2 438.4 2 553.9 2 626.5 9.3% 5.0% 2.8% 15.7% 2

Vietnam 60.3 107.7 182.2 214.8 211.4 24.7% 14.4% -1.5% 1.3% 18





Global trade of goods (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 16 722.1 22 625.6 22 723.5 24 593.3 25 994.2 4.5% 2.8% 5.7% 100.0%

Australia 263.9 376.7 354.5 404.4 419.6 4.7% 2.2% 3.8% 1.6% 14

Brazil 259.3 373.2 297.8 334.2 366.1 3.5% -0.4% 9.5% 1.4% 18

Canada 604.6 713.8 737.7 775.7 790.1 2.7% 2.1% 1.9% 3.0% 8

China 1 741.1 3 132.3 3 366.2 3 640.1 3 924.9 8.5% 4.6% 7.8% 15.1% 2

EU-28 2 894.4 3 424.2 3 453.8 3 737.1 3 936.5 3.1% 2.8% 5.3% 15.1% 1

Hong Kong 511.2 740.4 912.3 1 009.1 1 013.2 7.1% 6.5% 0.4% 3.9% 5

India 351.1 589.6 558.5 654.3 704.7 7.2% 3.6% 7.7% 2.7% 9

Japan 1 050.2 1 164.8 1 130.9 1 212.1 1 282.3 2.0% 1.9% 5.8% 4.9% 4

Malaysia 242.3 327.2 323.2 365.5 398.6 5.1% 4.0% 9.0% 1.5% 16

Mexico 420.4 590.4 708.5 756.8 798.2 6.6% 6.2% 5.5% 3.1% 7

Russia 498.1 634.2 422.6 515.0 581.5 1.6% -1.7% 12.9% 2.2% 11

Saudi Arabia 321.9 461.4 308.9 308.3 357.3 1.1% -5.0% 15.9% 1.4% 19

Singapore 447.5 591.3 553.2 610.9 663.7 4.0% 2.3% 8.7% 2.6% 10

South Korea 582.6 809.6 814.8 915.8 965.6 5.2% 3.6% 5.4% 3.7% 6

Switzerland 260.8 511.2 519.1 498.4 495.6 6.6% -0.6% -0.6% 1.9% 12

Thailand 241.4 356.9 369.4 406.9 419.1 5.7% 3.3% 3.0% 1.6% 15

Turkey 227.1 303.8 308.2 345.9 331.1 3.8% 1.7% -4.3% 1.3% 20


USA 2 356.6 2 896.5 3 291.1 3 441.9 3 562.2 4.2% 4.2% 3.5% 13.7% 3

Vietnam 97.6 194.3 325.7 388.5 398.1 15.1% 15.4% 2.5% 1.5% 17




19WORLD TRADE

Global trade of services (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 5 400.6 5 546.7 6 906.0 7 199.4 7 393.3 3.2% 5.9% 2.7% 100.0% -

Australia 68.5 100.6 108.4 117.4 119.4 5.7% 3.5% 1.7% 1.6% 13

Brazil 52.8 92.2 87.7 91.0 86.4 5.1% -1.3% -5.1% 1.2% 16

Canada 111.7 153.1 166.0 173.4 174.2 4.5% 2.6% 0.5% 2.4% 9

China 205.2 404.8 597.7 615.8 670.5 12.6% 10.6% 8.9% 9.1% 3

EU-28 979.3 1 271.2 1 602.8 1 633.1 1 646.9 5.3% 5.3% 0.8% 22.3% 1

Hong Kong 96.9 135.5 156.3 161.1 165.6 5.5% 4.1% 2.8% 2.2% 10

India 131.9 207.9 266.8 300.9 323.2 9.4% 9.2% 7.4% 4.4% 5

Japan 217.5 230.5 327.0 335.7 332.0 4.3% 7.6% -1.1% 4.5% 4

Malaysia 41.5 65.7 68.4 70.3 71.3 5.6% 1.7% 1.4% 1.0% 18

Mexico 30.3 37.8 52.5 56.8 55.7 6.3% 8.1% -1.9% 0.8% 21

Russia 91.6 149.5 113.1 129.7 135.1 4.0% -2.0% 4.1% 1.8% 11

Saudi Arabia 57.5 66.6 79.1 85.6 88.5 4.4% 5.8% 3.4% 1.2% 15

Singapore 123.0 221.3 286.3 313.4 314.1 9.8% 7.3% 0.2% 4.2% 6

South Korea 128.6 161.1 187.5 185.4 187.0 3.8% 3.0% 0.9% 2.5% 8

Switzerland 109.2 155.7 196.4 199.4 192.8 5.9% 4.4% -3.3% 2.6% 7

Thailand 53.8 79.9 100.6 108.2 118.0 8.2% 8.1% 9.1% 1.6% 14

Turkey 37.6 54.8 54.5 60.2 61.1 5.0% 2.2% 1.4% 0.8% 20


USA 640.4 874.6 1 146.2 1 186.3 1 175.0 6.3% 6.1% -1.0% 15.9% 2

Vietnam 10.2 18.5 26.4 26.7 28.4 10.8% 9.0% 6.3% 0.4% 28


Sources : Eurostat (bop_its_tot; bop_its6_tot), WTO.



Global trade of goods and services (billion EUR, %)World share World ranking

Reporter 2008 2013 2016 2017 2018 10y (2008-2018)

5y (2013-2018)

1y (2017-2018) 2018 2018

World 22 122.7 28 172.4 29 629.5 31 792.7 33 387.5 4.2% 3.5% 5.0% 100.0% -

Australia 332.4 477.3 462.9 521.8 539.1 5.0% 2.5% 3.3% 1.6% 14

Brazil 312.1 465.4 385.5 425.2 452.4 3.8% -0.6% 6.4% 1.4% 17

Canada 716.3 866.8 903.7 949.1 964.4 3.0% 2.2% 1.6% 2.9% 9

China 1 946.2 3 537.1 3 963.9 4 255.9 4 595.5 9.0% 5.4% 8.0% 13.8% 3

EU-28 3 873.7 4 695.4 5 056.5 5 370.2 5 583.4 3.7% 3.5% 4.0% 16.7% 1

Hong Kong 608.1 875.9 1 068.6 1 170.3 1 178.7 6.8% 6.1% 0.7% 3.5% 5

India 483.0 797.4 825.3 955.2 1 027.9 7.8% 5.2% 7.6% 3.1% 7

Japan 1 267.7 1 395.3 1 457.9 1 547.7 1 614.2 2.4% 3.0% 4.3% 4.8% 4

Malaysia 283.8 392.9 391.7 435.8 469.9 5.2% 3.6% 7.8% 1.4% 16

Mexico 450.7 628.2 761.0 813.6 853.9 6.6% 6.3% 5.0% 2.6% 10

Russia 589.7 783.6 535.8 644.8 716.5 2.0% -1.8% 11.1% 2.1% 11

Saudi Arabia 379.4 528.1 388.0 393.9 445.8 1.6% -3.3% 13.2% 1.3% 18

Singapore 570.5 812.6 839.5 924.3 977.8 5.5% 3.8% 5.8% 2.9% 8

South Korea 711.3 970.7 1 002.3 1 101.2 1 152.7 4.9% 3.5% 4.7% 3.5% 6

Switzerland 369.9 666.9 715.5 697.8 688.4 6.4% 0.6% -1.3% 2.1% 12

Thailand 295.2 436.9 469.9 515.0 537.1 6.2% 4.2% 4.3% 1.6% 15

Turkey 264.7 358.6 362.7 406.2 392.1 4.0% 1.8% -3.5% 1.2% 20


USA 2 997.0 3 771.1 4 437.3 4 628.2 4 737.2 4.7% 4.7% 2.4% 14.2% 2

Vietnam 107.7 212.7 352.1 415.2 426.5 14.7% 14.9% 2.7% 1.3% 19




21WORLD TRADE

Share in world trade in goods and services in selected countries (%)

8.8

China

13.8

17.5

EU-2816.7

5.7

Japan4.8

13.5 USA14.2

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Coverage: excluding intra-EU trade.Sources: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), Eurostat (bop_its_tot; bop_its6_tot), IMF DOTS, WTO.


Global external trade balances (billion EUR)

Reporter 2008 2017 2018 2008 2017 2018 2008 2017 2018

Australia - 11.5 1.6 11.7 - 2.9 - 2.5 - 2.3 - 14.4 - 0.9 9.4

Brazil 9.8 51.3 44.4 - 11.3 - 30.0 - 28.7 - 1.5 21.4 15.6

Canada 16.1 - 34.2 - 32.0 - 9.7 - 17.6 - 16.9 6.4 - 51.7 - 48.9

China 201.9 396.5 311.0 - 7.5 - 212.0 - 218.6 194.4 184.5 92.4

EU-28 - 276.1 21.1 - 23.6 71.3 191.8 190.1 - 204.8 212.9 166.6

Hong Kong - 17.6 - 35.1 - 49.3 - 1.8 23.6 27.5 - 19.4 - 11.5 - 21.8

India - 85.9 - 129.9 - 157.3 12.3 27.2 24.2 - 73.6 - 102.7 - 133.1

Japan 13.2 23.8 - 32.4 - 25.7 - 5.7 - 6.8 - 12.5 18.1 - 39.2

Malaysia 29.0 20.1 23.1 0.3 - 4.7 - 4.2 29.3 15.4 18.9

Mexico - 24.3 - 32.0 - 35.2 - 5.8 - 8.7 - 7.4 - 30.1 - 40.7 - 42.5

Russia 135.1 114.8 179.2 - 13.9 - 27.5 - 25.2 121.2 87.2 154.0

Saudi Arabia 168.0 81.8 142.9 - 44.8 - 53.5 - 57.9 123.2 28.3 85.0

Singapore 12.7 37.2 35.6 - 1.0 - 7.8 - 2.5 11.7 29.4 33.1

South Korea - 9.1 79.2 60.1 - 4.4 - 30.5 - 23.4 - 13.5 48.7 36.7

Switzerland 11.7 31.1 29.1 22.2 16.3 17.7 33.9 47.3 46.8

Thailand - 2.2 10.8 4.5 - 8.8 25.5 24.4 - 11.0 36.4 28.9

Turkey - 47.5 - 68.0 - 46.7 12.9 17.6 21.5 - 34.7 - 50.3 - 25.2

United Arab Emirates 12.6 - 51.2 39.1 - 23.0 - 1.1 - 0.4 - 10.4 - 52.3 38.7

USA - 588.7 - 705.6 - 743.9 84.1 225.9 228.0 - 504.6 - 479.6 - 515.9

Vietnam - 12.2 - 10.9 6.4 - 0.6 - 3.5 - 2.8 - 12.8 - 14.3 3.6



Goods Services Goods and services

Global external trade balances (billion EUR)

Reporter 2008 2017 2018 2008 2017 2018 2008 2017 2018

Australia - 11.5 1.6 11.7 - 2.9 - 2.5 - 2.3 - 14.4 - 0.9 9.4

Brazil 9.8 51.3 44.4 - 11.3 - 30.0 - 28.7 - 1.5 21.4 15.6

Canada 16.1 - 34.2 - 32.0 - 9.7 - 17.6 - 16.9 6.4 - 51.7 - 48.9

China 201.9 396.5 311.0 - 7.5 - 212.0 - 218.6 194.4 184.5 92.4

EU-28 - 276.1 21.1 - 23.6 71.3 191.8 190.1 - 204.8 212.9 166.6

Hong Kong - 17.6 - 35.1 - 49.3 - 1.8 23.6 27.5 - 19.4 - 11.5 - 21.8

India - 85.9 - 129.9 - 157.3 12.3 27.2 24.2 - 73.6 - 102.7 - 133.1

Japan 13.2 23.8 - 32.4 - 25.7 - 5.7 - 6.8 - 12.5 18.1 - 39.2

Malaysia 29.0 20.1 23.1 0.3 - 4.7 - 4.2 29.3 15.4 18.9

Mexico - 24.3 - 32.0 - 35.2 - 5.8 - 8.7 - 7.4 - 30.1 - 40.7 - 42.5

Russia 135.1 114.8 179.2 - 13.9 - 27.5 - 25.2 121.2 87.2 154.0

Saudi Arabia 168.0 81.8 142.9 - 44.8 - 53.5 - 57.9 123.2 28.3 85.0

Singapore 12.7 37.2 35.6 - 1.0 - 7.8 - 2.5 11.7 29.4 33.1

South Korea - 9.1 79.2 60.1 - 4.4 - 30.5 - 23.4 - 13.5 48.7 36.7

Switzerland 11.7 31.1 29.1 22.2 16.3 17.7 33.9 47.3 46.8

Thailand - 2.2 10.8 4.5 - 8.8 25.5 24.4 - 11.0 36.4 28.9

Turkey - 47.5 - 68.0 - 46.7 12.9 17.6 21.5 - 34.7 - 50.3 - 25.2

United Arab Emirates 12.6 - 51.2 39.1 - 23.0 - 1.1 - 0.4 - 10.4 - 52.3 38.7

USA - 588.7 - 705.6 - 743.9 84.1 225.9 228.0 - 504.6 - 479.6 - 515.9

Vietnam - 12.2 - 10.9 6.4 - 0.6 - 3.5 - 2.8 - 12.8 - 14.3 3.6



Goods Services Goods and services

23WORLD TRADE

Trade in goods and services in selected countries (% of GDP)

62.2

China40.5

29.6

EU-28 35.237.0

Japan 38.3

30.0

USA 27.3

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Coverage: excluding intra-EU trade.Ratio= Total trade/GDPSources: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), Eurostat (bop_its_tot; bop_its6_tot), IMF DOTS, WTO, IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2019)


Merchandise trade 2018 - Main trade partner by reporter

Total trade i.e. exports + imports

Source : IMF DOTS.

