diabetes: a cardiovascular disease: implications for therapy with … · 2019. 11. 19. · diabetes...
TRANSCRIPT
-
Diabetes: A Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Therapy with SGLT Inhibitors
Gregg C. Fonarow, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHFSAElliot Corday Professor of Cardiovascular MedicineUCLA Division of CardiologyDirector, Ahmanson–UCLA Cardiomyopathy CenterCo-Chief, UCLA Division of Cardiology
UCSD Hawaii CME 2019 Symposium
-
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
• Atherosclerotic complications responsible for – 80% of mortality among patients with diabetes– 75% of cases due to coronary artery disease
(CAD)– Results in >75% of all hospitalizations for diabetic
complications
• 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes have preexisting CAD. (This number may be less now that more younger people are diagnosed with diabetes.)
• 1/3 of patients presenting with myocardial infarction have undiagnosed diabetes mellitus
Lewis GF. Can J Cardiol. 1995;11(suppl C):24C-28CNorhammar A, et.al. Lancet 2002;359;2140-2144
-
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration N Engl J Med 2011;364:829-41
50-year-old with diabetes died, on average, 6 years earlier than those without diabetes (58% attributable to vascular, 9%, cancer, 30% other causes )
Reduction in life expectancy from long-term cigarette smoking ~10 years
Diabetes and Survival
-
Diabetes and Heart Failure
• The two diseases entities are highly co-prevalent
• Diabetes contributes to disease progression in HF and is associated with substantially worse prognosis, even when conventional HF therapies are applied
• The relationship between HbA1c and outcome in patients with diabetes and heart failure is complex
• The choice of pharmacologic glycemic management can markedly impact heart failure outcomes – Certain therapies are neutral or associated with harm– Certain therapies markedly improve outcomes
• Pharmacologic glycemic management is a critical component of HF management
-
Kannel WB et al. JAMA. 1979;241:2035–2038. Nichols GA. Diabetologia. 2000;43(suppl A2):7. Chue CU et al. Circulation. 1998;98(suppl 1):721.
Diabetes and Incident Heart Failure in the US• Framingham study (risk of HF in diabetics)
– 2x diabetic males– 5x diabetic females– 4x young diabetic males– 8x young diabetic females
• US HMO prevalence study– With diabetes, incident HF developed at a rate
of 3.3% per year
• Each 1% elevation in HbA1c leads to a 15% increase in frequency of HF
-
Prevalence of Diabetes in Patients with Heart Failure
Clinical Trial Diabetics
SOLVD 25.8%
MERIT 24.5%
Val HEFT 25.4%
EMPHASIS-HF 31.4%
PARADIGM-HF 34.7%
OPTIME (hospitalized) 44.2%
VMAC (hospitalized) 47.0%
-
Heart Failure Rates in Diabetes Glucose Control Trials
Risk of HF events with glucose-lowering drugs or strategies versus standard care
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015 March 17, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00044-3
PPAR Agonists
DPP-4 Inhibitors
Intensive Control
Insulin
Weight loss
-
Effect of Glycemic Control in Type 2 DM on Cardiovascular Outcomes
-
Diabetics and Heart Failure: Poor Prognosis
Bertoni et al. Diabetes Care 27:699–703, 2004
HR 10.6,95% CI 10.4–10.9
N = 151,738 Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes, age ≥ 65 years
Gustafsson et al. JACC 2003; 43: 771-777.
N = 5491 patients hospitalized with HF and followed for a median of 7.1 years
Multivariate analysis RR DM = 1.5
-
Major CV Outcome Trials in Type 2 Diabetes
2015 20172016 2018 201920132012 2014
CAROLINAN = 6041MACE4
ELIXA*(n = 6000)
805 MACE4
: SGLT2i
: DPP4i
: GLP1
*lixisenatide (Sanofi, post-ACS).†liraglutide (Novo Nordisk).
‡semaglutide (Novo Nordisk). §exenatide (Amylin).
¶once-weekly DPP4i (Merck).#dulaglutide (Eli Lilly).
