[ 15 ]

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS

ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dk;ZØe (Nuclear Energy Programme)

ia- usg: ds izksRlkgu rFkk MkW- gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk ds liQy funsZ'ku ls vkt Hkkjr esa ukfHkdh; mQtkZ ls lacaf/r rduhddkiQh fodflr voLFkk esa igqap x;h gSA Hkkjr dks bl {ks=k esa fo'o ds vxz.kh ns'kksa esa fxuk tkus yxk gSA 1948 esa ijek.kqmQtkZ ls lacafèkr leLr xfrfof/;ksa ds uhfr fu/kZj.k gsrq ijek.kq mQtkZ vk;ksx (AEC) dk xBu fd;k x;kA 1954 esa ns'kds ijek.kq mQtkZ dk;ZØe ds lqpk# dk;kZUo;u gsrq ,d dk;Zdkjh laLFkk ds :i esa ijek.kq mQtkZ foHkkx (DAE) dh LFkkiukdh x;hA ijek.kq ÅtkZ foHkkx ijek.kq ÅtkZ çkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl] fofdj.k çkS|ksfxdh ds Ñf"k] nokb;ksa vkSj m|ksx esa bLrsekyrFkk ewyHkwr vuqla/ku dk;ks± esa tqVk gSA ijek.kq ÅtkZ foHkkx us ,d egRokdka{kh ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dk;ZØe ds varxZr vkarfjdlalk/uksa vkSj ckgjh lg;ksx ls 2020 rd 20]000 esxkokWV ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dh LFkkfir {kerk dks gkfly djus dk y{;j•k gSA Hkkjrh; ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ fuxe fyfeVsM (,u-ih-lh-vkbZ-,y-) ijek.kq ÅtkZ foHkkx dh lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkbZgS] ftl ij ukfHkdh; fj,DVjksa ds fMtkbu] fuekZ.k vkSj lapkyu dk nkf;Ro gSA

1948 esa ikfjr ijek.kq mQtkZ dk;ZØe ds izeq[k mn~ns'; gSa& fo|qr mRiknu tSls 'kkafriw.kZ iz;kstuksa ds fy, ijek.kq mQtkZdk fodkl djuk] mudk fu;a=k.k ,oa iz;ksx djuk rFkk d`f"k] m|ksx] fpfdRlk] vuqla/ku ,oa vU; {ks=kksa esa ukfHkdh; iz;ksxksadk fodkl djukA

Hkkjr us 18 ebZ] 1974 dks tSlyesj ftys (jktLFkku) esa iks[kj.k uked LFkku ij viuk izFke ukfHkdh; foLiQksV fd;kFkkA bl foLiQksV dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd blls fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ukfHkdh; vorki (Nuclear Fallout)ugha gqvkA ijek.kq mQtkZ vk;ksx us ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dk;ZØe ds izFke Lrj ds rgr ih-,p-MCY;w-vkj- izdkj ds fj,DVjksa dsizk:i] fuekZ.k rFkk lapkyu esa iw.kZ rduhdh {kerk gkfly dj yh gSA Hkkjr us viuk nwljk ukfHkdh; foLiQksV 11 ebZ] 1998dks fd;k vkSj bl {ks=k esa viuh etcwrh dk ifjp; ns fn;kA

ijek.kq fo|qr mRiknu ds dk;kZUo;u dh n`f"V ls ijek.kq fo|qr cksMZ ds LFkku ij 1987 esa Hkkjrh; ijek.kq fo|qrfuxe fyfeVsM dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA bls ns'k ds leLr ijek.kq fo|qr la;a=k ds izk:i] fuekZ.k dk;Z] lapkyu rFkk mRiknulaca/h nkf;Ro lkSais x;s gSaA rkjkiqj fLFkr izFke nks bdkb;ka DoFku ty fj,DVj (B.W.R.) fdLe dh gSa] tcfd nkfcr Hkkjhty fj,DVj (P.H.W.R.) fdLe ds lkr fj,DVj jkorHkkVk (jktLFkku)] dyiDde (rfeyukMq)] ujkSjk (mRrj izns'k) rFkkdkdjkikj (xqtjkr) esa dk;Zjr gSaA bafnjk xka/h ijek.kq vuqla/ku dsUnz] dyiDde esa 40 esxkokV 'kfDr dk ,d iQkLV czhMjVsLV fj,DVj (F.B.T.R.) dk;Z dj jgk gSA izfr 220 esxkokV {kerk okys pkj vkSj fj,DVj jkorHkkVk (jktLFkku) rFkk dSxk(dukZVd) esa cuk;s x;s gSaA 500 esxkokV {kerk okys ih-,p-MCY;w- izdkj dh :lh fj,DVj dh nks bdkb;ka dqMkudqye(rfeyukMq) esa yxk;h x;h gSaA

ukfHkdh; mQtkZ (Nuclear Energy)fdlh ijek.kq esa izksVkWu ,oa U;wVªkWu dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA tc dHkh fdlh U;wVªkWu (