EU-28 as first trade partner US as first trade partner China as first trade partner Brazil as first trade partner

25

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) and FOREIGN AFFILIATES STATISTICS (FATS)


Global FDI inflows (billion EUR)

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

World 748.5 606.2 795.9 586.2 640.5 1 029.4 709.1 749.8 1 325.2 1 285.9 1 007.9

Australia 30.3 31.9 22.9 27.8 42.3 46.4 42.7 30.8 18.4 43.1 41.0

Brazil 25.2 30.6 18.6 63.2 69.1 59.2 40.3 55.2 57.9 52.4 55.5

Canada 85.2 41.8 16.3 21.4 28.5 33.6 52.2 44.4 41.1 33.7 21.5

China 60.9 73.6 68.1 86.5 89.1 94.2 93.3 96.7 122.2 120.8 120.7

EU-28 432.1 182.2 274.6 224.5 424.7 309.8 584.7 149.0 698.2 387.3 145.8

Hong Kong 42.6 39.6 39.8 53.2 69.4 54.6 55.9 85.1 157.1 106.1 92.4

India 18.5 32.0 25.5 20.7 26.0 18.8 21.2 26.0 39.7 40.2 35.3

Japan 16.5 16.6 8.6 - 0.9 - 1.3 1.3 1.7 9.1 3.0 10.3 9.2

Malaysia 6.3 4.9 1.0 6.8 8.8 7.2 9.1 8.2 9.1 10.2 8.4

Mexico 23.7 20.0 13.0 20.6 18.1 16.9 36.5 21.6 31.4 26.9 26.3

Russia 40.1 51.6 19.9 23.9 26.5 23.5 40.2 21.9 10.7 33.6 22.4

Saudi Arabia 17.7 26.8 26.1 22.1 11.7 9.5 6.7 6.0 7.3 6.7 1.3

Singapore 31.1 8.0 13.3 43.3 28.7 46.6 43.3 55.3 56.6 70.0 54.9

South Korea 6.4 7.6 6.5 7.2 7.0 7.4 9.6 7.0 3.7 10.9 15.1

Switzerland 24.5 11.0 22.5 21.5 19.0 22.9 0.9 7.0 73.8 43.6 36.3

Thailand 6.7 5.5 3.8 11.0 1.0 7.1 11.7 3.6 5.1 1.9 6.8

Turkey 16.1 13.5 6.2 6.9 11.6 10.7 10.1 9.6 16.0 11.7 9.6

United Arab Emirates 10.4 3.4 0.8 6.6 5.1 7.4 7.4 8.3 7.7 8.7 9.2

USA 157.6 208.3 149.4 103.0 165.1 154.9 151.6 151.9 419.8 413.0 243.8

Vietnam 5.1 6.5 5.4 6.0 5.4 6.5 6.7 6.9 10.6 11.4 12.5


Including Special Purpose Entities.

Sources: Eurostat (bop_fdi_main; bop_fdi6_flow), UNCTAD. Eurostat and UNCTAD cannot be directly compared because of methodological differences.

27FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) and FOREIGN AFFILIATES STATISTICS (FATS)

Global FDI outflows (billion EUR)

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

World 868.8 617.7 756.4 518.9 625.9 895.4 762.0 667.2 990.1 1 000.9 1 036.6

Australia 8.7 20.7 11.8 14.9 1.2 6.1 1.1 0.3 - 18.1 2.1 4.3

Brazil 5.2 13.9 - 7.2 16.6 7.9 - 4.1 - 0.9 1.7 2.8 - 6.7 - 1.2

Canada 47.2 53.9 28.4 26.2 37.5 43.5 43.2 45.3 61.1 66.5 68.1

China 19.3 38.0 40.5 51.9 53.6 68.3 81.2 92.7 131.3 177.2 110.3

EU-28 564.2 379.0 329.7 303.4 470.1 317.4 606.5 89.3 737.2 356.6 218.6

Hong Kong 46.8 32.9 42.4 65.1 69.2 64.9 60.8 93.4 64.7 53.9 73.3

India 12.6 14.4 11.5 12.0 8.9 6.6 1.3 8.9 6.8 4.6 10.0

Japan 53.7 87.0 53.6 42.4 77.3 95.4 102.2 98.5 121.0 131.2 142.0

Malaysia 8.3 10.2 5.6 10.1 11.0 13.3 10.6 12.3 9.5 7.2 5.1

Mexico 7.1 0.3 7.1 10.8 9.5 17.8 11.1 4.1 9.6 1.4 4.5

Russia 32.0 38.6 24.7 31.0 34.9 22.1 53.2 48.3 24.4 24.3 31.9

Saudi Arabia - 0.1 2.4 1.6 2.9 2.5 3.4 3.7 4.1 4.9 8.1 5.0

Singapore 29.8 5.4 23.0 26.7 22.7 15.6 33.5 39.5 28.1 25.2 21.8

South Korea 16.1 13.3 12.5 21.3 21.3 23.8 21.4 21.1 21.4 27.1 28.0

Switzerland 37.6 30.5 65.0 18.8 34.9 34.3 29.0 0.0 84.6 65.5 - 13.2

Thailand 1.5 1.2 3.5 6.0 4.4 8.2 8.8 4.2 1.5 11.2 17.1

Turkey 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.7 3.2 2.7 5.0 4.3 2.5 2.3


USA 287.1 209.6 209.5 206.4 284.9 247.7 228.5 221.9 236.7 253.6 303.0

Vietnam 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.3 0.5





Global FDI inward stocks (billion EUR)

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

World 7 850.0 5 082.1 9 549.5 7 078.6 8 886.7 11 312.1 12 138.7 11 949.5 15 265.1 16 918.9 19 731.9

Australia 285.9 209.2 315.2 398.1 399.1 479.3 429.1 423.8 484.7 521.1 586.3

Brazil 226.0 195.6 287.4 514.7 499.6 569.1 545.7 546.4 512.1 635.4 688.9

Canada 753.7 421.7 621.9 742.2 619.8 742.1 739.8 748.7 718.0 880.1 959.9

China 238.7 257.1 339.2 443.4 511.4 648.3 720.4 816.9 1 100.4 1 223.8 1 319.8

EU-28 2 415.4 2 497.0 2 784.8 3 145.1 3 720.3 3 905.9 4 302.6 4 912.8 6 013.4 6 312.6 6 295.3

Hong Kong 837.6 532.5 648.3 805.3 775.0 968.7 1 018.0 1 126.1 1 434.5 1 469.0 1 742.6

India 77.2 85.1 122.8 155.1 148.2 175.1 170.6 190.5 254.7 287.7 334.3

Japan 96.9 138.3 143.5 162.1 162.2 160.1 128.5 129.2 157.0 172.1 183.7

Malaysia 55.3 50.0 56.6 76.7 82.7 103.3 102.4 102.2 105.2 110.2 123.5

Mexico 227.4 190.8 243.1 293.9 275.6 357.1 368.7 370.1 452.5 427.8 433.0

Russia 356.3 144.7 263.4 350.2 293.8 341.1 355.0 218.3 236.8 355.9 395.3

Saudi Arabia 53.6 76.8 106.2 133.0 134.2 154.9 156.5 162.5 201.9 209.1 205.6

Singapore 307.1 312.0 362.9 477.3 491.1 639.7 675.4 773.3 982.2 1 014.8 1 137.4

South Korea 89.0 64.4 87.4 102.2 97.1 122.9 136.2 135.1 161.8 170.6 204.1

Switzerland 278.3 325.1 488.9 381.7 517.6 607.9 619.0 611.8 799.2 892.1 938.1

Thailand 69.1 64.3 76.7 105.1 111.4 134.2 135.0 147.8 165.2 172.7 194.2

Turkey 113.6 55.2 103.7 141.8 98.9 149.1 114.3 137.8 142.5 129.4 160.0


USA 2 591.2 1 690.5 2 581.5 2 147.6 2 513.5 3 047.8 3 725.9 4 107.6 5 146.2 5 922.5 6 910.7

Vietnam 23.2 28.2 35.1 43.0 46.4 56.7 61.6 68.5 92.6 104.2 114.6





Global FDI outward stocks (billion EUR)

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

World 8 422.7 5 315.6 9 969.0 7 441.1 8 651.9 10 796.2 11 867.0 11 098.4 14 059.3 15 057.0 17 996.5

Australia 248.9 166.1 261.4 339.2 300.9 370.9 344.1 336.0 350.6 362.5 407.8

Brazil 103.5 107.3 119.8 144.3 148.1 210.8 226.5 251.7 291.4 308.5 317.7

Canada 694.1 438.4 639.7 753.2 640.5 756.6 851.7 847.5 988.8 1 131.0 1 316.4

China 86.0 125.1 176.2 239.3 305.2 414.0 497.3 664.4 989.5 1 226.3 1 311.9

EU-28 3 201.2 3 309.1 3 736.5 4 219.4 4 883.2 5 112.0 5 617.4 6 212.3 7 412.2 7 782.1 7 412.0

Hong Kong 750.9 522.4 601.7 712.0 735.1 904.8 934.2 1 091.6 1 380.3 1 397.3 1 597.1

India 32.2 43.1 58.0 73.1 78.7 91.9 90.2 99.0 125.3 130.2 137.5

Japan 395.9 462.6 531.2 626.9 686.7 807.7 841.8 867.1 1 107.5 1 188.1 1 345.5

Malaysia 42.6 45.5 57.1 73.1 76.5 93.7 96.5 102.0 122.6 113.8 113.8

Mexico 59.3 42.9 60.5 88.2 81.1 117.8 108.2 111.2 132.3 134.8 159.4

Russia 265.2 134.1 206.7 253.7 226.8 259.1 290.1 248.3 254.8 302.0 338.4

Saudi Arabia 12.4 13.9 16.2 20.0 21.5 26.7 29.6 33.6 56.9 66.8 70.5

Singapore 252.7 216.3 273.3 351.6 360.0 444.2 466.4 508.3 641.5 672.9 744.8

South Korea 54.6 66.6 87.0 108.6 123.9 157.9 179.8 196.1 257.7 280.3 314.9

Switzerland 477.4 493.2 786.9 621.2 794.7 926.5 901.4 823.7 1 024.5 1 083.1 1 125.8

Thailand 6.1 7.2 10.7 16.1 27.1 38.5 43.9 47.4 63.4 77.9 95.0

Turkey 8.9 12.1 16.0 17.0 19.9 24.1 25.1 29.8 32.2 35.0 36.6


USA 3 849.0 2 109.3 3 628.0 3 098.7 3 243.1 4 065.1 4 709.1 4 724.7 5 414.8 5 747.1 6 903.6

Vietnam 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.7 2.3 3.4 4.8 5.6 7.7 9.0 9.3





Inward FATS - Foreign enterprises in the EU-28 by controlling country (2016)

Number of enterprises by controlling country:Extra EU-28 95 837USA (*) 27 112Switzerland 14 800Offshore financial centres 11 000Norway 4 470China 3 997Russia 3 746Turkey 2 749Canada 2 290Israel 1 730Serbia 1 689Other countries (**) 22 254

(*) 2015(**) Data for some partners are not available (e.g. Japan)

Source: Eurostat (fats_g1b_08).

