Diabetes Mellitus

By Kaisha Belkoski

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes Mellitus is: A disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates.

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas, usually after a meal.

It’s goals:-inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-enhances the diffusion of glucose into tissue

cells, or transports glucose.-over all, lowers blood glucose levels.

Two TypesType 1 , previously called “Insulin Dependant”

Symptoms usually present early in life

Insulin producing Beta cells within the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system

Body doesn’t produce insulin Many of these patients require

insulin shots or other forms of insulin supplementing

Type 2, previously called “non-insulin dependant” Symptoms usually present

in older people who are overweight

These patients normally produce insulin but the target cells are resistant to it

Many of these patients can control or manage the disease with diet and exercise.

90% of Diabetics are type 2

Causes and Risk Factors(type 2)

Family History-according to statistics, if your mother was diagnosed prior to age 50 you have a 1 in 7 chance of developing Diabetes Mellitus, type 2

Lifestyles-children learn from their parents, could develop bad habits early in life that could lead to diabetes

Excess Body Weight-Around the waist

Low activity levelPoor DietHigh Blood Pressure

Causes & Risk Factors

High CholesterolLow Levels of HDL CholesterolCertain races and ethnic backgrounds are at a

higher riskWomen who have had gestational diabetes or

given birth to a baby over 9 lbs.

(Type 2 has a stronger link to Family History as a risk factor than type 1)

SymptomsMany people may not experience symptoms for several years before diagnosis

Polyuria: excessive urine output, which leads to a decreased blood volume and dehydration

Polydipsia: Excessive thirst caused by dehydration, blood vessels take on more water to try to dilute the blood which is highly concentrated with glucose.

Polyphagia: Excessive hunger because there is plenty of glucose in the body, however in the a absence of insulin for transport the body cannot use the glucose for energy.

o Fatigueo Hungero Increased Urine outputo Increased thirsto Dehydrationo Blurred Vision (nerve damage)o Numbness or tingling in feet (damage to capillaries)o Frequent/recurrent infections

ComplicationsEye, Skin, and Foot damage

-mostly due to capillary damage

Heart DiseaseHypertensionHearing lossAmputation of extremitiesKidney DiseaseDiabetes is hard on the Blood vessels because of the high concentrated sugar

constantly flowing through, capillaries are first affected and that is why you hear of amputations being associated with this disease.

Statistics 8.3%, 18.8 million people in the US population have diabetes 79 million are said to be pre diabetic 1.9 million new cases diagnosed in 2010 In 2007, diabetes was the underlying cause of 71,382 deaths Diabetes causes more deaths per year then breast cancer and

aids combined in the US. 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low or middle- income

countries - a healthy diet is very important in treatment and so is access to the

resources to maintain the necessary diet. 346 million people worldwide have diabetes

TreatmentFirst priority is to lower blood glucose levels

-some patients are put on medication to lower blood glucose-many can manage glucose levels through diet and exercise

Main treatment is diet and exercise-don’t have to completely cut out carbs, paying attention to portion sizes is key (should consume no more then 45g of carbs per meal, about 150 per day)-Smaller, more frequent meals are ideal to help maintain ideal glucose levels-Fiber slows the uptake of glucose-Exercising helps to burn off extra glucose-a brisk 20 minute minute walk is enough to lower glucose levels by60-80 points if you are running high

When diet and exercise aren’t enough, patients may be put on medicationto help maintain lower blood glucose levels

It is important to monitor blood glucose regularly

Meal PlanDay 1

Breakfast Carbs Lunch Carbs Snack Carbs Dinner Carbs

2 Eggs 0g 2 c Romaine Lettuce w/4 tbls croutons

12g 5 celery sticks

5g -4 oz baked halibut-3 tbls tarter sauce

0g

12g

Honeydew mellon 3 oz.

20g 3 tbls Caesar dressing

3g 2 tbls Peanut butter

7g 1 cup SteamedAsparagus

8g

1 slice toast 22g 3 oz. chicken 0g Med Whole grain roll

23g

Total:

42g Total: 15g Total:

12g Total: 43g

Daily Total: 112 g of Carbohydrates

Meal PlanDay 2

Breakfast Carbs Lunch Carbs Snack Carbs Dinner Carbs

1 fried egg 0g Turkey sandwhich on whole wheat

29g 22 unsalted almonds

5g 1 ½ cup Beef Stew

24g

3 oz Ham 0g 2 spinach leaves for sandwhich

0g 2 plain breadsticks

14g

1 slice whole wheat toast

12g 1 slice Provalone

1g Garden salad

2g

1 cup strawberries

11g 2 tbls italian dressing

0g

Total:

23g Total: 30g Total:

5g Total:

40g

Daily total: 98 g of Carbohydrates

Meal PlanDay 3

Breakfast Carbs Lunch Carbs Snack Carbs Dinner Carbs

1 cup Cottage Cheese 1%

6g 1 cup of chicken and wild rice soup

9g 6 oz. Lowfat banana cream yogurt

5g 4 oz top sirloin steak

23g

1 Med Fresh Orange

15g Grilled cheese sandwhich on whole wheat

30g ½ cup mashed potatoes w/ milk

18g

Tall nonfat iced Latte

10g 1 cup steamed broccolo

8g

1 slice whole wheat toast

12g

Total:

43g Total: 39g Total:

5g Total:

49g

Daily Total: 136g of Carbohydrates

Questions

What role does insulin play in the body?What is the most important treatment to

diabetes type 2?List 2 symptoms of diabetes.

Questions/Answers

What role does insulin play in the body?-lowers blood glucose levels, transports glucose.

What is the most important treatment to diabetes type 2?-Diet and Exercise

List 2 symptoms of diabetes.-Fatigue, hunger, thirst, increased urine output, dehydration, numbness in extremities, blurred vision, or frequent infections

SourcesWeb:"American Diabetes Association Home Page - American Diabetes Association." American

Diabetes Association Home Page. American Diabetes Association, 1995. Web. 05 Mar. 2012. http://www.diabetes.org/.

"Diabetes." WHO. World Health Organization. Web. 05 Mar. 2012. http://www.who.int/topics/diabetes_mellitus/en/

Book:Marieb, Elaine N., and Katja Hoen. Human Anatomy & Physiology. 8th ed. Boston, MA:

Pearson Learning Solutions, 2010. Print.

Wheatley, Colin H., ed. Food Composition Table. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. Print.

Borushek, Allan. Calorie, Fat & Carbohydrate Counter: Plus 200 Fast-food Chains & Restaurants. Costa Mesa, CA: Family Health Publications, 2008. Print.