on1) dks ;wjsfu;e ds ukfHkd ij

ceckjh djk;k tkrk gS rks ;g ukfHkd VwV tkrk gS] ftls fo[kaMu (Fission) dh laKk nh tkrh gSA fo[kaMu dh blizfØ;k esa oLrqr% ;wjsfu;e ds nzO;eku esa deh vkrh gS] tks fd nzO;eku ßkl (Mass defect) dgykrh gS (m)] vkSjbls vkbaLVhu ds izfl¼ lehdj.k] E=mC2 }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS (E=mRikfnr mQtkZ] m=nzO;eku ßkl]C = fLFkjkad = izdk'k dk osx)A bl izdkj] fo[kaMu izfØ;k ds iQyLo:i tks mQtkZ foeqDr gksrh gS] og blds nzO;ekuesa vk;h deh ds rqY; gksrh gS (i.e, E m, pwafd 'C' ,d fLFkjkad gS)A ;gh mQtkZ ukfHkdh; mQtkZ (NuclearEnergy) vFkok ijek.kq mQtkZ (Atomic Energy) dgykrh gS] D;ksafd fdlh ijek.kq dk lEiw.kZ nzO;eku oLrqr% mldsukfHkd esa gh dsafnzr gksrk gSA mijksDr ukfHkdh; izfrfØ;k esa yxHkx 200 MeV (fefy;u bysDVªkWu oksYV) dh mQtkZfoeqDr gksrh gSA 1 xzke ;wjsfu;e dks tykus ij 5.128×1023 MeV mQtkZ izkIr gksrh gS] tks fd yxHkx 20 Vu TNT(VªkbukbVªksVkWfYou) dh mQtkZ ds rqY; gSA

ukfHkdh; fj,DVj (Nuclear Reactors):ukfHkdh; fj,DVj vFkok ijek.kq fj,DVj ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu ds fl¼kar ij dk;Z djrs gSaA ;g njvly ,d izdkj dhHkV~Bh (Oven) gS] ftlesa ukfHkdh; inkFkks± dks tykuk laHko gks ikrk gS] rkfd vR;f/d ifjek.k esa mQtkZ dh izkfIrlaHko gks ldsA

ukfHkdh; fj,DVj ds ik¡p eq[; vo;o gksrs gSa&

1- ukfHkdh; b±/u (Nuclear Fuel) % mnkgj.kkFkZ& ;wjsfu;e] IywVksfu;e] Fkksfj;e vkfnA ;gh b±/u ukfHkdh;fj,DVj esa tydj mQtkZ nsrh gSA

[ 16 ]

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS

2- eand (Moderator)% mnkgj.kkFkZ& Hkkjh ty (D2O)] xzsiQkbV] csjhfy;e vkWDlkbM (Be

2O) vkfnA njvly ;s

,sls inkFkZ gSa] tks U;wVªkWu dh xfr dks de dj nsrs gSa] rkfd fo[kaMu dk dk;Z liQyrkiwoZd lEiUu gks ldsAU235 lokZf/d mi;qZDr b±/u ekuh x;h gS] D;ksafd bldk ukfHkd dkiQh vLFkk;h izÑfr dk gksrk gSA vr% blsfo[kafMr djus gsrq U;wVªkWu dh xfr dks de djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] rkfd ;g vo'kksf"kr u gks ldsA oghanwljh vksj] tc dHkh U238 dks fo[kafMr djuk gksrk gS rks bl gsrq rhozxkeh U;wVªkWu dh gh t#jr gksrh gS vkSjblfy, eand dh t#jr ugha jg tkrh gSA

3- 'khryd (Coolant)% mnkgj.kkFkZ& lkekU; ty (H2O)] Hkkjh ty (D

2O)] nzo lksfM;e (Liquid Sodium) vkfnA

budk mi;ksx fo[kaMu izfØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fj,DVj ds xeZ gks tkus ds ckn bls BaMk djus gsrq fd;k tkrkgSA

4- j{kkdop (Shield/Protector) % ;g lkekU;r;k daØhV dh eksVh nhokj (RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete)dk cuk gksrk gS] rkfd fo[kaMu ds ifj.kkeLo:i fudyus okys fofdj.k fj,DVj ls ckgj u fudy ldsaAdHkh&dHkh blh j{kkdop ds iQVus ls Hk;adj nq"ifj.kke >syus iM+rs gSa_ tSls& psuksZfcy (:l) dh ?kVukA