USA (*)28.3%

Switzerland15.4%

Offshore financial centres11.5%

Norway4.7%China

4.2%

Russia3.9%

Turkey2.9%

Canada2.4%

Israel1.8%

Serbia1.8%

Other countries (**)23.2%


Inward FATS - Persons employed in the EU-28 by controlling country (2016)

Number of persons by controlling country:Extra EU-28 8 000 000USA 3 880 000Switzerland 1 300 000Offshore financial centres 780 000Japan 718 060Canada 234 752Norway 202 974China 197 393India 174 828South Korea 100 000Mexico 90 963Other countries 321 030

Source : Eurostat (fats_g1b_08).

USA48.5%

Switzerland16.3%

Offshore financial centres

9.8%

Japan9.0%

Canada2.9%

Norway2.5%

China2.5%

India2.2%

South Korea1.3%

Mexico1.1%

Other countries

4.0%


Outward FATS - Foreign affiliates of EU enterprises by partner country (2016)

Number of enterprises by partner country:Extra EU-28 98 626China 8 050Switzerland 4 859Brazil 4 072Australia 3 433Singapore 3 100Canada 3 053India 2 560United Arab Emirates 1 985Turkey 1 902South Africa 1 715Other countries (*) 63 897

(*) Data for some partners are not available (e.g. USA)

Source : Eurostat (fats_out2_r2).

China8.2%

Switzerland4.9%

Brazil4.1% Australia

3.5%

Singapore3.1%

Canada3.1%

India2.6%

United Arab Emirates

2.0%Turkey1.9%

South Africa1.7%

Other countries (*)

64.8%


Outward FATS - Persons employed in foreign affiliates of EU enterprises by partner country (2016)

Number of persons by partner country:Extra EU-28 14 629 350USA 3 133 362China 1 640 517India 1 258 078Brazil 1 188 797Mexico 630 878Offshore financial centres 586 131Russia 529 117South Africa 364 768Canada 344 950Turkey 333 906Other countries 4 618 846

Source : Eurostat (fats_out2_r2).

USA21.4%

China11.2%

India8.6%

Brazil8.1%Mexico

4.3%

Offshore financial centres

4.0%

Russia3.6%

South Africa2.5%

Canada2.4%

Turkey2.3%

Other countries31.6%


EU-28 FDI by leading partners, 2017 (billion EUR)

Rank Leading sources Inflows Share Cumulative share Rank Leading destinations Outflows Share Cumulative share

Extra EU-28 145.8 100.0% 100.0% Extra EU-28 218.6 100.0% 100.0%1 Canada 29.4 20.2% 20.2% 1 USA 74.8 34.2% 34.2%2 Switzerland 28.4 19.5% 39.6% 2 Switzerland 18.3 8.4% 42.6%3 China 11.7 8.0% 47.6% 3 Mexico 13.0 5.9% 48.5%4 Japan 11.1 7.6% 55.3% 4 Iceland 12.8 5.8% 54.4%5 Brazil 7.3 5.0% 60.3% 5 China 7.5 3.4% 57.8%6 Norway 2.8 1.9% 62.2% 6 Brazil 6.4 2.9% 60.7%7 South Korea 2.2 1.5% 63.7% 7 India 5.1 2.3% 63.0%8 Mexico 1.8 1.2% 65.0% 8 South Korea 5.0 2.3% 65.3%9 Kazakhstan 1.8 1.2% 66.2% 9 Norway 4.5 2.0% 67.3%

10 Saudi Arabia 1.7 1.2% 67.3% 10 United Arab Emirates 4.3 2.0% 69.3%

Rank Leading sources Inward stocks Share Cumulative share Rank Leading destinations Outward stocks Share Cumulative share

Extra EU-28 6 295.3 100.0% 100.0% Extra EU-28 7 412.0 100.0% 100.0%1 USA 2 183.9 34.7% 34.7% 1 USA 2 569.2 34.7% 34.7%2 Switzerland 802.4 12.7% 47.4% 2 Switzerland 979.0 13.2% 47.9%3 Canada 293.0 4.7% 52.1% 3 Brazil 324.4 4.4% 52.2%4 Japan 228.9 3.6% 55.7% 4 Canada 304.8 4.1% 56.4%5 Norway 94.5 1.5% 57.2% 5 Russia 216.1 2.9% 59.3%6 Russia 83.6 1.3% 58.6% 6 China 176.1 2.4% 61.7%7 China 59.7 0.9% 59.5% 7 Mexico 154.5 2.1% 63.7%8 Israel 58.3 0.9% 60.4% 8 Japan 99.4 1.3% 65.1%9 Mexico 48.4 0.8% 61.2% 9 Norway 90.3 1.2% 66.3%

10 Brazil 44.9 0.7% 61.9% 10 India 76.7 1.0% 67.3%


Source : Eurostat (bop_fdi6_flow; bop_fdi6_pos).

35

EU TRADE


EU-28 exports of goods to extra EU-28 by sector (billion EUR)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1 309.1 1 094.4 1 354.1 1 554.5 1 685.0 1 736.5 1 704.1 1 790.5 1 745.5 1 879.1 1 956.5

SITC 0 Food and live animals 48.3 44.2 54.3 63.4 70.1 75.4 78.8 82.0 84.0 87.5 86.9

SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco 19.5 18.1 21.4 25.1 28.9 29.0 28.8 31.3 32.0 34.0 34.8

SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 29.0 25.4 34.6 41.2 42.9 40.7 39.1 38.5 37.2 44.1 45.8

SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 84.7 58.7 79.0 100.2 125.8 121.9 109.4 85.6 74.9 99.3 114.7

SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.9 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.7 5.3 5.4 5.2

SITC 5 Chemicals and related products 197.6 195.6 232.7 254.9 275.5 273.3 278.1 314.7 312.1 332.9 355.8

SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 177.7 138.7 170.1 195.2 203.5 201.0 199.1 199.1 190.5 203.7 210.7

SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment 570.9 459.7 571.0 648.8 706.7 709.1 710.1 753.5 745.2 793.8 808.8

SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 135.9 118.8 139.0 156.4 176.0 181.7 187.7 203.8 205.4 220.4 228.8

SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e. 42.4 32.9 48.9 65.6 51.1 99.5 68.7 77.3 59.1 58.0 65.0

AMA Agricultural Products 77.7 71.0 86.9 101.4 113.5 120.0 121.9 129.1 131.2 137.4 137.2

NAMA Non-Agricultural Products 1 231.4 1 023.3 1 267.2 1 453.1 1 571.5 1 616.4 1 582.2 1 661.4 1 614.3 1 741.7 1 819.3

n.c.e. = not classified elsewhere.

Source : Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4).

TOTAL

SITC Rev.3

AMA/NAMA

37EU TRADE

EU-28 imports of goods from extra EU-28 by sector (billion EUR)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1 585.4 1 236.5 1 531.5 1 730.0 1 798.9 1 687.7 1 689.6 1 726.5 1 708.3 1 858.0 1 980.0

SITC 0 Food and live animals 74.6 67.4 73.9 84.4 85.5 86.0 90.8 99.9 100.9 103.5 104.1

SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco 6.3 6.4 6.9 7.1 7.5 7.6 7.7 8.5 8.2 8.5 8.7

SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 67.4 41.7 64.1 76.8 71.5 67.5 64.4 62.8 59.0 67.5 72.3

SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 460.2 299.9 385.0 494.8 547.3 499.8 444.6 328.6 264.3 334.3 412.7

SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 8.0 5.6 6.7 8.6 9.2 8.7 8.4 9.0 9.1 10.8 9.6

SITC 5 Chemicals and related products 124.3 112.5 137.3 155.3 163.4 157.9 165.4 185.6 184.1 196.3 203.6

SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 178.3 115.5 157.8 185.0 168.3 164.7 172.7 183.9 181.2 200.0 214.2

SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment 425.9 353.6 444.1 443.5 451.7 437.9 456.9 533.6 550.5 596.0 619.9

SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 196.9 181.0 206.3 218.2 221.6 217.2 235.5 268.1 269.0 277.1 280.2

SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e. 43.6 52.8 49.5 56.3 72.9 40.4 43.3 46.4 81.9 64.0 54.8

AMA Agricultural Products 88.1 76.7 84.2 98.4 101.9 101.9 104.2 113.6 112.5 117.4 116.4

NAMA Non-Agricultural Products 1 497.3 1 159.7 1 447.3 1 631.5 1 696.9 1 585.8 1 585.4 1 612.9 1 595.7 1 740.6 1 863.7

n.c.e. = not classified elsewhere.


SITC Rev.3

TOTAL

AMA/NAMA


EU-28 exports of goods to extra EU-28 by sector, 2018 shares (%)

SITC 0 Food and live animals4.4%

SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco1.8% SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible,

except fuels2.3%

SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials

5.9%

SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes

0.3%SITC 5 Chemicals and related products

18.2%

SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material

10.8%

SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment

41.3%

SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufactured

articles11.7%

SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e.

3.3%

Source: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4).

39EU TRADE

EU-28 imports of goods from extra EU-28 by sector, 2018 shares (%)

SITC 0 Food and live animals5.3%

SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco0.4%

SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels

3.7%

SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials

20.8%

SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes

0.5%

SITC 5 Chemicals and related products

10.3%

SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material

10.8%

SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment

31.3%

SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles14.2%

SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e.

2.8%



EU-28 trade in goods with extra EU-28 by sector (billion EUR, %)

Trade balanceValue 2018

Share in total 2018

Variation 2017-2018

CAGR2008-2018

Value 2018

Share in total 2018

Variation 2017-2018

CAGR2008-2018 2018

1 956.5 100% 4.1% 4.1% 1 980.0 100% 6.6% 2.2% − 23.6

SITC 0 Food and live animals 86.9 4.4% − 0.7% 6.0% 104.1 5.3% 0.5% 3.4% − 17.1

SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco 34.8 1.8% 2.5% 6.0% 8.7 0.4% 2.4% 3.2% 26.1

SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 45.8 2.3% 4.0% 4.7% 72.3 3.7% 7.2% 0.7% − 26.4

SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 114.7 5.9% 15.4% 3.1% 412.7 20.8% 23.5% -1.1% − 298.1

SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 5.2 0.3% − 4.2% 5.4% 9.6 0.5% − 10.7% 1.9% − 4.5

SITC 5 Chemicals and related products 355.8 18.2% 6.9% 6.1% 203.6 10.3% 3.7% 5.1% 152.2

SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 210.7 10.8% 3.4% 1.7% 214.2 10.8% 7.1% 1.9% − 3.5

SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment 808.8 41.3% 1.9% 3.5% 619.9 31.3% 4.0% 3.8% 188.9

SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 228.8 11.7% 3.8% 5.3% 280.2 14.2% 1.1% 3.6% − 51.4

SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e. 65.0 3.3% 12.0% 4.4% 54.8 2.8% − 14.5% 2.3% 10.2

AMA Agricultural Products 137.2 7.0% − 0.1% 5.9% 116.4 5.9% − 0.9% 2.8% 20.8

NAMA Non-Agricultural Products 1 819.3 93.0% 4.5% 4.0% 1 863.7 94.1% 7.1% 2.2% − 44.4n.c.e. = 'not classified elsewhere'.