TECOS(n = 14,723)
1400 MACE4
CANVAS(n = 4339)
MACE3
DECLARE-TIMI 58
(n = 27,000)MACE3
SAVOR-TIMI 53
(n = 16,492)1222 MACE3
SUSTAIN-6‡(n = 3260)
MACE3
EXAMINE(n = 5380)621 MACE3
LEADER†(n = 9341)611 MACE3
CANVAS-R(n = 5700)Alb.uria
CREDENCE(n = 3627)
Cardiorenal
EXSCEL§(n = 14000)
MACE3
REWIND#(n = 9622)
MACE3
Ertugliflozin CVOT
(n = 3900)MACE3
CARMELINA N = 8300MACE4
Omarigliptin¶(n = 4000)
Q42017? MACE4
EMPA-REG OUTCOMEN = 7034MACE3
FREEDOM§(n = 4000)? MACE4
-
aComposite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke for SAVOR-TIMI 53, EXAMINE, and CARMELINA, with the addition of hospitalization for unstable angina in TECOS; bParenthetical value is the upper boundary of one-sided repeated CI at an alpha level of 0.01; cMACE reported HR, 95% CI, and P-value were for the secondary composite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke.1. Scirica B, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1317–1326; 2. White W, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1327−1335; 3. Zannad P, et al. Lancet. 2015;385:2067–2076; 4. Green JB, et al. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:232–242; 5. Rosenstock J et al. JAMA. 2019;321:69-79.
Favors DPP-4 inhibitor
EXAMINE2,3
TECOS4,c
CARMELINA5
HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
SAVOR-TIMI 531
HR (95% CI)
0.96 (≤1.16)b
0.99 (0.89, 1.10)
1.02 (0.89, 1.17)
1.00 (0.89, 1.12)
P value
0.32
0.84
0.74
0.99
HR (95% CI)
1.19 (0.90, 1.58)
1.00 (0.83, 1.20)
0.90 (0.74, 1.08)
1.27 (1.07, 1.51)
P value
0.007
0.22
0.98
0.26
0.5 1.0 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.0
hHFMACEa
Favors DPP-4 inhibitorFavors placebo Favors placebo
DPP-4 Inhibitors are Neutral on MACE and HF Outcomes: No Improvement Compared to Placebo
Chart1
10.960.991.02
0.890.960.890.89
1.121.161.11.17
SAVOR-TIMI 53
EXAMINE
TECOS
CARMELINA
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Sheet1
StudyDescriptionxy
SAVOR-TIMI 53ES1.004
CI lower0.894
CI upper1.124
EXAMINEES0.963
CI lower0.963
CI upper1.163
TECOSES0.992
CI lower0.892
CI upper1.102
CARMELINAES1.021
CI lower0.891
CI upper1.171
Sheet1
SAVOR-TIMI 53
EXAMINE
TECOS
CARMELINA
Chart1
1.271.1910.9
1.070.890.830.74
1.511.591.21.08
SAVOR-TIMI 53
EXAMINE
TECOS
CARMELINA
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Sheet1
StudyDescriptionxy
SAVOR-TIMI 53ES1.274
CI lower1.074
CI upper1.514
EXAMINEES1.193
CI lower0.893
CI upper1.593
TECOSES1.002
CI lower0.832
CI upper1.202
CARMELINAES0.901
CI lower0.741
CI upper1.081
Sheet1
SAVOR-TIMI 53
EXAMINE
TECOS
CARMELINA
-
Hospitalization for HF – GLP1 RA
ELIXA LEADER
SUSTAIN-6 EXSCEL
Pfeffer M et al. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2247-57; Marso S et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311-22; Marso S et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;375: 1834-44; N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1228-39.
-
Liraglutide in Systolic Heart Failure:The FIGHT Trial
N=300: liraglutide (n = 154) vs. placebo (n = 146)
Margulies KB et al. JAMA. 2016;316:500-508.
-
SGLT2 Inhibitors
• Virtually all glucose filtered by the kidney is reclaimed in the proximal tubule.1 Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is responsible for 90% of this reabsorption.
• Selective inhibitors of SGLT2 have been developed .2
• By reducing renal glucose reabsorption, SGLT2 inhibitors increases urinary glucose excretion.3
• In patients with type 2 DM, SGLT2 inhibitors leads to:4
– Significant reductions in HbA1c– Weight loss– Reductions in BP without increases in heart rate
14
1. Abdul-Ghani et al. Curr Diab Rep. 2012;12:230-8.2. Grempler et al. Diabetes Obes Metab.2012 ;14:83-90.3. Heise T et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15:613-21.4. Liakos A et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:984-93.