5- fu;a=kd NM+sa (Controlling Rods)% mnkgj.kkFkZ_ cksjkWu vFkok dSMfe;e dh NM+saA njvly] ukfHkdh; fo[kaMuizfØ;k dks lEiUu djus gsrq fliQZ 1 U;wVªkWu dh ceckjh gh dkiQh gksrh gS] rkfd bl ij fu;a=k.k cuk;s j[kk tk;sA,sls esa] vfrfjDr U;wVªkWuksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj fy;s tkus dh t#jr gksrh gS] rkfd fo[kaMu dk dk;Z lqpk# ,oa fu;a=k.kds lkFk lEiUu gks ldsA fj,DVj esa j[kh x;h ;s NM+sa blh dk;Z dks vatke nsrh gSaA

mijksDr vo;oksa dh enn ls ;wjsfu;e ds tyus ls fo|qr mQtkZ dh izkfIr gks ikrh gS] ftls fuEu js[kkfp=k }kjk le>ktk ldrk gS&

fo|qr mQtkZ tsujsVj dk izpkyu VckZbu dk pyuk

ukfHkdh; b±/u (fj,DVj) m"eh; mQtkZghV ,Dlpsatj

ok"ih; mQtkZ

ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu (Nuclear Fission)%ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dh izkfIr nks :iksa esa laHko gS& ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu dh izfØ;k ,oa ukfHkdh; lay;u dh izfØ;kAukfHkdh; fo[kaMu dh [kkst o"kZ 1938 esa Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner ,oa Otto Frisch us dhA bUgksaus ;g crk;k fdtc ;wjsfu;e ds ukfHkd (U235) ij eanxkeh U;wVªkWu dh ceckjh dh tkrh gS rks ;g ukfHkd nks gYds ukfHkdksa& csfj;e,oa fØIVkWu esa VwV tkrk gS vkSj bl Øe esa ;wjsfu;e ds ukfHkd esa nzO;eku dh tks deh vkrh gS] mlds pyrs ,do`gn ifjek.k esa mQtkZ dh izkfIr gksrh gSA blh mQtkZ dks ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dgrs gSaA

(;wjsfu;e ukfHkd) (U;wVªkWu) (vLFkk;h ukfHkd)

uk- fo[kaMu

92U 92 + O 56 + 36 + 3 (o ) + Nu-En.n U Kr n Ba1235 236 141 92 1

è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd izfrfØ;k ds var esa ,d ckj iqu% ml U;wVªkWu dh izkfIr gks ikrh gS] tks fd fj,DVjds ;wjsfu;e dks iqu% rksM+ ldrk gSA bl izdkj] ;g ,d Ja`[kyk vfHkfØ;k (Chain Reaction) dks tUe ns nsrk gSAysfdu bl gsrq fliQZ ,d gh U;wVªkWu dh t#jr iM+rh gSA 'ks"k nks U;wVªkWu dks ;fn fj,DVj esa ;wa gh NksM+ fn;k tk;sxkrks fo[kaMu dh izfØ;k vfu;af=kr gks tk;sxh] tks fd foèoal iSnk djsxk (tSls fd ijek.kq ce)A vr% ukfHkdh; mQtkZds 'kkafriw.kZ iz;ksxksa gsrq (tSls fd fo|qr mRiknu) bu vfrfjDr U;wVªkWuksa dks fu;a=kd NM+ksa (lkekU;r;k dSMfe;e) }kjkvo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gS] rkfd ,d fu;af=kr Jà[kyk vfHkfØ;k (Controlled Chain Reaction) dks laHko cuk;k tk;sA

ukfHkdh; lay;u (Nuclear Fusion)%ukfHkdh; lay;u ds ekè;e ls tc mQtkZ dh izkfIr gksrh gS] rks bl gsrq b±/u ds :i esa ;wjsfu;e dh ugha] vfirqgkbMªkstu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA njvly] bl izfØ;k dh tkudkjh vesfjdh oSKkfudksa& Robert d' Escort AtkinsonrFkk F.G. Fritz Hountermans }kjk o"kZ 1929 esa gh ns nh x;h Fkh] gkykafd bldk izFke ijh{k.k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk}kjk gh o"kZ 1952 esa fd;k x;kA

[ 17 ]

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS

ukfHkdh; lay;u dh izfØ;k fuEuor lEiUu gksrh gS&

4( H )11

lay;u2He + 2(+1 ) +

4 eº mQtkZ

(ghfy;e) (ikWthVªkWu)lw;Z dh vlhfer mQtkZ dk lzksr Hkh ;gh ukfHkdh; lay;u izfØ;k gS&

1 1H + H2 2

lay;u2He +

4 mQtkZ;gk¡ rd fd gkbMªkstu ce dk fuekZ.k Hkh blh fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gS&