Imports

AMA/NAMA

TOTAL

ExportsSITC Rev.3

41EU TRADE

EU-28 trade balance in goods by partner (billion EUR)

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Exra EU-28 -276.3 -142.1 -177.5 -175.5 -113.9 48.8 14.4 63.9 37.2 21.1 -23.6

Australia 12.9 12.0 14.5 16.2 19.4 21.9 20.4 21.9 19.3 21.7 24.4

Brazil -9.7 -4.5 -2.3 -4.2 1.7 6.6 5.8 3.6 1.3 1.0 1.8

Canada 0.4 2.6 2.0 -0.8 1.1 4.5 4.2 7.1 6.2 6.2 10.4

China -170.8 -132.9 -170.5 -158.6 -147.9 -132.0 -137.8 -180.7 -182.6 -177.7 -184.8

Hong Kong 9.5 6.4 13.0 19.8 23.2 25.5 23.9 21.1 21.6 25.8 26.8

India 1.7 2.0 1.5 0.7 1.1 -0.9 -1.5 -1.4 -1.5 -2.3 -0.1

Japan -34.1 -22.5 -23.3 -21.5 -9.3 -2.6 -3.2 -3.3 -8.0 -8.4 -5.6

Malaysia -6.0 -5.0 -7.7 -7.7 -4.2 -4.1 -5.7 -9.4 -8.7 -10.6 -11.5

Mexico 8.0 5.8 7.6 6.9 8.4 9.9 10.5 14.1 13.1 14.0 13.3

Russia -75.5 -53.9 -75.8 -92.7 -91.7 -87.5 -79.1 -62.6 -46.4 -58.9 -83.0

Saudi Arabia -0.9 7.3 6.9 -2.0 -4.5 3.5 6.4 18.8 15.0 11.2 -0.1

Singapore 6.1 5.8 5.8 8.0 8.9 11.5 11.5 10.9 12.7 13.1 16.0

South Korea -14.2 -10.9 -11.6 -3.8 -0.2 4.1 4.4 5.4 2.5 -1.6 -1.5

Switzerland 18.0 7.9 25.0 48.6 27.7 74.6 43.7 48.2 20.8 39.5 47.4

Thailand -8.5 -6.7 -6.9 -5.4 -2.2 -2.0 -6.1 -6.2 -7.1 -7.3 -7.7

Turkey 8.2 8.0 18.9 24.5 26.7 27.0 20.3 17.3 11.3 15.0 1.2


USA 65.1 48.1 68.5 70.0 84.1 89.9 102.1 122.0 114.9 118.9 138.9

Vietnam -5.2 -4.1 -4.9 -7.8 -13.3 -15.5 -16.0 -21.6 -23.4 -26.4 -27.1



EU-28 trade in goods with extra EU-28, 12-month moving sums and year-on-year growth (billion EUR, %)

Exports Imports Balance Export growth Import growth

Jan 16 - Dec 16 1 745.5 1 708.3 37.2 -2.5% -1.1%

…

Jan 17 - Dec 17 1 879.1 1 858.0 21.1 7.7% 8.8%

Feb 17 - Jan 18 1 888.0 1 871.2 16.8 6.9% 7.9%

Mar 17 - Feb 18 1 888.5 1 871.6 16.9 6.4% 7.3%

Apr 17 - Mar 18 1 883.3 1 864.6 18.7 4.6% 5.5%

May 17 - Apr 18 1 893.7 1 874.7 18.9 5.2% 5.8%

Jun 17 - May 18 1 889.5 1 872.9 16.7 3.7% 4.3%

Jul 17 - Jun 18 1 903.4 1 886.4 17.0 4.1% 4.7%

Aug 17-Jul 18 1 918.6 1 909.8 8.9 4.2% 5.4%

Sep 17-Aug 18 1 932.3 1 925.5 6.8 4.4% 5.9%

Oct 17 - Sep 18 1 936.6 1 933.9 2.6 4.1% 6.0%

Nov 17 - Oct 18 1 957.2 1 960.2 - 3.0 4.5% 6.4%

Dec 17 - Nov 18 1 962.0 1 973.5 - 11.5 4.1% 6.4%

Jan 18 - Dec 18 1 956.5 1 980.0 - 23.6 4.1% 6.6%

Feb 18 - Jan 19 1 959.5 1 986.9 - 27.4 3.8% 6.2%

Mar 18 - Feb 19 1 968.9 1 998.5 - 29.6 4.3% 6.8%

Apr 18 - Mar 19 1 971.2 2 008.5 - 37.3 4.7% 7.7%

May 18 - Apr 19 1 987.0 2 021.9 - 35.0 4.9% 7.9%

(*) Compared to the same period 12 months earlier, e.g. May 18 - Apr 19 compared to May 17- Apr 18.

Source : Eurostat (Comext).

Period EU-28 trade with extra EU-28 (billion EUR) Year-on-year growth (*)

43EU TRADE

EU trade in goods with extra-EU, year-on-year growth and 12-month moving sums (billion EUR, %)

Source : Eurostat (Comext).

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

1550

1600

1650

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

Growth (%)Trade (billion EUR)Exports Imports Export growth Import growth

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

1 500

1 600

1 700

1 800

1 900

2 000

2 100

Growth (%)Exports, Imports (billion EUR)Exports Imports Export growth Import growth


EU-28 exports of services to extra EU-28 by type (billion EUR)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

EBOPS

TOTAL 525.3 512.2 566.7 616.1 688.1 728.4 768.4 871.8 870.5 912.4 918.5

Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others

: : 18.7 19.3 20.5 21.0 20.0 20.4 20.5 19.4 20.4

Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. : : 4.6 5.5 7.2 8.5 9.0 11.8 12.7 14.3 16.1

Transport 135.9 109.9 124.1 134.2 144.4 141.0 142.0 155.1 152.9 165.6 164.2

Travel 74.0 69.3 81.5 86.3 96.7 105.2 110.6 127.9 124.8 137.0 141.4

Construction 17.6 19.7 9.4 10.4 11.1 12.9 13.3 13.9 12.5 13.2 11.6

Insurance and pension services 13.1 22.4 21.6 23.0 31.6 29.5 25.0 28.1 30.9 23.2 29.0

Financial services 50.5 43.3 59.7 69.3 74.7 81.4 81.3 90.1 86.4 86.7 82.5

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. 27.3 29.7 29.0 35.2 36.4 39.6 54.5 64.8 65.4 74.6 66.4

Telecommunications, computer, and information services

42.9 45.5 63.8 69.7 79.3 84.6 88.6 111.2 111.3 123.9 133.2

Other business services 150.4 159.5 140.8 149.1 167.6 186.0 207.8 229.2 235.2 237.2 234.1

Personal, cultural and recreational services 4.9 5.0 6.1 6.4 7.4 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.9

Government goods and services n.i.e. 7.6 7.5 7.1 7.3 8.5 8.5 7.0 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.8

Services not allocated 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 2.6 2.6 0.9 2.9 0.8

Commercial services 517.7 504.7 559.6 608.8 679.6 719.8 761.4 864.3 863.0 905.2 910.7

Until 2009: EU-27/BPM5. From 2010: EU-28/BPM6.

EBOPS: Extended Balance of Payments Services classification (2010).

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere.

Commercial services = services excluding government services n.i.e.

Source : Eurostat (bop_its_det; bop_its6_det).

45EU TRADE

EU-28 imports of services from extra EU-28 by type (billion EUR)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

EBOPS

TOTAL 454.0 429.1 462.0 480.5 520.1 542.8 600.7 733.2 732.3 720.7 728.4


: : 4.5 5.0 7.5 7.6 7.7 9.2 11.1 12.0 12.9

Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. : : 2.4 3.2 3.1 8.2 7.6 10.6 11.1 12.2 13.5

Transport 112.2 89.9 108.7 113.3 118.1 118.3 116.9 125.4 120.9 126.5 132.2

Travel 93.5 85.7 85.4 86.9 89.8 93.6 100.8 106.0 102.0 106.3 110.7

Construction 8.0 9.9 5.1 4.6 5.7 5.5 4.9 5.8 5.5 5.7 5.7

Insurance and pension services 8.6 10.8 11.8 10.8 11.2 11.6 12.1 13.2 12.9 13.8 13.5

Financial services 18.7 16.1 26.3 31.9 33.0 38.4 40.7 49.4 46.8 48.5 50.4

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. 41.8 42.6 40.0 41.9 44.1 45.8 88.3 111.7 114.3 112.1 107.5


25.3 27.0 40.0 39.2 43.4 48.1 38.8 74.9 46.0 49.8 51.3

Other business services 119.8 121.6 122.3 128.3 147.6 149.5 167.4 209.8 244.2 216.8 212.9

Personal, cultural and recreational services 6.0 5.1 8.2 8.5 9.1 9.5 9.4 11.4 10.8 10.5 11.0

Government goods and services n.i.e. 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.4 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.7 6.3 6.2 6.4

Services not allocated 12.9 13.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Commercial services 446.8 422.0 455.3 474.1 512.9 536.4 594.6 727.5 726.0 714.4 722.0

Until 2009: EU-27/BPM5. From 2010: EU-28/BPM6.

EBOPS: Extended Balance of Payments Services classification (2010).



Source : Eurostat (bop_its_det; bop_its6_det).


EU-28 exports of services to extra EU-28 by type, 2018 shares ( %)


Source : Eurostat (bop_its6_det).


2.2%

Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.1.8%

Transport17.9%

Travel15.4%

Construction1.3%

Insurance and pension services3.2%

Financial services9.0%

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.

7.2%

Telecommunications, computer, and information

services 14.5%

Other business services25.5%

Personal, cultural and recreational services

1.3%

Government goods and services n.i.e.0.9%

47EU TRADE

EU-28 imports of services from extra EU-28 by type, 2018 shares (%)




1.8%

Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.1.9%

Transport18.2%

Travel15.2%

Construction0.8%

Insurance and pension services1.9%

Financial services

6.9%

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.

14.8%


7.0%

Other business services29.2%

Personal, cultural and recreational services

1.5%

Government goods and services n.i.e.0.9%


EU-28 trade in services with extra EU-28 by type (billion EUR, %)

Trade balanceValue 2018

Share in total 2018

Variation 2017-2018

CAGR2008-2018

Value 2018

Share in total 2018

Variation 2017-2018

CAGR2008-2018 2018

TOTAL 918.5 100% 0.7% 5.7% 728.4 100% 1.1% 4.8% 190.1Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others

20.4 2.2% 5.0% 12.9 1.8% 7.5% 7.5

Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. 16.1 1.8% 12.6% 13.5 1.9% 10.7% 2.6

Transport 164.2 17.9% − 0.8% 1.9% 132.2 18.2% 4.6% 1.7% 31.9

Travel 141.4 15.4% 3.2% 6.7% 110.7 15.2% 4.1% 1.7% 30.7

Construction 11.6 1.3% − 11.7% − 4.1% 5.7 0.8% 0.5% − 3.3% 5.9

Insurance and pension services 29.0 3.2% 25.1% 8.3% 13.5 1.9% − 2.0% 4.6% 15.5

Financial services 82.5 9.0% − 4.8% 5.0% 50.4 6.9% 4.1% 10.4% 32.1

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. 66.4 7.2% − 11.0% 9.3% 107.5 14.8% − 4.1% 9.9% − 41.1Telecommunications, computer, and information services

133.2 14.5% 7.5% 12.0% 51.3 7.0% 3.0% 7.3% 81.9

Other business services 234.1 25.5% − 1.3% 4.5% 212.9 29.2% − 1.8% 5.9% 21.3

Personal, cultural and recreational services 11.9 1.3% 13.7% 9.2% 11.0 1.5% 4.8% 6.2% 0.9

Government goods and services n.i.e. 7.8 0.9% 7.5% 0.3% 6.4 0.9% 2.4% − 1.3% 1.4

Services not allocated

Commercial services 910.7 99.1% 0.6% 5.8% 722.0 99.1% 1.1% 4.9% 188.7EBOPS: Extended Balance of Payments Services classification.




