Instructional Design Models: A Mini- Lit Review

 Sabri Elamin

Cape Breton University

Purpose of the paper

This paper is an attempt to briefly present new knowledge based on a survey of scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant instructional design models. This paper provide a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each model. The purpose of this mini-review is to offer an overview of significant literature published on the instructional design models.

This paper will briefly describe and critique the purpose and what instructional models are followed by process of three selected models: (1) The Dick & Carey Model (2) Kemp Model (3) 3 PD Model. The process description and critique for each model will serve as the foundation and supporting points required for comparison and contrasting process of the models.

The Dick & Carey Model

The model addresses instruction as an entire system, focusing on the interrelationship between context, content, learning and instruction. According to Dick and Carey, "Components such as the instructor, learners, materials, instructional activities, delivery system, and learning and performance environments interact with each other and work together to bring about the desired student learning outcomes".

Source: www.umich.edu

Stage 1: Identify Instructional Goals

Image Source: www.aliexpress.com

* What is

the goal of

the instruction? 

* What will th

e

learners be able to

perform after they

complete the training

program?

Stage 2. Conduct Instructional Analysis

Image source: www.itwm.fraunhofer.de

What are the skills

that they w

ill be

involved to achieve in

the desirable goal?

Stage 3. Identify Entry Behaviors and Learner Characteristics

Image source :onlinelearningconsortium.org

What are the

skills that the

learners will

bring to the

learning task? 

Stage 4: Write Performance Objectives

Source: www.icl-group.com

How will we

translate the

needs and goals

into specific and

detailed

objectives? 

Stage 5. Develop Criterion-Referenced Test Items

Source : www.study.com

What are the

necessary

prerequisites fo

r

learning new skills?

Stage 6. Develop Instructional Strategy

Source : www.frog-dog.com

What are the

instructio

nal

activitie

s that w

e

will follow in order to

achieve the terminal

objectives? 

Stage 7: Develop and Select Instructional Materials

Source: www.savoirbooks.com

What typ

e of

instructio

nal

material

s we

will use

(printed

,

media,

both)? 

Stage 8: Develop and Conduct Formative Evaluation

Source :www.pbisapps.org

How will we make

instructions as

effective as

possible for a

larger number of

learners? 

Stage 9: Develop and Conduct Summative Evaluation

www.totalimprove.com

 * Was th

e system

effective as a

whole? 

* Did the instructio

n

work? 

Kemp Model

The Morrison, Ross and Kemp (also known as the Kemp) instructional design model takes a holistic approach to instructional design.

Virtually all factors of the learning environment are taken into consideration.

Its systematic and nonlinear design defines nine different components that are contentiously implemented and evaluated.

Kemp state, the instructional design approach that focuses on curriculum planning stem from the learner’s perspective rather than content, making it different from traditional design practice.

its central focus of the Kemp Model is the learner needs and goals, and is small scale, making it adaptable for individual lessons.

The model is particularly useful for developing instructional programs that blend technology, pedagogy and content to deliver effective, reliable, and efficient learning and seems to encourage designers to work in all areas defined.

The model focuses on resources creation, implementation and delivery followed by evaluation and improvement (Sims & Jones 2002)

Three-Phase Design (3PD) Model

3PD, comprised of three phases (develop functionality, evaluate/elaborate/enhance and maintain), is not meant to replace the accepted instructional design models, like ADDIE that utilize five phases (assess, design, develop, implement, evaluate), but rather to provide a development process for online teaching and learning.

It is seen as an instructional design model that "integrates the three essential competency sets for unit or course development (design, subject matter, production) in a cohesive rather than desperate manner.

3 PD model has a great appeal for the online environment, the fluidity of online learning connects well with the element of continuing development.

One of the most striking differences of the model is that the evaluation process is ongoing during both the second and third phases of the process as opposed to more standard Dick and Carey where evaluation and redesign and development is performed at the end of the process.

Discussion and Critique The Dick & Cary Model is one of influential system oriented

models, like most models it bears the conventional core elements of analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation.

Brandt(2001) refer to the complexity of this model he states that it comes from the approach based from the five core elements in broken down to additional or variety of steps with different terminology. He states that the designers must end up with a product containing accomplished objective and measurable outcomes.

Gustafson & Branch (1997) agreed and they stated this process used in many business, government including military environment as well as performance technology and computer aided instructions reflects the fundamental design process.

Discussion and Critique Based on the above descriptions, it clearly

shows the liner form for the Dick, Cary and Carey model. That mean each process cannot function as a stand-alone.

Dick, Cary and Carey suggested that the systematic approach of model is an affective and successful approach due to its focus on learner’s objectives and final an achievement prior to the planning and implementation stage.

They sate also there is a careful linkage between instructional strategy and desired learning outcomes.

Dick, Cary and Carey also assured that the team involved in the above design process often times consist of the instructional designer and team of specialist, media producer and evaluator.

The team draws on each other’s skills to produce the product. Instructor with specialized skill can be a stand-alone team.

References

Brandt, D. S. (2001). Information technology literacy: Task knowledge and mental models. Library Trends, 50(1), 73-88.

Dick, W. & Carey, L. (2005). The systematic design of instruction. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon

Gustafson, K. L., & Branch, R. M. (1997). Survey of instructional development models. (2nd ed.). Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Information & Technology.

 Gustafson, K. L., & Branch, R. M. (1997). Re-visioning models of instructional development. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45(3), 73-89.