1 1H + H2 3

lay;u2 0He + n +

4 1 mQtkZ;gk¡ ij è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd gkbMªkstu /ukosf'kr gksrk gS vkSj leku vkos'k gksus ds ckotwn buds ukfHkd,d&nwljs esa layhu gks tkrs gSaA ,slk oLrqr% ml vR;f/d rki (107 dsfYou) ds pyrs laHko gks ikrk gS] tks fdbu ukfHkdksa ds chp ds izfrd"kZ.k cy ls dgha vf/d buesa xfrt mQtkZ iznku djus esa lEkFkZ gks ikrk gSA ;gh dkj.kgS fd ukfHkdh; lay;u izfØ;k dks rki&ukfHkdh; vfHkfØ;k (Thermo-Nuclear Reaction) Hkh dgrs gSaA bl gsrq ftlvR;f/d rki dh t#jr gksrh gS] og ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu dh izfØ;k ls izkIr dj fy;k tkrk gSAijek.kq ce] tks fd ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu ds fl¼karksa ij curk gS] dh vis{kk gkbMªkstu ce yxHkx 1000 xquk vf/d'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd lay;u izfØ;k ds nkSjku mRiUu gqvk U;wVªkWu] IywVksfu;e dks fo[kafMr djusdh {kerk j[krk gS] ftlls ml rki&'kfDr dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tks gkbMªkstu ukfHkdksa ds layhu gksus gsrq vko';d gSA

ukfHkdh; iznw"k.k (Nuclear Pollution)%thok'e b±/uksa ds ngu ls mRiUu iznw"k.k dh rqyuk esa ukfHkdh; iznw"k.k dgha vf/d [krjukd ,oa tkuysok lkfcrgqvk gSA ukfHkdh; iznw"k.k nks fof/;ksa ls iQSyrk gS& fj,DVj ls fjlus okys ukfHkdh; fofdj.kksa ds :i esa (vYiQk]chVk ,oa xkek fofdj.k) rFkk jsfM;ks lfØ; inkFkZ ;qDr ukfHkdh; dpjs ds :i esaAoLrqr% tc dHkh dksbZ ijek.kq foLiQksV gksrk gS] rks lw{e jsfM;ks lfØ; d.k (tSls&LVªkWfU'k;e vkfn) i`Foh dsok;qeaMy esa izlfjr gks tkrs gSa_ ftls ukfHkdh; vorki (Nuclear Fallout) dgrs gSaA ;g vorki rhu :iksa esa laHkogS&(a) LFkkuh; vorki (Local Fallout) ftlesa jsfM;ks lfØ; rRo foLiQksV ds dqN gh ?kaVksa ds vanj i`Foh dh lrg

ds yxHkx 100 ehy dh ifjf/ esa iQSy tkrs gSaA(b) {kksHkeaMyh; vorki (Tropospheric Fallout) ftlesa foLiQksV ds ckn ,sls rRo i`Foh dh lrg ls yxHkx 8

ehy dh mQ¡pkbZ rd iQSy tkrs gSaA(c) lerkieaMyh; vorki (Stratospheric Fallout) ftlesa jsfM;ks lfØ; rRo i`Foh dh lrg ls yxHkx 20 ehy

dh mQapkbZ rd igq¡p tkrs gSaAbu vorkiksa ds dkj.k lEiw.kZ tSfod lajpuk nq"izHkkfor gksrh gS] [kkldj ekuo leqnk; ij lokZf/d vlj iM+rk gSAblls ouLifr;k¡ lw[kus yxrh gSa rFkk Ropk dSalj] jDr dSalj (Y;wdhfe;k)] vfLFk dSalj] iQsiQM+s dh foÑfr;k¡ vkfntSlh fLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaAtc dHkh dksbZ ijek.kq foLiQksV fd;k tkrk gS rks dkcZu ds lw{e d.k (Soot Particles) rFkk jsfM;ks lfØ; dpjs i`Fohds ok;qeaMy esa ,d xqckj vFkok o`gn ckny ds :i esa iQSy tkrs gSaA budk lkanz.k bruk vf/d ?kuk gksrk gS fd;s yxHkx iw.kZr% ml LFky ds vklikl lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks lrg ij vkus ls jksd nsrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] ml LFkyds vklikl dk rkieku 'kwU; fMxzh ds djhc gks tkrk gS vkSj blls 'khrdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ka cu tkrh gSaA blh fof'k"VifjfLFkfr dks ukfHkdh; 'khr (Nuclear Winter) dgrs gSaAbl 'khr ds pyrs gfjr ikS/s izdk'k la'ys"k.k ugha dj ikrs (izdk'k dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k)] ftlls ikni ,oa tarqleqnk; O;kid rkSj ij nq"izHkkfor gksrs gSaA lkFk gh] ok;qaeMy esa CO

2-O

2 dk larqyu fcxM+us ls i`Foh dk m"ek ctV

Hkh vlarqfyr gks tkrk gSA fofdj.kksa ds vlarqyu ds pyrs tgk¡ ekSleh n'kk,a cny tkrh gSa] ogha ekulwuh o"kkZ dkLo:i Hkh dk;e ugha jg ikrkA bl izdkj] ;g ?kVuk i`Foh dks dkiQh gn rd vlarqyu dh voLFkk esa ykus okyhlkfcr gks ldrh gSA

jsfM;ks leLFkkfud (Radio Isotopes)%,sls ijek.kfod ukfHkd tks dkiQh vLFkk;h izÑfr ds gskrs gSa] jsfM;ks leLFkkfud dgykrs gSaSA ;s dkiQh mQtkZ{ke(Energetic) gksrs gSa vkSj vius fo?kVu ds Øe esa vf/d LFkk;h Lo:i dks izkIr dj mQtkZ dk mRltZu djrs gSaA blh