Exports ImportsEBOPS

49EU TRADE

EU-28 trade balance in services by partner (billion EUR)

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Extra EU-28 71.3 83.0 104.7 135.6 168.0 185.5 167.7 138.6 138.2 191.8 190.1

Australia 6.0 7.0 7.0 8.5 10.5 12.1 10.9 11.0 11.7 14.0 :

Brazil 3.8 3.5 8.5 10.0 9.0 8.8 8.0 7.6 6.7 8.0 7.7

Canada 2.5 4.2 4.4 5.2 5.9 6.3 5.5 6.7 8.2 8.5 7.8

China 5.1 4.9 2.2 4.0 5.6 6.5 7.1 14.5 10.6 16.0 21.2

Hong Kong 1.1 0.8 -0.4 -0.5 -0.1 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.1 0.2 0.5

India 0.8 1.8 -1.0 -2.4 -1.0 -0.6 -0.2 0.1 -1.3 -0.5 -2.6

Japan 3.4 5.3 4.9 4.7 9.4 10.1 10.6 12.9 13.1 16.3 14.9

Malaysia 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.6 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.4 :

Mexico 1.3 1.7 2.6 3.5 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.8 5.3 5.0 :

Russia 7.6 7.3 9.9 12.9 15.4 17.2 18.2 13.7 13.7 16.5 14.1

Saudi Arabia 4.2 5.9 4.4 4.2 5.2 6.5 9.4 10.2 11.0 10.8 :

Singapore 3.4 3.7 2.1 2.2 1.7 4.4 5.8 2.4 1.4 6.5 :

South Korea 3.1 2.8 2.6 3.2 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.3 5.4 5.6 :

Switzerland 17.1 19.4 30.6 34.8 45.9 47.3 44.5 42.1 23.5 47.3 57.9

Thailand -2.5 -2.3 -2.5 -2.2 -2.6 -2.5 -2.0 -2.0 -3.2 -3.1 :

Turkey -5.9 -4.8 -6.2 -5.9 -5.1 -4.9 -5.2 -3.7 -1.4 -1.6 :

United Arab Emirates 2.5 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.6 2.4 2.6 3.5 2.7 3.0 :

USA 0.0 -2.1 -3.2 7.1 14.9 19.8 8.0 12.6 -2.8 12.4 23.1

Vietnam -0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.2 0.5 :

Until 2009: EU-27/BPM5. From 2010: EU-28/BPM6

(:) not availableSource: Eurostat (bop_its_tot, bop_its6_tot).


Services trade by modes of supply (MOS)

Trade in services statistics by modes of supply (MOS) aim to answer thequestion of how and where services are supplied to foreign customers. Servicesbroken down by MOS take into account both international trade in servicesstatistics (ITSS) and foreign affiliates statistics (FATS).

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines trade in services asthe supply of a service through any of four modes of supply:

- Mode 1: Cross-border supply: from the territory of one country into theterritory of another country;

- Mode 2: Consumption abroad: in the territory of one country to the serviceconsumer of another country;

- Mode 3: Commercial presence: by a service supplier of one country, through acommercial presence in the territory of another country (the FATS framework isdesigned to provide information on the activities of enterprises located inforeign markets);

- Mode 4: Presence of natural persons: by a service supplier of one country,through the presence of natural persons of that country in the territory of anyother country.

51EU TRADE

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Services_trade_statistics_by_modes_of_supply

EU-28 exports of services (2015)

Manufacturing services

EU-28 ouward supply of services (2015)Mode 1Mode 2Mode 3Mode 4

When considering total services traded, comprising both international trade in services exports and outward FATS, theEurostat pilot model shows that for the reference year 2015 about 60% of EU-28 total services are supplied by theaffiliates in the foreign country i.e. using mode 3. The same is true for imports. Commercial presence is the mostimportant mode for delivering e.g. the following services: finance, insurance, telecommunications and other businessservices (including R&D, accounting, legal and engineering services).

Other main findings of the study are available on:

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Mode 1: Cross-bordersupply

Mode 2: Consumptionabroad

Mode 3: Commercialpresence

Mode 4: Presence ofnatural persons

Mode 1; 27.4%

Mode 2; 5.7%

Mode 3; 62.7%

Mode 4; 4.1%


EU-28 trade balance in goods and services by partner (billion EUR)

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Extra EU-28 -205.0 -59.1 -72.8 -39.9 54.1 234.3 182.1 202.6 175.4 212.9 166.6

Australia 18.9 19.0 21.5 24.7 29.9 34.0 31.3 33.0 31.0 35.7 :

Brazil -5.9 -1.0 6.2 5.8 10.7 15.4 13.8 11.3 7.9 9.1 9.5

Canada 2.8 6.8 6.4 4.4 7.0 10.8 9.7 13.9 14.4 14.6 18.2

China -165.7 -128.0 -168.2 -154.6 -142.3 -125.5 -130.7 -166.2 -172.0 -161.7 -163.6

Hong Kong 10.6 7.2 12.6 19.3 23.1 25.1 24.4 20.6 21.5 26.0 27.2

India 2.5 3.8 0.6 -1.7 0.1 -1.5 -1.7 -1.3 -2.9 -2.8 -2.7

Japan -30.7 -17.2 -18.5 -16.8 0.1 7.5 7.4 9.6 5.2 8.0 9.3

Malaysia -5.4 -4.2 -7.1 -7.2 -3.4 -2.5 -4.3 -7.9 -8.0 -10.2 :

Mexico 9.2 7.6 10.2 10.5 12.5 14.0 14.7 18.9 18.4 19.0 :

Russia -67.9 -46.6 -65.9 -79.9 -76.3 -70.3 -60.9 -49.0 -32.7 -42.4 -69.0

Saudi Arabia 3.3 13.2 11.3 2.2 0.7 10.0 15.8 29.0 26.0 22.0 :

Singapore 9.5 9.5 7.9 10.2 10.6 15.9 17.3 13.3 14.2 19.6 :

South Korea -11.2 -8.1 -8.9 -0.6 3.8 9.1 9.9 11.7 7.8 4.0 :

Switzerland 35.1 27.3 55.6 83.4 73.6 121.9 88.2 90.3 44.3 86.8 105.3

Thailand -11.0 -9.0 -9.4 -7.6 -4.8 -4.6 -8.1 -8.2 -10.2 -10.4 :

Turkey 2.3 3.2 12.6 18.6 21.6 22.1 15.1 13.6 9.9 13.5 :

United Arab Emirates 29.6 23.3 24.3 26.1 30.4 37.8 37.2 42.6 39.8 35.6 :

USA 65.1 46.0 65.3 77.1 99.1 109.7 110.1 134.6 112.1 131.3 162.0

Vietnam -5.4 -3.9 -4.8 -7.9 -13.5 -15.4 -16.1 -21.8 -23.2 -26.0 :

Until 2009: EU-27/BPM5. From 2010: EU-28/BPM6

(:) not available.Sources: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), Eurostat (bop_its_tot, bop_its6_tot).

53EU TRADE

EU-28 trade in goods by partner, 2018 (billion EUR, %)

Exports ImportsRank Partner Value Share Rank Value Share Rank Value Share

Extra EU-28 3 936.5 100% 1 956.5 100% 1 980.0 100.0%

1 USA 675.0 17.1% 1 407.0 20.8% 2 268.1 13.5%

2 China 604.4 15.4% 2 209.8 10.7% 1 394.6 19.9%

3 Switzerland 265.5 6.7% 3 156.5 8.0% 4 109.0 5.5%

4 Russia 253.4 6.4% 4 85.2 4.4% 3 168.2 8.5%

5 Turkey 153.3 3.9% 5 77.3 3.9% 6 76.1 3.8%

6 Norway 137.7 3.5% 7 53.9 2.8% 5 83.8 4.2%

7 Japan 134.7 3.4% 6 64.6 3.3% 7 70.2 3.5%

8 South Korea 100.7 2.6% 8 49.6 2.5% 8 51.1 2.6%

9 India 91.5 2.3% 9 45.7 2.3% 9 45.8 2.3%

10 Canada 72.4 1.8% 10 41.4 2.1% 12 31.0 1.6%

11 Mexico 65.4 1.7% 11 39.4 2.0% 15 26.0 1.3%

12 Brazil 65.3 1.7% 16 33.6 1.7% 11 31.8 1.6%

13 Saudi Arabia 60.9 1.5% 17 30.4 1.6% 13 30.5 1.5%

14 Singapore 58.1 1.5% 13 37.1 1.9% 20 21.0 1.1%

15 Taiwan 52.1 1.3% 21 21.6 1.1% 14 30.4 1.5%

16 Vietnam 49.3 1.3% 32 11.1 0.6% 10 38.2 1.9%

17 United Arab Emirates 48.8 1.2% 12 37.8 1.9% 34 11.0 0.6%

18 South Africa 48.2 1.2% 18 24.2 1.2% 17 24.1 1.2%

19 Australia 47.6 1.2% 15 36.0 1.8% 31 11.6 0.6%

20 Hong Kong 46.5 1.2% 14 36.6 1.9% 36 9.9 0.5%

Other partners 905.7 23.0% 457.9 23.4% 447.8 22.6%


Total trade


EU-28 trade in services by partner, 2017 (billion EUR, %)


Extra EU-28 1 633.1 100% 912.4 100% 720.7 100.0%

1 USA 459.9 28.2% 1 236.2 25.9% 1 223.7 31.0%

2 Switzerland 190.7 11.7% 2 119.0 13.0% 2 71.7 9.9%

3 China 77.3 4.7% 3 46.7 5.1% 3 30.6 4.2%

4 Japan 53.0 3.2% 4 34.7 3.8% 6 18.3 2.5%

5 Singapore 51.1 3.1% 6 28.8 3.2% 5 22.3 3.1%

6 Norway 44.3 2.7% 7 28.7 3.1% 9 15.6 2.2%

7 Russia 41.8 2.6% 5 29.1 3.2% 14 12.6 1.7%

8 Canada 34.9 2.1% 9 21.7 2.4% 11 13.2 1.8%

9 India 33.7 2.1% 10 16.6 1.8% 7 17.1 2.4%

10 Bermuda 33.3 2.0% 23 5.3 0.6% 4 28.1 3.9%

11 Australia 33.0 2.0% 8 23.5 2.6% 15 9.5 1.3%


13 Turkey 26.7 1.6% 16 12.6 1.4% 10 14.1 2.0%

14 Hong Kong 26.6 1.6% 15 13.4 1.5% 12 13.2 1.8%

15 Brazil 24.3 1.5% 11 16.1 1.8% 16 8.1 1.1%

16 South Korea 21.5 1.3% 14 13.5 1.5% 18 7.9 1.1%

17 Cayman Isles 21.1 1.3% 24 5.1 0.6% 8 16.0 2.2%

18 Saudi Arabia 17.7 1.1% 13 14.3 1.6% 28 3.5 0.5%

19 Mexico 16.9 1.0% 17 10.9 1.2% 22 5.9 0.8%

20 South Africa 14.5 0.9% 18 9.1 1.0% 23 5.4 0.7%

Other partners 381.9 23.4% 211.2 23.1% 170.7 23.7%

Source : Eurostat (bop_its6_tot).