-
Filtered glucose load 180 g/day
SGLT1
SGLT2
~ 10%
~ 90%
Gerich JE. Diabet Med. 2010;27:136–142.
Renal Glucose Re-absorption in Healthy Individuals
-
Gerich JE. Diabet Med. 2010;27:136–142.
Renal Glucose Re-absorption in Patients with Hyperglycaemia
16
SGLT1
SGLT2
~ 10%
~ 90%
When blood glucose increases above the
renal threshold (~ 10 mmol/l or 180
mg/dL), the capacity of the transporters is exceeded, resulting in urinary glucose
excretion
Filtered glucose load > 180 g/day
-
*Loss of ~ 80 g of glucose/day (~ 240 cal/day).Gerich JE. Diabet Med. 2010;27:136–142.
Urinary Glucose Excretion via SGLT2 Inhibition
17
SGLT2SGLT2inhibitor
SGLT1
SGLT2 inhibitors reduce glucose re-absorption
in the proximal tubule, leading to
urinary glucose excretion* and
osmotic diuresis
Filtered glucose load > 180 g/day
-
GLUT2 AMG Uptake
NGT T2DM NGT T2DM
AMG=methyl-α-D-[U14C]-glucopyranoside; CPM=counts per minute.Rahmoune H, et al. Diabetes. 2005;54:3427-3434.
SGLT2
NGT T2DM0
2
6
8
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Nor
mal
ized
Glu
cose
Tr
ansp
orte
r Lev
els
CPM
Increased Glucose Transporter Proteins and Activity in Type 2 Diabetes
P
-
Potential CV and Renal Function Preservation Mechanisms of SGLT2i that May Benefit HF
Mechanism1−4 Possible cardio−renal effects5,6 Outcomes7,8SGLT2 inhibition1,2
Effect Consequence
Diuresis Reduced filling pressures, pre/afterload reduction
Natriuresis Reduced filling pressures, pre/afterload reduction
Blood pressure lowering Reduced myocardial work, reduced filling pressures, pre/afterload reduction
Weight loss Improved CV risk profile, lower blood pressure
Reduction in/prevention of albuminuria, slowing of kidney function decline
Reduction in kidney risk profile, possibly lower incident CV events, including less HF
Effects on myocardial and kidney metabolism: shift to more efficient ketone-based metabolism
Improved metabolic efficiency, less myocardial work-load
Blockade of kidney and myocardial sodium-hydrogen co-transporter
Tissue protection: reduction in kidney and myocardial injury
-
EMPA-REG OUTCOMETrial design: SGLT2 Inhibitor
• Key inclusion criteria:– Adults with type 2 diabetes and established CVD– BMI ≤45 kg/m2; HbA1c 7–10%; eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73m2 (MDRD)
– 10.2% of patients enrolled with pre-existing heart failure
Randomized and treated
(n=7020)
Empagliflozin 10 mg(n=2345)
Empagliflozin 25 mg (n=2342)
Placebo (n=2333)
Screening(n=11531)
Zinman B et al. N Engl J Med 2015 [Epub ahead of print].
-
EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial
-
EMPA-REG OUTCOME Study
Empagliflozin is a highly selective inhibitor of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2
Zinman B et al. N Engl J Med 2015 [Epub ahead of print].
7020 adults with type 2 diabetes and established CVD
BMI ≤45 kg/m2; HbA1c 7–10%; eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73m2 (MDRD)
HF Hospitalization or CV Death HF Hospitalization or HF Death
-
Heart Failure Hospitalization or CV death
23
Cumulative incidence function. CV, cardiovascular; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
European Heart Journal doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv728
-
European Heart Journal doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv728
-
Patients with
heart failure hospitalization
or CV death
(%)
Heart Failure Hospitalization or CV Death in Patients with vs without HF at Baseline
7.1
20.1
4.5
16.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
Patients without heart failure at baseline
Patients with heart failure at baseline
HR 0.72(95% CI 0.50, 1.04)
HR 0.63(95% CI 0.51, 0.78)
Zinman B et al. N Engl J Med 2015 [Epub ahead of print].
Chart1
Patients without heart failure at baselinePatients without heart failure at baseline
Patients with heart failure at baselinePatients with heart failure at baseline
Placebo
Empagliflozin
7.1
4.5
20.1
16.2
Sheet1
PlaceboEmpagliflozin
Patients without heart failure at baseline7.14.5
Patients with heart failure at baseline20.116.2
To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.