[ 18 ]

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS

Øe esa ;s vYiQk] chVk ,oa xkek fofdj.kksa dks mRlftZr djrs gSaA,sls jsfM;ks leLFkkfud oLrqr% nks izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa&(i) izkÑfrd jsfM;ks leLFkkfud (Natural Radio Isotopes)] tSls& ;wjsfu;e] IyqVksfu;e vkfnA(ii) Ñf=ke jsfM;ks leLFkkfud (Artificial Radio Isoltopes)] tSls& vklsZfud] lksfM;e] iQkWLiQksjl vkfnA ,slsleLFkkfudksa dh la[;k 1800 ls Hkh vf/d gSApwafd ;s ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gSa] ftudk fo'ks"kdj fpfdRlk ds {ks=k esa egRoiw.kZ mi;ksx laHko gS] vr% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjko"kZ 1986 esa ijek.kq mQtkZ foHkkx (DAE) ds rgr BRIT: Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology dk xBu fd;kx;k] tks fd ,sls inkFkks± ds fuekZ.k ,oa foi.ku dk dk;Z djrk gSAjsfM;ks leLFkkfudksa ds O;kid mi;ksxksa dks fuEu :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS&(i) vklsZfud (As74)% 'kjhj ds V~;wej dk irk yxkus esa_(ii) lksfM;e (Na24)% jDr ds FkDds dk irk yxkus esa_(iii) vk;ksMhu (I131)% Fkk;jkWbM xzafFk dh fØ;k'khyrk dks tkuus esa_(iv) dksckYV (Co60)% dSalj dk mipkj djus esa (Cancertherapy)_(v) iQkWLiQksjl (P32)% thu vfHk;kaf=kdh esa rFkk jDr laca/h foÑfr;ksa dk irk yxkus esa_(vi) yksgk (Fe59)% jDr ifjlapj.k dh nj Kkr djus esa_(vii) ,DVhfu;e (Ac90)% dSalj dk irk yxkus essa_(viii) dksckYV (CO60)% ,oa bjhfM;e (Ir192)% daI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh esa_(ix) dkcZu (C14)% thok'eksa dh vk;q dk irk yxkus esa (jsfM;ks dkcZu MsfVax)_(x) xkek fofdj.k% thok.kqvksa ds eqfDrdj.k esa (Sterilization)_(xi) mPp mRikndrk okyh vUu dh fdLeksa (HYVs: High Yielding Varieties) ds mRiknu esa_ [kk| izdh.kZu esa_dhV&izfrjks/h chtksa ds mRiknu esa_ iQyksa ,oa chtksa ds j[kj[kko esa_ vkfnA

jsfM;ks vk;q&vadu i¼fr (Radio Carbon Dating)%gekjs ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu nks :iksa esa ik;k tkrk gS& C12 (lkekU; dkcZu) rFkk C14 (jsfM;ks lfØ; dkcZu)A gfjr ikniksa}kjk tc izdk'k la'ys"k.k izfØ;k lEiUu dh tkrh gS] rks mlds fy, ftl dkcZu dh t#jr gksrh gS (CO

2)] mlesa

C12 ,oa C14 nksuksa gh ekStwn gksrs gsaA pwafd bl izfØ;k ds }kjk gh HkksT; inkFkZ@Xyqdkst dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] vr% blesatks dkcZu mifLFkr gksrk gS] og Hkh bu nksuksa gh :iksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA tc tarqvksa }kjk bu ikniksa@ikni mRiknksa dks[kk;k tkrk gS rks dkcZu ds ;s nksuksa gh :i (C12 ,oa C14) tarq 'kjhj esa Hkh ekStwn gksrs gSaA tc fdlh tho dh e`R;qgksrh gS] rks mlesa C12 dh ek=kk rks ;Fkkor cuh jgrh gS] ijarq le; chrus ds lkFk C14 dh ek=kk ?kVrh pyh tkrhgS (C14 oLrqr% ,d jsfM;ks lfØ; rRo gS] vr% bldk fo?kVu gksrk gS)A ,sls esa C12 ,oa C14 ds vuqikr ds vkèkkjij ge bl ckr dk irk yxk ldus dh fLFkfr esa gksrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh thok'e (Fossil) fdruk iqjkuk gS vFkkZr mldkthoudky D;k jgk gksxkA è;krO; gS fd fdlh Hkh tho ds thfor jgus dh fLFkfr esa C12 ,oa C14 dk vuqikr ges'kkfLFkj gksrk gS] tks fd 1012%1 gksrk gSAmnkgj.k% ;fn ;g eku fy;k tk;s fd thok'e ds vanj C12 dh dqy ek=kk 1000×1012 gS] rks bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvkfd ;g thok'e tc thfor voLFkk esa tho ds :i esa Fkk rks blesa C12 dh ek=kk ;Fkkor gh jgh gksxh (C12 fo?kfVrugha gksrk)A bldk rkRi;Z ;g Hkh gS fd ml thfor voLFkk esa tho esa ekStwn C14 dh dqy ek=kk 1000 jgh gksxh(C12:C14::1012:1)A ;fn thok'e esa orZeku esa ekStwn C14 dh ek=kk 500 gks] rks bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd bldk nzO;ekuthfor voLFkk dh vis{kk Bhd vk/h jg x;h gSA ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd C14 dh v¼Z&vk;q (Half Life Period) 5]730o"kZ gksrh gS_ vFkkZr ;g thok'e 5730 o"kZ iqjkuh ekuh tk;sxhAuksV% ftrus le; esa fdlh jsfM;ks lfØ; rRo dk nzO;eku vk/k gks tkrk gS] mls gh ml rRo dh v¼Z&vk;q (HalfLife Period) dgrs gSa] ftls t

½ ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA

[kk| izdh.kZu (Food Irradiation)%og izfØ;k ftlds ekè;e ls [kk| inkFkks± dks ifjjf{kr djus gsrq bUgsa fofdj.k ds izHkko esa yk;k tkrk gS] [kk|izdh.kZu dgykrh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 1998 esa bl izfØ;k dks fof/d ekU;rk iznku dh x;hA ,sls dbZ rjgds [kk| inkFkZ gSa] tSls fd pkoy] xsgwa] 'kq"d esos] vke] vnj[k] yglqu] I;kt] ek¡l] fpdu vkfn] ftudk [kk|izdh.kZu fof/ ls ifjj{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl gsrq vk;uhÑr fofdj.kksa (,Dl fdj.kksa] xek fdj.kksa rFkk RofjrbysDVªkWuksa) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ,sls fofdj.k gSa ftudh enn ls [kk| inkFkks± esa fo|eku lw{e thoksa(Microbes) dks iwjh rjg lekIr dj ikuk laHko gks ikrk gS] rkfd bUgsa lM+us&xyus ls cpk;k tk ldsA,sls inkFkZ ftuds mi;ksx ls bu fdj.kksa dks mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS] jsfM;ks U;wfDyM~l (Radio Nucleides) dgykrs gSa_tSls& dksckYV (CO60) ,oa lhft;e (Cs137)A ysfdu bu inkFkks± dk mi;ksx fofdj.k Mkyus gsrq ,d fu;af=kr :i esagh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ;fn fdlh [kk| inkFkZ ij 10 fdyks xzs rd dk fofdj.k fn;k tkrk gS]

[ 19 ]

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS

rks bldk nq"izHkko gekjs LokLF; ij ugha iM+rkA (^xzs* oLrqr% fodfjr nzO;eku dh bdkbZ gS_ 1 xzs =1 twy

1 fd-xzk-)A

mi;ksx%(i) fofHkUu rjg ds [kk| inkFkks± dks {kfjr gksus ls cpkus esa_(ii) [kk| inkFkks± dh xq.koÙkk ,oa iks"kd ewY;ksa dks yacs le; rd cuk;s j[kus esa_(iii) chtksa ds vadqj.k ,oa iQyksa ds idus ds le; dks c

[ 20 ]

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS

Hkkjrh; ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dk;ZØe(INEP: Indian Nuclear Energy Programme)

1948% ijek.kq mQtkZ vk;ksx (AEC: Atomic Energy Commission) dh LFkkiukA1948% Hkkjrh; ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dk;ZØe (INEP: Indian Nuclear Energy Programme) dh ?kks"k.kkA

1954% ijek.kq mQtkZ foHkkx (DAE: Department of Atomic Energy) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h] tks izR;{kr% izèkkuea=kh dsvèkhu dk;Z djrk gSA

1974% iks[kj.k (jktLFkku) esa izFke ijek.kq foLiQksV fd;k x;kA

1998% iks[kj.k (jktLFkku) esa gh nwljk ijek.kq foLiQksV fd;k x;kA1987% ijek.kq mQtkZ foHkkx (DAE) ds vèkhu ,d lkoZtfud {ks=k miØe ds rkSj ij ukfHkdh; mQtkZ fuxe fyfeVsM(NPCIL) dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