Total trade

55EU TRADE

EU-28 trade in goods and services by partner, 2017/2018 (billion EUR, %)


Extra EU-28 5 569.6 100% 2 868.9 100% 2 700.7 100.0%

1 USA 1 134.9 20.4% 1 643.1 22.4% 1 491.8 18.2%

2 China 681.7 12.2% 3 256.5 8.9% 2 425.2 15.7%

3 Switzerland 456.1 8.2% 2 275.4 9.6% 4 180.7 6.7%

4 Russia 295.2 5.3% 4 114.3 4.0% 3 180.8 6.7%

5 Japan 187.7 3.4% 5 99.2 3.5% 7 88.5 3.3%

6 Norway 182.0 3.3% 7 82.6 2.9% 5 99.4 3.7%

7 Turkey 180.0 3.2% 6 89.8 3.1% 6 90.2 3.3%

8 India 125.1 2.2% 11 62.3 2.2% 8 62.9 2.3%

9 South Korea 122.1 2.2% 9 63.1 2.2% 9 59.0 2.2%

10 Singapore 109.2 2.0% 8 65.9 2.3% 11 43.4 1.6%

11 Canada 107.3 1.9% 10 63.1 2.2% 10 44.2 1.6%

12 Brazil 89.6 1.6% 16 49.7 1.7% 13 39.9 1.5%

13 Mexico 82.2 1.5% 14 50.3 1.8% 16 32.0 1.2%

14 Australia 80.6 1.4% 12 59.5 2.1% 27 21.1 0.8%

15 Saudi Arabia 78.6 1.4% 17 44.7 1.6% 14 34.0 1.3%


17 Hong Kong 73.1 1.3% 15 50.0 1.7% 23 23.1 0.9%

18 South Africa 62.7 1.1% 18 33.3 1.2% 19 29.5 1.1%

19 Taiwan 62.3 1.1% 20 28.5 1.0% 15 33.8 1.3%

20 Vietnam 53.4 1.0% 35 13.4 0.5% 12 40.0 1.5%

Other partners 1 327.7 23.8% 670.4 23.4% 657.3 24.3%

Data 2018 for goods, 2017 for services.

Sources: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), Eurostat (bop_its6_tot).

Total trade


EU-28 trade in goods by FTA partner, 2018 (billion EUR, %)

ValueShare in Extra

EUGrowth

2017-2018Value

Share in Extra EU

Growth2017-2018

Value Share in Extra

EUGrowth

2017-2018Total Extra EU trade 1 956.5 100.0% 4.1% 1 980.0 100.0% 6.6% 3 936.5 100.0% 5.3%

FTA implemented 714.6 36.5% 2.3% 635.3 32.1% 4.3% 1,349.8 34.3% 3.3%New generation of FTAs 173.6 8.9% 4.6% 172.7 8.7% -0.2% 346.3 8.8% 2.2%

Canada 41.4 2.1% 9.7% 31.0 1.6% -1.6% 72.4 1.8% 4.6%Central America 6.0 0.3% 10.4% 6.2 0.3% 1.2% 12.2 0.3% 5.6%Japan (*) 64.6 3.3% 6.7% 70.2 3.5% 1.9% 134.7 3.4% 4.1%Peru-Colombia-Ecuador 12.1 0.6% -1.3% 14.3 0.7% -3.4% 26.4 0.7% -2.4%South Korea 49.6 2.5% -1.1% 51.1 2.6% -1.2% 100.7 2.6% -1.2%

First generation of FTAs 473.6 24.2% 1.4% 396.2 20.0% 6.1% 869.8 22.1% 3.5%Chile 10.0 0.5% 13.5% 8.5 0.4% 3.4% 18.4 0.5% 8.6%Euromed 104.8 5.4% -0.4% 70.2 3.5% 5.0% 175.0 4.4% 1.7%Mexico 39.4 2.0% 3.8% 26.0 1.3% 8.9% 65.4 1.7% 5.8%Norway 53.9 2.8% 6.4% 83.8 4.2% 13.7% 137.7 3.5% 10.7%Switzerland 156.5 8.0% 4.1% 109.0 5.5% -1.6% 265.5 6.7% 1.7%Turkey 77.3 3.9% -8.9% 76.1 3.8% 9.0% 153.3 3.9% -0.8%Western Balkans 31.8 1.6% 8.8% 22.6 1.1% 11.6% 54.4 1.4% 10.0%

DCFTAs 26.9 1.4% 9.2% 20.5 1.0% 8.4% 47.5 1.2% 8.9%EPAs 40.4 2.1% -0.5% 45.8 2.3% 5.4% 86.2 2.2% 2.6%

FTA concluded 122.6 6.3% 7.5% 129.6 6.5% 8.2% 252.1 6.4% 7.9%EPAs (concluded) 29.4 1.5% 13.7% 27.8 1.4% 34.9% 57.2 1.5% 23.1%Mercosur (*) 45.0 2.3% 1.6% 42.6 2.2% 1.3% 87.6 2.2% 1.4%Singapore 37.1 1.9% 11.7% 21.0 1.1% 4.6% 58.1 1.5% 9.0%Vietnam 11.1 0.6% 4.7% 38.2 1.9% 3.1% 49.3 1.3% 3.5%

FTA future 238.0 12.2% -0.9% 198.6 10.0% 7.6% 436.5 11.1% 2.8%Angola 3.3 0.2% -15.1% 3.7 0.2% 58.3% 7.0 0.2% 12.6%Australia-New Zealand 41.7 2.1% 4.2% 15.1 0.8% -8.2% 56.7 1.4% 0.6%EPAs (future) 9.4 0.5% 5.7% 6.9 0.3% 4.2% 16.3 0.4% 5.0%Gulf Cooperation Council 91.3 4.7% -8.3% 54.1 2.7% 24.0% 145.4 3.7% 1.6%India 45.7 2.3% 9.5% 45.8 2.3% 4.1% 91.5 2.3% 6.7%Indonesia 9.7 0.5% -4.5% 16.5 0.8% -1.0% 26.2 0.7% -2.3%Malaysia 14.2 0.7% -1.5% 25.7 1.3% 2.9% 39.8 1.0% 1.3%Philippines 7.7 0.4% 16.6% 7.9 0.4% 3.7% 15.6 0.4% 9.7%Thailand 15.1 0.8% 0.9% 22.9 1.2% 2.4% 38.0 1.0% 1.8%

(*) Since 2019Source: Eurostat (Comext, statistical regime 4)

PartnersExports Imports Total trade

57EU TRADE

EU-28 FTA regions- Central America (Association Agreement) includes Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.

- EuroMed includes Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian Territories and Tunisia.

- Western Balkans includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo.

- DCFTAs includes Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.

- EPAs (implemented) includes :•West Africa: Ghana and Ivory Coast;•Cariforum: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Christopher and Nevis,

Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago;•Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA): Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Zimbabwe;•Pacific: Fiji and Papua New Guinea;•Southern African Development Community (SADC): Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland;•Central Africa: Cameroon.

- EPAs (concluded) includes :•Cariforum: Haiti;•Eastern African Community (EAC): Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda;•Eastern and Southern Africa: Comoros;•West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Mauritania;

- Mercosur includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

- EPAs (future) includes :•Central Africa: Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon, Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo;•Eastern and Southern Africa: Djibouti, Erithea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Sudan, Zambia;•Pacific: Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Naura, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.

The FTA classification was carried out according to the documents "Report on Implementation of EU Free Trade Agreements", "Overview of Economic Partnership Agreements", "Overview of FTA and Other Trade Negotiations" and "Trade agreements in force and under negociation".


Partner 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Albania 87.7 87.5 86.1 86.3 84.4 73.2 76.5 79.9 78.2 80.2Bosnia-Herzegovina 93.8 93.4 93.8 94.3 94.1 : 91.3 88.3 87.5 86.0Canada : : : 28.7 49.6 : : : : 36.7Chile 93.8 95.2 95.2 95.4 94.5 78.3 76.5 87.5 87.6 85.2Colombia 95.6 97.3 96.7 96.7 97.8 55.7 62.8 70.6 69.6 72.5Costa Rica 96.0 95.9 96.7 96.2 96.1 : : 47.8 49.0 58.7Dominican Republic 80.8 91.9 93.1 88.8 85.5 56.6 46.0 49.0 61.5 57.5Ecuador 93.6 89.0 88.2 96.8 98.7 : : : 57.0 68.3Egypt 96.1 95.3 96.0 96.8 96.4 61.0 35.9 65.7 63.8 66.6El Salvador 90.8 81.5 74.1 89.8 90.9 12.2 20.5 25.8 27.0 33.2Georgia 77.9 83.5 80.1 77.8 76.1 : 71.8 80.6 83.3 83.4Guatemala 94.5 94.6 94.9 94.2 96.7 15.8 21.1 31.9 31.2 32.6Honduras 93.2 91.5 92.4 91.9 91.3 30.6 39.8 55.9 55.0 55.2Israel 89.3 88.8 90.0 90.7 90.5 : : 89.2 85.9 :Jordan 79.3 79.5 68.5 75.0 76.1 : : 77.9 72.0 76.4Kosovo 84.2 85.3 89.0 92.1 92.1 : : 43.9 59.6 65.7Lebanon 86.9 76.5 71.0 70.3 73.9 74.2 74.3 73.6 58.3 :Mauritius 94.3 97.0 96.7 95.0 95.6 : : : : 28.1Mexico 60.8 52.3 58.3 72.2 74.1 77.4 76.3 85.1 75.2 :Montenegro 85.0 80.8 82.7 90.0 72.9 85.7 85.6 85.4 86.0 :Morocco 97.2 97.2 96.7 97.3 97.6 : : 76.1 76.8 77.4North Macedonia 97.4 97.4 94.7 93.6 92.0 90.7 : 89.6 88.9 :Peru 96.8 97.7 97.1 96.9 96.5 42.5 27.9 47.3 51.8 56.2Serbia 93.8 93.0 89.9 91.5 91.1 89.5 89.3 91.1 91.5 90.2South Africa 91.8 85.3 80.5 79.2 85.8 66.2 60.3 63.2 59.9 63.6South Korea 84.0 85.1 86.5 87.9 88.5 64.9 68.4 71.0 74.3 81.1Switzerland 90.9 85.7 83.4 84.9 85.5 80.3 79.0 78.8 78.3 77.2Turkey 92.5 92.6 92.5 92.0 92.1 : : 95.3 94.3 90.2

(:) not available or not applicable

Preference utilisation rates (%)

Preference utilisation rates on imports into EU-28 from partners Preference utilisation rates on imports into partners from EU-28

Sources: Eurostat (EU-28 imports) , DG Trade calculations based on data from national customs administrations (partners imports)

59

TRADE BY MEMBER STATE


EU-28 trade in goods with extra EU-28 by Member State (billion EUR)

Exports by Member State of dispatch Imports by Member State of arrival

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018EU-28 1 704.1 1 790.5 1 745.5 1 879.1 1 956.5 1 689.6 1 726.5 1 708.3 1 858.0 1 980.0

Austria 40.4 41.2 40.3 42.9 44.7 31.8 32.7 31.3 35.3 36.7Belgium 104.7 101.3 100.7 106.3 107.3 119.6 126.0 124.2 128.7 135.6Bulgaria 8.3 8.0 8.1 10.1 8.8 10.0 9.4 8.8 10.9 11.7Croatia 3.8 4.0 4.3 5.1 4.8 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.9 5.3Cyprus 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.8 3.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 3.2 3.9Czech Republic 23.4 23.8 24.0 26.0 26.8 26.3 29.0 27.4 31.7 36.7Denmark 30.4 33.3 33.0 34.7 36.0 22.9 23.6 22.2 24.9 26.0Estonia 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.6 4.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.8 3.8Finland 23.9 22.2 21.6 24.4 26.4 18.4 14.7 14.8 17.7 19.9France 174.5 187.8 183.8 195.2 201.9 161.5 159.0 154.3 166.6 175.9Germany 476.4 503.0 499.7 532.0 542.1 313.8 326.0 321.4 347.4 366.0Greece 14.0 11.9 11.1 13.4 15.8 25.0 20.5 20.0 24.2 26.8Hungary 16.7 16.6 17.1 18.9 19.3 19.6 19.4 18.9 22.8 25.9Ireland 41.1 52.3 58.9 59.6 69.5 20.4 23.5 25.3 28.4 32.6Italy 180.0 186.3 183.9 198.8 202.3 153.0 153.1 144.3 159.9 173.7Latvia 3.5 3.4 3.3 4.2 4.4 2.6 2.7 2.5 3.2 4.1Lithuania 11.0 8.9 8.9 11.0 11.7 8.9 8.2 7.2 8.4 9.8Luxembourg 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 4.0 5.8 4.5 3.4 2.5Malta 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.8 2.5 1.9 1.5Netherlands 122.1 124.7 123.4 142.7 156.8 240.3 250.1 240.5 274.6 296.2Poland 37.4 37.1 37.4 41.5 43.4 51.1 51.9 49.7 58.5 69.2Portugal 14.0 13.6 12.4 14.3 13.9 14.9 14.2 13.6 16.4 18.2Romania 15.2 14.4 14.3 15.1 15.5 14.4 14.4 15.4 18.3 21.0Slovakia 10.2 9.9 10.2 10.7 11.4 14.8 14.1 13.5 14.9 16.0Slovenia 6.7 6.9 7.3 8.3 8.9 7.9 8.1 8.0 9.8 11.7Spain 88.5 89.0 87.0 95.5 98.8 115.3 110.4 107.2 125.6 136.5Sweden 51.5 52.4 51.5 55.4 56.9 38.1 37.5 36.9 39.5 43.4United Kingdom 198.2 230.5 194.5 204.5 217.5 244.3 261.7 284.3 274.2 269.2