-
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Empagliflozin1 Dapagliflozin2 Canagliflozin3
Launch year 2014(EU/US) 2012 (EU) 2014 (US) 2013 (EU/US)
MoA Molecular class
C-glycoside C-glycoside C-glycoside
Metabolism Dual renal and hepatic50:50
Mainly hepatic97:3
Mainly hepatic, no details reported
Dosing Administration Oral Oral Oral
Regimen Once daily Once daily Once daily
Doses 10 mg and 25 mg 5 mg and 10 mg 100 mg and 300 mg
27
-
Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: CANVAS
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
-
CANVAS ProgramHospitalization for Heart Failure
Neal B et al. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925.
Number of participantsPlacebo 4347 4198 3011 1274 1236 1180 829Canagliflozin 5795 5653 4437 2643 2572 2498 1782
HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.52, 0.87)ARR=1.6% at 5 y;
NNT3y=105; NNT5y=63
Placebo
Canagliflozin
33% RRR
NNT = 63
Chart1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Series 1
Years since randomization
Participants with an event (%)
4.3
2.5
3.5
4.5
Sheet1
Series 1Series 2Series 3
04.32.42
12.54.42
23.51.83
34.52.85
4
5
6
-
Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: CANVAS
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
-
Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
17,160 patients with type II diabetes, including 10,186 without ASCVD randomized to dapagliflozin 10 mg daily vs placebo, who were followed for a median of 4.2 years.
NEJM 2018 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
-
Hospitalization for HF in Patients with T2DM Treated with SGL2i
EMPA-REG OUTCOMEEmpagliflozin1
• 9.4 vs 14.5 events/1000 p-y• HR 0.65 (0.50-0.85)
CANVAS/CANVAS-RCanagliflozin2
• 5.5 vs 8.7 events/1000 p-y• HR 0.67 (0.52-0.87)
DECLARE-TIMI 58Dapagliflozin3
• 6.2 vs 8.5 events/1000 p-y• HR 0.73 (0.61-0.88)
* P < .05; p-y, patient-years; NR, not reported. Not currently indicated by the US FDA for reducing hospitalization in patients with HF.1. Zinman B, et al. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-2128; 2. Neal B, et al. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644-657; 3. Wiviott SD, N Engl J Med. 2019;380(4):347-357.
35%* 33%* 27%*
-
Meta-Analysis: SGLT2 Inhibitors and Heart Failure Hospitalizations
Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):31-39
-
Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy: CREDENCE
The canagliflozingroup also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P = 0.01) and hospitalization forheart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P
-
DAPA-HF Trial in HFrEF with or with Type 2 Diabetes
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
McMurray J. ESC Presentation Sept 1, 2019, Paris, France DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
DAPA-HF Primary Composite Outcome
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
McMurray J. ESC Presentation Sept 1, 2019, Paris, France
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
Diabetes Status and Effect of SGLT2i in HFrEF
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
Add DAPA HF slides
McMurray J. ESC Presentation Sept 1, 2019, Paris, France
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
McMurray J. ESC Presentation Sept 1, 2019, Paris, France
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
Safety of SGLT2i in HFrEF
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
-
Potential Mechanisms Involved in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events
-
The Metabolodiuretic Promise of SGLT2 Inhibition
JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(9):939-940
-
How Does Empagliflozin Reduce Cardiovascular Mortality? Mediation Analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial
Diabetes Care 2018;41:356–363
In this exploratory investigation into potential mediators of the reduction in risk of CV death with empagliflozin versus placebo, found that changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin, markers of the effects of the drug on volume, appeared to be important mediators of the reduction in mortality risk in univariable and multivariable models. Obesity, blood pressure, lipids, and renal function made negligible contribution
-
Dapa-HF• N = 4744 ± T2DM
• LVEF ≤ 40%• eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
• CV death or HHF or urgent HF visit
EMPEROR-Reduced• N = 2850 ± T2DM
• LVEF ≤ 40%• eGFR ≥ 20 mL/min/1.73 m2
• CV death or HHF
Inclusion Criteria and Primary Endpoints Major Trials of SGLT2 Inhibitors in HF
EMPEROR-Preserved•N = 6000 ± T2DM
•LVEF > 40%•eGFR ≥ 20 mL/min/1.73 m2
•CV death or HHF
SOLOIST-WHF•N = 4000 (T2DM only)
•Worsening HF, any LVEF•eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
•CV death or HHF
DELIVER•N = 4700 ± T2DM
•LVEF > 40%•eGFR ≥ 25 mL/min/1.73 m2
•CV death or HHF or urgent HF visit
https://clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed February 8, 2019.