Hkkjr us o"kZ 1948 esa gh ukfHkdh; mQtkZ dk;ZØe dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh FkhA bl uhfr dk lokZfèkd izklafxd i{k ;g

gS fd blesa "No First Use" dh ckr dgh x;h gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Hkkjr viuh ijek.kq {kerk dk iz;ksx fdlh HkhvU; ns'k ij izFker% ugha djsxkA ysfdu Hkkjr viuh ijek.kq {kerk dks mPpre fLFkfr esa blfy, j[kuk pkgrk gS]

rkfd og U;wure izfrjksèkd {kerk (Minimum Detterence) gkfly dj ldsA gkykafd fiNys dqN o"kks± ls ;g ckrmBrh jgh gS fd ¶D;k Hkkjr dks ijek.kq 'kfDr ds izFker% iz;ksx ugha djus dh viuh uhfr esa ifjorZu ugha djuh

pkfg,] og Hkh rc tc mlds nks iM+kslh ns'k& phu ,oa ikfdLrku mlds fy, ijs'kkfu;ka [kM+h djrh jgh gSa\¸ bllanHkZ esa ;gh dguk mfpr gksxk fd Hkkjr us izkjaHk ls gh 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dks ^vafre mik;* ekuk gS vkSj mlus bl

lanHkZ esa yxkrkj la;e dk ifjp; fn;k gSA vHkh rd fdlh Hkh ;q¼ dh 'kq#vkr Hkkjr }kjk ugha dh x;h gSA lEiw.kZfo'o Hkkjr dks ,d ̂ 'kkafr fiz;* ns'k ds :i esa igpkurk gSA gekjh bl Nfo us gesa varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr ds lkFk&lkFk

lg;ksx Hkh iznku fd;k gSA blus gekjh varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d [kkl fo'oluh;rk LFkkfir dh gSA ,sls esa] Hkkjr dks;FkkfLFkfr ds lkFk ijek.kq 'kfDr dk fodkl djus dh t#jr gS] rkfd ;fn dksbZ ns'k Hkkjr ij geyk djrk gS rks

og bldk izR;qÙkj ns ldsAblh rF; ds eísutj Hkkjr }kjk rhu pj.kksa esa ijek.kq mQtkZ ds fodkl dh :isj[kk r; dh x;h gS&

izFke pj.k (1st Stage)% ;wjsfu;e U235 dk b±èku ds rkSj ij iz;ksx djrs gq, rkih; mQtkZ dh izkfIr gsrq rkih; fj,DVjksa@nkfcr Hkkjh ty fj,DVjksa (PHWRs) dk iz;ksx djukA blesa eand ds rkSj ij tgka Hkkjh ty vFkok xzsiQkbV dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gS] ogha 'khryd ds rkSj ij Hkh Hkkjh ty (D2O) dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

f}rh; pj.k (2nd Stage)% ;g oLrqr% ,d czhMj fj,DVj gS] D;ksafd blesa ;wjsfu;e U238 dk iz;ksx b±èku ds rkSj ijdjus ls ml IyqVksfu;e dh mRifÙk gksrh gS] ftldk nzO;eku ;wjsfu;e ls vfèkd gksrk gSA fiQj bl IyqVksfu;e dksfo[kafMr dj rkih; mQtkZ dh izkfIr ls fo|qr mQtkZ mRiUu dj yh tkrh gSA blesa eand dh vko';drk ugha gksrh

vkSj 'khryd ds rkSj ij nzfor lksfM;e (Liquid Sodium) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;g fj,DVj rkih; fj,DVj dh vis{kkdgha de jsfM;ks lfØ; inkFkks± dk mRltZu djrk gSA

r̀rh; pj.k (3rd Stage)% Hkkjr ds ikl Fkksfj;e (Th232) dh vfèkdrk gS] ijrq rduhdh fo'ks"kKrk gkfly u gks ldusds dkj.k ge bldk mi;ksx ijek.kq mQtkZ ds fodkl esa djus esa vleFkZ jgs gSaA oLrqr% Fkksfj;e dk iz;ksx djrs gq,;wjsfu;e (U233) ds ekè;e ls ijek.kq mQtkZ dh izkfIr dks laHko cukus dk dk;ZØe blesa fufgr gSA

Hkkjr }kjk lEiUu ukfHkdh; le>kSrs (Nuclear Deals done by India)%o"kZ 2016 rd Hkkjr us fuEu ns'kksa ds lkFk ukxfjd@xSj&lSU; ukfHkdh; le>kSrs (Civil Nuclear Agreements) lEiUufd;s Fks& vts±Vhuk] vkWLVªsfy;k] dukMk] psd x.kjkT;] izQkal] tkiku] dtkdLrku] eaxksfy;k] ukehfc;k] :l] nf{k.k

dksfj;k] ;wukbVsM fdaxMe] ;w-,l-,- rFkk fo;rukeA

6 flrEcj] 2008 dks NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group) us Hkkjr dks NwV iznku djrs gq, mls ukxfjd ukfHkdh; rduhd,oa b±èku vU; ns'kksa ls izkIr djus dh btktr ns nhA ijek.kq lEiUu ns'kksa esa Hkkjr gh ,dek=k ,slk ns'k gS] tks fdfcuk ijek.kq vizlkj lafèk (NPT) ij gLrk{kj fd;s bl NwV dks gkfly dj ldk gSA