Member State

61TRADE BY MEMBER STATE

EU-28 trade in services with extra EU-28 by Member State (billion EUR)

Exports Imports

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018EU-28 768.4 871.8 870.5 912.4 918.5 600.7 733.2 732.3 720.7 728.4

Austria 13.0 13.2 13.2 13.7 14.5 9.0 9.2 9.3 10.2 10.9Belgium 29.9 32.7 32.2 32.7 32.0 21.9 24.8 23.3 23.0 26.4Bulgaria 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.0 1.4 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.9Croatia 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.9 3.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.2Cyprus 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.8 4.4 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.9Czech Republic 5.6 6.7 7.3 8.1 8.6 4.8 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.9Denmark 30.6 31.0 27.8 31.6 31.4 22.6 23.9 23.8 23.5 25.3Estonia 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0Finland : 11.9 12.4 13.4 13.2 : 8.6 8.5 8.3 9.1France 93.0 109.0 109.3 112.9 110.8 74.2 81.6 83.3 79.7 79.1Germany 111.8 126.4 128.7 135.7 140.5 105.0 114.5 117.3 123.9 128.8Greece 13.3 16.1 14.4 17.2 19.5 5.1 8.3 7.0 8.3 9.8Hungary 5.2 5.8 6.6 7.1 7.3 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.2Ireland 46.8 59.2 68.8 85.6 94.7 63.2 107.4 144.2 115.9 118.8Italy 39.9 40.0 41.0 43.2 44.0 33.4 33.5 34.6 36.6 37.4Latvia 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0Lithuania 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.4 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1Luxembourg 22.0 25.9 24.8 24.7 24.8 23.9 25.8 23.5 23.9 24.9Malta 5.8 6.7 3.5 3.6 4.4 5.6 6.0 2.6 2.7 3.2Netherlands 65.6 79.2 65.3 71.6 53.7 75.5 113.9 84.1 88.7 70.7Poland 11.3 12.4 13.6 16.1 18.0 6.1 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.7Portugal 7.5 7.8 7.5 8.7 8.9 4.1 4.3 4.3 5.0 5.0Romania 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.9 4.2 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4Slovakia 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4Slovenia 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1Spain 37.3 : : : 46.9 18.0 : : : 23.0Sweden 28.1 31.4 32.1 30.6 29.8 17.9 19.6 19.2 19.3 20.1United Kingdom 169.4 194.8 195.4 184.8 188.4 84.6 101.1 95.3 95.9 100.6

(:) not available (confidential data).Source : Eurostat (bop_its6_tot).

Member State


Intra-EU trade in goods by Member State, 2018 (%)

Member State Share of intra-EU exportsin total exports

Share of intra-EU importsin total imports

Share of intra-EU trade in total trade

Share of MSin total intra-EU exports

Share of MSin total intra-EU imports

Share of MS in total intra-EU trade

EU-28 64.3 63.5 63.9 100.0 100.0 100.0Austria 71.4 77.5 74.5 3.2 3.7 3.4Belgium 72.8 64.4 68.7 8.2 7.1 7.7Bulgaria 68.6 63.6 65.9 0.5 0.6 0.6Croatia 67.7 77.6 73.8 0.3 0.5 0.4Cyprus 28.6 57.4 48.3 0.0 0.2 0.1Czech Republic 84.4 76.5 80.6 4.1 3.5 3.8Denmark 61.0 70.0 65.4 1.6 1.8 1.7Estonia 68.0 76.6 72.5 0.3 0.4 0.3Finland 59.0 70.1 64.6 1.1 1.4 1.2France 59.0 69.1 64.4 8.3 11.4 9.8Germany 59.0 66.4 62.3 22.1 21.0 21.5Greece 52.8 51.4 52.0 0.5 0.8 0.7Hungary 81.8 74.8 78.4 2.5 2.2 2.4Ireland 50.2 64.1 55.7 2.0 1.7 1.8Italy 56.3 59.0 57.6 7.4 7.3 7.3Latvia 66.9 74.8 71.3 0.3 0.4 0.3Lithuania 58.6 68.2 63.6 0.5 0.6 0.5Luxembourg 84.1 87.7 86.2 0.3 0.5 0.4Malta 57.7 72.2 67.5 0.0 0.1 0.1Netherlands 74.4 45.8 60.9 13.0 7.2 10.1Poland 80.3 69.3 74.8 5.0 4.5 4.8Portugal 76.1 75.7 75.9 1.3 1.6 1.4Romania 77.1 74.7 75.7 1.5 1.8 1.6Slovakia 85.7 80.0 82.8 1.9 1.8 1.9Slovenia 76.2 67.2 71.8 0.8 0.7 0.8Spain 66.2 58.4 62.1 5.5 5.6 5.5Sweden 59.5 69.8 64.7 2.4 2.9 2.6United Kingdom 47.1 52.8 50.4 5.5 8.7 7.1


63TRADE BY MEMBER STATE

EU enterprises exporting to extra EU-28 by Member State, 2016 (number, export value, share in total)

Nb enterprises ('000) Value (billion EUR) Nb enterprises ('000) Value (billion EUR) Nb enterprises (%) Value (%)

EU-28 784.1 1 746.0 673.6 529.1 85.9% 30.3%Austria 16.6 40.3 15.6 14.1 94.4% 35.0%Belgium 17.5 100.8 16.9 64.7 96.8% 64.2%Bulgaria 8.4 8.1 7.3 3.1 87.4% 37.8%Croatia 6.7 4.3 5.8 1.5 86.1% 35.7%Cyprus 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 76.8% 47.7%Czech Republic 12.2 24.1 10.3 4.5 85.1% 18.8%Denmark 15.9 35.2 13.5 12.5 85.2% 35.6%Estonia 5.3 3.1 2.8 1.7 53.3% 55.8%Finland 7.0 21.6 6.5 7.3 92.9% 33.7%France 82.2 183.4 65.5 29.9 79.7% 16.3%Germany 141.6 499.7 98.1 82.8 69.3% 16.6%Greece 12.7 11.1 11.7 4.6 92.4% 41.0%Hungary 8.1 17.1 7.6 8.1 94.1% 47.2%Ireland 3.9 58.9 3.4 17.1 88.8% 29.0%Italy 136.8 183.9 121.7 89.2 89.0% 48.5%Latvia 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.0 95.4% 59.2%Lithuania 7.0 8.9 6.8 2.8 97.2% 31.5%Luxembourg 1.1 2.4 : : : :Malta : : : : : :Netherlands 29.3 123.7 26.6 48.1 91.0% 38.9%Poland 37.0 37.4 35.0 10.1 94.5% 27.2%Portugal 22.2 12.4 18.8 6.0 84.4% 48.2%Romania 7.5 14.3 6.8 4.0 90.5% 28.2%Slovakia 3.5 10.2 2.9 1.4 80.9% 13.5%Slovenia 6.8 7.3 6.5 2.5 95.4% 34.8%Spain 88.6 87.0 85.0 37.4 96.0% 43.0%Sweden 30.8 51.5 29.1 15.9 94.4% 30.8%United Kingdom 71.0 194.6 65.0 56.6 91.5% 29.1%

Coverage: extra-EU exports.

(:) not available (confidential data).

Source : Eurostat (international trade in goods statistics by enterprise characteristics-TEC).

Share of exporting SMEs to total exporting enterprisesMember State

Total exports SMEs exports


Brexit: EU trade in goods before and after (billion EUR, %)

Situation before Brexit (EU-28)

EU-28 trade in goodsReporter Partner Value 2017 Value 2018 % total 2018 Value 2017 Value 2018 % total 2018 Value 2017 Value 2018 % total 2018 Value 2017 Value 2018

Extra EU-28 1 879.1 1 956.5 36.0% 1 858.0 1 980.0 36.2% 3 737.1 3 936.5 36.1% 21.1 23.6- Intra EU-28 3 352.5 3 519.5 64.0% 3 284.1 3 447.5 63.8% 6 636.6 6 967.0 63.9% 68.5 71.9 World 5 231.6 5 475.9 100.0% 5 142.0 5 427.6 100.0% 10 373.7 10 903.5 100.0% 89.6 48.3

EU-28 top 5 partners (extra EU-28)Rank Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018

1 USA 407.0 20.8% China 394.6 19.9% USA 675.0 17.1% USA 138.9 2 China 209.8 10.7% USA 268.1 13.5% China 604.4 15.4% Switzerland 47.4 3 Switzerland 156.5 8.0% Russia 168.2 8.5% Switzerland 265.5 6.7% UAE 26.8 4 Russia 85.2 4.4% Switzerland 109.0 5.5% Russia 253.4 6.4% Hong Kong 26.8 5 Turkey 77.3 3.9% Norway 83.8 4.2% Turkey 153.3 3.9% Australia 24.4

Situation after Brexit (EU-27, UK)

EU-27 and UK trade in goodsReporter Partner Value 2017 Value 2018 % total 2018 Value 2017 Value 2018 % total 2018 Value 2017 Value 2018 % total 2018 Value 2017 Value 2018

Extra EU-27 1 996.6 2 057.0 40.6% 1 776.2 1 906.7 39.3% 3 772.8 3 963.7 40.0% 220.4 150.3 UK 322.0 318.7 6.6% 192.4 195.9 4.3% 514.4 514.6 5.2% 135.5 123.8 Rest of the World 1 674.6 1 738.3 34.6% 1 583.8 1 710.8 34.7% 3 258.4 3 449.1 34.8% 122.3 90.1 Intra EU-27 2 844.2 3 006.7 58.7% 2 796.3 2 950.2 60.7% 5 640.4 5 956.9 60.0% 47.9 56.4 World 4 840.8 5 063.7 100.0% 4 572.4 4 856.9 100.0% 9 413.2 9 920.6 100.0% 268.4 206.7 Extra EU-27 204.5 218.1 52.9% 274.2 269.2 47.2% 478.7 487.3 49.6% − 69.7 − 51.1EU-27 186.4 194.1 47.1% 295.4 301.4 52.8% 481.8 495.6 50.4% − 109.1 − 107.3World 390.8 412.3 100.0% 569.6 570.6 100.0% 960.4 982.9 100.0% − 178.8 − 158.4

EU-27 top 5 partners (extra EU-27)Rank Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018

1 USA 351.6 17.1% China 341.3 17.9% USA 564.2 14.2% USA 138.9 2 UK 318.7 15.5% USA 212.6 11.2% China 527.8 13.3% UK 122.8 3 China 186.5 9.1% UK 195.9 10.3% UK 514.6 13.0% Switzerland 33.2 4 Switzerland 134.9 6.6% Russia 160.2 8.4% Russia 242.6 6.1% Australia 22.7 5 Russia 82.4 4.0% Switzerland 101.7 5.3% Switzerland 236.5 6.0% Hong Kong 20.5

UK top 5 partnersRank Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018 % total 2018 Partner Value 2018

1 EU-27 194.1 47.1% EU-27 301.4 52.8% EU-27 495.6 50.4% Switzerland 14.3 2 USA 55.4 13.4% USA 55.4 9.7% USA 110.8 11.3% UAE 6.4 3 China 23.4 5.7% China 53.3 9.3% China 76.7 7.8% Hong Kong 6.3 4 Switzerland 21.6 5.2% Norway 21.9 3.8% Switzerland 28.9 2.9% Singapore 4.1 5 Hong Kong 8.7 2.1% Canada 11.5 2.0% Norway 25.7 2.6% South Korea 2.1