-
SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP 1 Agonists, and DPP 4 Inhibitors and Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Meta-Analysis
JAMA. 2018;319(15):1580-1591. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3024
-
2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute & Chronic HF
European Heart Journal (2016) 37, 2129–2200
-
Cumulative Impact of Evidence-BasedHeart Failure with Reduced EF Medical Therapies on
All Cause Mortality (Quadruple Rx)
Cumulative risk reduction in mortality if all evidence-based medical therapies are used: Relative risk reduction 72.9%, Absolute risk reduction: 25.5%, NNT = 3.9
Relative Risk 2 Year MortalityNone - - 35.0%ARNI (vs imputed placebo) 28% 25.2%Beta Blocker 35% 16.4%Aldosterone Ant 30% 11.5%SGLT2 inhibitor 17% 9.5%
Updated from Fonarow GC, et al. Am Heart J 2011;161:1024-1030 and Lancet 2008;372:1195-1196.
-
• Until 2015, no known diabetes therapy demonstrated in RTCs to improve CV outcomes in general or for HF
• Most diabetes medications were neutral in ASCVD and worsened outcomes in HF or at best were neutral
• EMPA-REG Outcome, CANVAS, DECLARE trial data – SGLT2 inhibitors are a new option to reduce CV events, CV death
and HF in patients with diabetes with and without HF– Compelling data
• DAPA-HF establishes SGLT2i therapy as part of standard of care GDMT for HFrEF patients
• It is critical for cardiologists and HF specialists to play an active role in this management as choice of therapy is key determinate of outcomes, including survival
Conclusions
Diabetes: A Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Therapy with SGLT InhibitorsDiabetes and Cardiovascular DiseaseSlide Number 3Diabetes and Heart FailureDiabetes and Incident Heart Failure in the USPrevalence of Diabetes in Patients with Heart FailureHeart Failure Rates in Diabetes Glucose Control TrialsSlide Number 8Diabetics and Heart Failure: Poor PrognosisMajor CV Outcome Trials in Type 2 Diabetes Slide Number 12Liraglutide in Systolic Heart Failure:�The FIGHT TrialSGLT2 InhibitorsRenal Glucose Re-absorption in Healthy IndividualsRenal Glucose Re-absorption in Patients with HyperglycaemiaUrinary Glucose Excretion via SGLT2 InhibitionIncreased Glucose Transporter Proteins and Activity in Type 2 DiabetesPotential CV and Renal Function Preservation Mechanisms of SGLT2i that May Benefit HFEMPA-REG OUTCOME�Trial design: SGLT2 InhibitorSlide Number 21EMPA-REG OUTCOME StudyHeart Failure Hospitalization or CV death Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Heart Failure Hospitalization or CV Death �in Patients with vs without HF at BaselineSGLT2 InhibitorsCanagliflozin and Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: CANVASCANVAS Program�Hospitalization for Heart FailureCanagliflozin and Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: CANVASDapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 DiabetesHospitalization for HF in Patients with �T2DM Treated with SGL2i Meta-Analysis: SGLT2 Inhibitors and Heart Failure HospitalizationsSlide Number 34DAPA-HF Trial in HFrEF with or with Type 2 DiabetesSlide Number 36Slide Number 37DAPA-HF Primary Composite OutcomeSlide Number 39Diabetes Status and Effect of SGLT2i in HFrEFAdd DAPA HF slidesSlide Number 42Slide Number 43Potential Mechanisms Involved in the Reduction of Cardiovascular EventsSlide Number 45How Does Empagliflozin Reduce Cardiovascular Mortality? Mediation Analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME TrialInclusion Criteria and Primary Endpoints �Major Trials of SGLT2 Inhibitors in HFSGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP 1 Agonists, and DPP 4 Inhibitors and Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: �Meta-Analysis2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute & Chronic HFSlide Number 50Slide Number 51Conclusions