Hkkjr us o"kZ 2005 esa gh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lkFk ,d ukfHkdh; le>kSrk fd;k] ftls ̂ 123 ,xzhesaV* Hkh dgrsgSaA njvly] vesfjdh ,VkWfed ,uthZ ,DV] 1954 ds [kaM&123 esa ;g O;oLFkk dh x;h gS fd vesfjdk ,oa fdlh

[ 21 ]

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS

vU; ns'k ds chp ukfHkdh; le>kSrs dh iwoZ&'krZ ;g gksxh fd ml lEc¼ ns'k dks vesfjdk ds lkFk lg;skx le>kSrk(Agreement for Cooperation) djuk gksxkA blh vkèkkj ij o"kZ 2009 esa Hkkjr }kjk LoI (Letter of Intent) tkjh fd;kx;k] ftldk mís'; vesfjdk ls 10000 MW ijek.kq 'kfDr dks izkIr djuk FkkA ysfdu bl le>kSrs dks vHkh rdO;kogkfjd Lo:i izkIr ugha gks ldk gS] ftlds ihNs ewy otg ml izkoèkku dks ekuk tk jgk gS] ftls fd ukfHkdh;mÙkjnkf;Ro dkuwu (Nuclear Liability Law) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk jgk gS fd Hkkjr }kjk LFkkfir;g fo'ks"k dkuwu fons'kh ukfHkdh; daifu;ksa dks grksRlkfgr djus okyk gS] D;ksafd blesa ;g O;oLFkk gS fd ;fnukfHkdh; la;a=kksa esa vk;h fdlh Hkh rjg dh foÑfr ls dksbZ nq?kZVuk ?kVrh gS rks nq?kZVukxzLr vFkok izHkkfor yksxksa dks

{kfriwfrZ nsus dh ftEesnkjh lEc¼ dEiuh dh curh gSA

ijek.kq vizlkj lafèk (NPT: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty)%& 1 tqykbZ] 1968 dks bl lafèk ij gLrk{kj fd;s x;sA& 5 ekpZ] 1970 dks ;g lafèk izHkkoh cuhA

& blds rgr dqy 190 ns'k 'kkfey gSaA& ikap izeq[k ns'k blesa 'kkfey ugha gSa& Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] btjk;y] mÙkjh dksfj;k (2003 esa lafèk ls ckgj vk

x;k Fkk) ,oa nf{k.kh lwMkuA& lafèk dk eq[; mís'; ijek.kq vL=kksa vkSj blls lEc¼ izkS|ksfxdh ds izlkj dks jksduk gSA lkFk gh] ijek.kq mQtkZ

ds 'kkafriw.kZ iz;ksxksa dks c

Address: 635, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi 110009

Phone No: 011-47354625/ 26 , 9205274741/42, 011-49274400

https://t.me/dhyeya_ias_study_material

Dhyeya IAS Now on Telegram

नोट : पहिे अपने फ़ोन में टेिीग्राम App Play Store से Install कर िे उसके बाि लिंक में

ललिक करें लजससे सीधे आप हमारे चैनि में पह ुँच जायेंगे।

https://t.me/dhyeya_ias_study_materialhttp://www.dhyeyaias.com/http://www.dhyeyaias.in/https://www.dhyeyaias.com/join-dhyeya-ias-telegram-chanel

Address: 635, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi 110009

Phone No: 011-47354625/ 26 , 9205274741/42, 011-49274400

जो विद्यार्थी ध्येय IAS के व्हाट्सएप ग्रपु (Whatsapp Group) से जड़ेु हुये हैं और उनको दवैनक अध्ययन सामग्री प्राप्त होने

में समस्या हो रही ह ै| तो आप हमारेईमले वलिंक Subscribe कर ले इससे आपको प्रवतवदन अध्ययन सामग्री का वलिंक मले में

प्राप्त होता रहगेा | ईमेि से Subscribe करने के बाि मेि में प्राप्त लिंक को ललिक करके पुलि (Verify) जरूर करें

अन्यथा आपको प्रलतलिन मेि में अध्ययन सामग्री प्राप्त नहीं होगी |

नोट (Note): अगर आपको लहिंी और अंगे्रजी िोनों माध्यम में अध्ययन सामग्री प्राप्त करनी है, तो आपको िोनों में

अपनी ईमेि से Subscribe करना पड़ेगा | आप िोनों माध्यम के लिए एक ही ईमेि से जुड़ सकते हैं |

Subscribe Dhyeya IAS Email Newsletter

(ध्येय IAS ई-मेि न्यूजिेटर सब्स्क्राइब करें)

http://dhyeyaias.in/join-dhyeya-ias-whatsapp-grouphttp://www.dhyeyaias.com/join-dhyeya-ias-whatsapp-grouphttps://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=dhyeyaiashttps://www.dhyeyaias.com/dhyeya-ias-newsletter-on-email