Source : Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4)

UK

Exports Imports Total trade Trade balance

EU-28

EU-27

65

SUPPORT STATISTICS


GDP (current price, billion EUR)

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 43 346 43 299 49 804 52 618 58 094 57 804 59 354 67 318 68 420 70 943 71 753

Australia 718 716 944 1 088 1 221 1 143 1 097 1 113 1 145 1 227 1 201

Brazil 1 152 1 196 1 665 1 878 1 918 1 861 1 849 1 622 1 622 1 817 1 582

Canada 1 056 986 1 220 1 288 1 423 1 391 1 358 1 403 1 382 1 461 1 449

China 3 130 3 672 4 576 5 404 6 671 7 255 7 930 10 118 10 138 10 677 11 353

EU-28 13 093 12 309 12 850 13 210 13 484 13 598 14 070 14 828 14 962 15 371 15 876

Hong Kong 149 153 172 179 204 208 219 279 290 302 307

India 832 979 1 289 1 310 1 423 1 398 1 535 1 896 2 069 2 348 2 300

Japan 3 425 3 751 4 300 4 423 4 828 3 882 3 651 3 956 4 451 4 302 4 210

Malaysia 162 150 192 214 245 243 254 267 268 279 300

Mexico 755 645 798 848 935 960 990 1 055 974 1 025 1 036

Russia 1 209 939 1 232 1 469 1 714 1 724 1 548 1 229 1 159 1 397 1 381

Saudi Arabia 353 308 398 482 573 562 569 590 583 610 663

Singapore 131 138 178 199 227 230 236 276 286 298 306

South Korea 681 647 826 864 952 983 1 062 1 246 1 278 1 355 1 371

Switzerland 377 388 440 503 520 519 534 613 606 601 596

Thailand 198 202 257 266 309 316 307 362 373 403 413

Turkey 520 462 583 598 680 716 703 775 780 754 649

United Arab Emirates 214 182 219 252 292 294 303 323 323 339 360

USA 10 003 10 359 11 309 11 166 12 607 12 638 13 189 16 421 16 900 17 248 17 353

Vietnam 67 73 85 97 121 128 140 172 182 195 204

Sources: IMF (World Economic Outlook, April 2019), EUR/USD exchange rate from Eurostat.

67SUPPORT STATISTICS

GDP (current price, billion EUR)

Member state 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

EU-28 13 093 12 309 12 850 13 210 13 484 13 598 14 070 14 828 14 962 15 371 15 876Austria 294 288 296 310 319 324 333 344 356 370 387Belgium 354 348 365 379 388 392 400 411 425 439 451Bulgaria 37 37 38 41 42 42 43 45 48 52 55Croatia 48 45 45 45 44 44 43 45 47 49 51Cyprus 19 19 19 20 20 18 18 18 18 20 21Czech Republic 160 148 157 164 161 158 156 168 176 191 205Denmark 240 230 243 247 255 259 266 273 282 292 297Estonia 17 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 26Finland 194 181 187 197 200 203 206 210 216 224 233France 1 994 1 934 1 997 2 057 2 090 2 117 2 150 2 199 2 228 2 291 2 350Germany 2 563 2 457 2 582 2 702 2 760 2 826 2 939 3 049 3 159 3 276 3 387Greece 242 237 226 207 191 181 179 177 176 180 186Hungary 107 94 99 101 100 102 105 111 114 124 132Ireland 188 170 168 171 175 180 195 262 273 294 316Italy 1 633 1 571 1 606 1 637 1 614 1 605 1 622 1 652 1 689 1 723 1 755Latvia 24 19 18 20 22 23 24 24 25 27 30Lithuania 33 27 28 31 33 35 37 37 39 42 45Luxembourg 38 37 40 43 44 47 50 52 53 55 58Malta 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 10 10 11 12Netherlands 648 624 640 650 653 660 672 690 708 737 773Poland 363 316 361 380 390 395 410 430 426 466 496Portugal 179 175 180 176 168 170 173 180 186 195 202Romania 146 125 125 132 133 144 150 160 170 187 203Slovakia 66 64 68 71 73 74 76 79 81 85 90Slovenia 38 36 36 37 36 36 38 39 40 43 46Spain 1 117 1 078 1 082 1 070 1 040 1 026 1 038 1 081 1 118 1 166 1 207Sweden 350 308 369 405 424 436 432 449 463 474 467United Kingdom 1 995 1 723 1 852 1 894 2 084 2 075 2 286 2 611 2 411 2 337 2 395

Sources: IMF (World Economic Outlook, April 2019), EUR/USD exchange rate from Eurostat.


Share in world GDP (PPP, %)

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Australia 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Brazil 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5

Canada 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

China 12.0 13.2 13.9 14.6 15.3 15.9 16.5 17.1 17.6 18.2 18.7

EU-28 20.3 19.5 18.9 18.5 17.8 17.3 17.0 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.3

Hong Kong 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

India 5.2 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.9 7.3 7.5 7.8

Japan 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1

Malaysia 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Mexico 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9

Russia 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1

Saudi Arabia 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

Singapore 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

South Korea 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Switzerland 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Thailand 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Turkey 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7


USA 17.6 17.2 16.8 16.4 16.2 16.0 15.8 15.7 15.5 15.3 15.2

Vietnam 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

PPP: current international USD.

Source: IMF (World Economic Outlook, April 2019).


Share in world GDP of selected countries (PPP, %)


Source : IMF (World Economic Outlook, April 2019).

Rest of the world; 35.6 Rest of the world; 36.1 Rest of the world; 34.8

Russia; 3.9 Russia; 3.6 Russia; 3.1

Japan; 5.3 Japan; 4.7 Japan; 4.1

India; 5.2 India; 6.4 India; 7.8

USA; 17.6 USA; 16.0 USA; 15.2

EU-28; 20.3 EU-28; 17.3

EU-28; 16.3

China; 12.0 China; 15.9 China; 18.7

2008 2013 2018


GDP per capita (PPP)

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 12 236 12 202 12 853 13 567 14 123 14 730 15 306 15 772 16 310 17 100 :

Australia 40 516 40 852 41 729 43 099 44 820 45 842 47 248 48 226 49 276 50 609 52 373

Brazil 13 399 13 347 14 379 15 132 15 583 16 196 16 445 15 892 15 407 15 739 16 154

Canada 40 035 38 714 39 926 41 626 42 716 44 009 45 661 46 096 46 627 48 342 49 651

China 7 586 8 306 9 250 10 290 11 260 12 291 13 368 14 372 15 417 16 682 18 110

EU-28 34 071 32 762 33 723 34 959 35 425 36 076 37 344 38 514 39 643 41 394 43 148

Hong Kong 44 774 43 801 46 937 49 819 51 195 53 412 55 602 57 091 58 433 61 529 64 216

India 3 732 4 022 4 424 4 750 5 038 5 383 5 814 6 264 6 761 7 287 7 874

Japan 34 962 33 358 35 149 35 775 37 088 38 559 39 502 40 458 41 155 42 819 44 227

Malaysia 19 508 19 027 20 331 21 498 22 759 23 681 25 166 26 321 27 340 29 144 30 860

Mexico 15 989 15 049 15 807 16 522 17 248 17 587 18 219 18 816 19 375 19 949 20 602

Russia 22 982 21 345 22 556 24 175 25 523 26 406 27 063 26 645 27 002 27 964 29 267

Saudi Arabia 45 122 43 070 44 269 48 288 50 421 51 275 52 801 55 117 55 354 54 595 55 944

Singapore 63 516 61 724 70 696 75 290 78 072 82 037 85 907 87 951 90 263 95 508 100 345

South Korea 27 471 27 734 29 731 31 229 32 386 33 755 35 320 36 501 37 810 39 548 41 351

Switzerland 53 261 51 729 53 252 54 772 55 782 57 224 59 014 59 682 60 637 62 131 64 649

Thailand 12 518 12 455 13 469 13 805 15 025 15 636 16 031 16 651 17 341 18 330 19 476

Turkey 16 527 15 641 16 896 18 909 19 953 21 728 22 975 24 307 25 014 27 049 27 956

United Arab Emirates 58 514 55 016 56 104 59 461 61 475 63 801 65 891 67 930 68 750 68 639 69 382

USA 48 283 47 008 48 403 49 826 51 556 53 061 54 993 56 770 57 877 59 895 62 606

Vietnam 3 925 4 125 4 394 4 717 5 004 5 312 5 675 6 053 6 430 6 928 7 511


(:) not available

Sources: IMF (World Economic Outlook, April 2019), World Bank WDI.


Euro exchange rates with main national currencies (units of national currency per euro)

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

AUD - Australian dollar 1.7416 1.7727 1.4423 1.3484 1.2407 1.3777 1.4719 1.4777 1.4883 1.4732 1.5797

BRL - Brazilian real 2.6737 2.7674 2.3314 2.3265 2.5084 2.8687 3.1211 3.7004 3.8561 3.6054 4.3085

CAD - Canadian dollar 1.5594 1.5850 1.3651 1.3761 1.2842 1.3684 1.4661 1.4186 1.4659 1.4647 1.5294

CHF - Swiss franc 1.5874 1.5100 1.3803 1.2326 1.2053 1.2311 1.2146 1.0679 1.0902 1.1117 1.1550

CNY - Chinese renminbi-yuan 10.2236 9.5277 8.9712 8.9960 8.1052 8.1646 8.1857 6.9733 7.3522 7.6290 7.8081

GBP - Pound sterling 0.7963 0.8909 0.8578 0.8679 0.8109 0.8493 0.8061 0.7258 0.8195 0.8767 0.8847

HKD - Hong Kong dollar 11.4541 10.8114 10.2994 10.8362 9.9663 10.3016 10.3025 8.6014 8.5922 8.8045 9.2559

INR - Indian rupee 63.6143 67.3611 60.5878 64.8859 68.5973 77.9300 81.0406 71.1956 74.3717 73.5324 80.7332

JPY - Japanese yen 152.45 130.34 116.24 110.96 102.49 129.66 140.31 134.31 120.20 126.71 130.40

KRW - South Korean won 1 606.09 1 772.90 1 531.82 1 541.23 1 447.69 1 453.91 1 398.14 1 256.54 1 284.18 1 276.74 1 299.07

MXN - Mexican peso 16.2911 18.7989 16.7373 17.2877 16.9029 16.9641 17.6550 17.6157 20.6673 21.3286 22.7054

MYR - Malaysian ringgit 4.8893 4.9079 4.2668 4.2558 3.9672 4.1855 4.3446 4.3373 4.5835 4.8527 4.7634

PLN - Polish zloty 3.5121 4.3276 3.9947 4.1206 4.1847 4.1975 4.1843 4.1841 4.3632 4.2570 4.2615

RUB - Russian rouble 36.4207 44.1376 40.2629 40.8846 39.9262 42.3370 50.9518 68.0720 74.1446 65.9383 74.0416

SGD - Singapore dollar 2.0762 2.0241 1.8055 1.7489 1.6055 1.6619 1.6823 1.5255 1.5275 1.5588 1.5926

THB - Thai baht 48.4753 47.8044 42.0145 42.4288 39.9276 40.8297 43.1469 38.0278 39.0428 38.2958 38.1644

TRY - Turkish lira 1.9064 2.1631 1.9965 2.3378 2.3135 2.5335 2.9065 3.0255 3.3433 4.1206 5.7077

USD - US dollar 1.4708 1.3948 1.3257 1.3920 1.2848 1.3281 1.3285 1.1095 1.1069 1.1297 1.1810

Source : Eurostat (ert_bil_eur_a).

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This Trade Statistical Guide contains selected tables and graphs that outline the current state of and recent developments in the European Union’s (EU’s) foreign trade, i.e. its trade with the rest of the world. It has been compiled for the benefit of the Directorate-General for Trade’s (DG Trade’s) policymakers.

Trade

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ISSN 1977-7949

doi:10.2781/641004

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